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Manufactured Substances in Chemical Industry
Manufactured Substances in Chemical Industry
TITLE PAGE
Content 1
Introduction 2
Objectives 3
Sulphuric acid 4-7
Properties of sulphuric acid 4
The uses of sulphuric acid 4
The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid 5-6
Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid 7
Ammonia and its salt 8-12
Properties of ammonia 8-9
The uses of ammonia 10
The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 11-12
Alloys 13-15
Physical properties of pure metals 13
Meaning and purpose of making alloys 14-15
Synthetic polymers 16-18
The meaning and types of polymers 16-17
Advantages of synthetic polymers 18
Environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers 18
Methods to overcome the environmental pollution caused 18
by synthetic polymers
Uses of polymer 19-20
Glass and ceramics 21-22
Composite material 23-24
Conclusion 25
References 26
1
INTRODUCTION
All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These
objects exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to
humankind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all these
chemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves.
2
OBJECTIVES
Understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
Synthesise the manufacture of ammonia and its salts.
Understand alloys.
Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer.
Apply the uses of glass and ceramics.
Evaluate the uses of composite materials.
Appreciate various synthetic industrial materials.
3
(H4SO4)
PROPERTIES OF SULPHURIC ACID
1.Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate and
potassium sulphate, which are highly soluble in water and can be easily absorbed by
plant.
2.Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used as the electrolyte.
3.Sulphuric acid also used in the making of artificial silk-like fibres and rayon.
4.Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of
their component materials.
4
MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID
i. Combustion of sulphur or sulphide ores in the air produce sulphur dioxide SO2.
S(s)+O2(g)SO2(g)
Sulphur
i.
The purified sulphur dioxide SO2 and excess air are passed over
vanadium(V) oxide
V2O5 at controlled optimum condition optimum condition to produce sulphur trioxide
SO3.
2SO2(g)+O2(g) 2SO3(g)
iii. Under controlled optimum conditions, 98% conversion is possible. Sulphur dioxide
and
oxygen that have not reacted are allowed to flow back again over the catalyst in the
converter.
i. Sulphur trioxide SO2 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4 to form oleum
H2S2O7 which is then diluted with water to form sulphuric acid H2SO4.
SO3(g)+H2SO4(l)H2S2O7(l)
Oleum
H2S2O7(l)+ H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq)
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ii. The two reactions in stage3 are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide directly into water.
SO3(g)+H2O(l)H2SO4(aq)
iii. The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out because the reaction is
vary
vigorous; a lot of heat is given off. As a result, alarge cloud of sulphuric acid fumes is
produced, which is corrosive and causes severe air pollution.
Sulphur Oxygen
In the converter
S(s) + 2SO(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
O2(g)SO2(g) Temperature: 450-500°C
Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres
Unreacted
Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide
Oxygen 2%so2 is
flowed back
to converter
SO2(g) +
together with
H2SO4(aq)H2S2O7(l)
oxygen
H2S2O7(l) +
H2O(l)2H2SO4(aq)
Outline Of Contact process
6
SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
4. Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid, H2SO4, which falls to the
earth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidised in the air to form sulphur
trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rainwater to produce sulphuric acid.
7
(NH3)
Properties of ammonia
Brownprecipitate
8
9. Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II)
hydroxide dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form complexes.
Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3→ [Zn(NH3)4] 2+ + 2OH−
9
USES OF AMMONIA
b)The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline.
Thus aqueous ammonia solution:
10
MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY
1. Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the haber process. In this
process, ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gas in the
volume ratio 1:3.
2. The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of liquefied air. The hydrogen
gas
is obtained form the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysed reaction of natural gas,
CH4, with steam.
3.The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under
controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas.
i. Temperature: 450-500°C
ii. Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres
iii. Catalyst used: Iron fillings
4.Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into ammonia
gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over the catalyst
again in the reactor chamber.
5.The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into a
liquid in the cooling chamber.
The Haber Process
Nitrogen Hydrogen
AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS
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1. Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which are necessary
for
growth and cell repair.
2. Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly from the air although it is
abundant in the air (78%). Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds from soil
through their roots.
3. The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and ammonia salt
which
are manufacture as chemical fertilizer.
4. Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium fertilizers.
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ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN METALS
1. The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the metal to have a
high density
2. The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More heat energy
is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apart during the
melting. This is why metals usually have high melting point.
3. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibration. This
make metal good conduct of heat.
4. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metal’s structure are able to conduct
electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors.
5. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in a regular
layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of atom slide easily over one
another. This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.
Force
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WHAT ARE ALLOYS?
1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance to
corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.
2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element
(usually
metal) is added to form another an alloy.
3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific
proportion. For example:
a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)
b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)
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Alloy Composition Properties Uses
High carbon steel 99% iron Strong, hard and • Making of cutting
1% carbon high wear resistance tools, hammers and
chisels
Stainless steel 80.6% iron Do not rust and • Making of surgical
0.4% carbon tarnish, strong and instrument, knives
18%chromium durable forks and spoons
1% nickel
Brass 70% copper Hard, do not rust, • Making of
30% zinc bright appearance ornaments,
electrical wiring
and plug.
Bronze 90% copper Hard, do not corrode • For casting bells,
10% tin easily and durable medals, swords
and statues
Pewter 90% tin Ductile and • Making of
2.5% copper malleable, white ornaments,
0.5% antimony silvery appearance souvenirs and
mugs
Duralumin 95% aluminium Light, strong and • Making part of
4% copper durable aircrafts and racing
1%magnesium cars
Cupronickel 75%copper Attractive, silvery • Making of silver
25%nickel appearance, hard and coins
tough
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The formation of alloy
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5. Carbohydrate is formed by the joining of monomers known as glucose.
b) Synthetic polymers
1. This type of polymer are man-made by chemical process in
the laboratories.
2. The raw material for synthetic polymers are obtained frompetroleum.
3. The types of synthetic polymers include:
a) Plastics
b) Fibres
c) Elastomers
4. Examples of plastics are
polythene(polyethylene),polyvinylchloride(PVC), polypropene
(polypropylene), polystyrene , Perspex and bakelite.
5. Polythene and PVC are produced by addition polymerization
6. Examples of synthetics fibres are nylon and terylene. They
are produced by condensation polymerization.
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9.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers
Strong and light
Cheap
Able to resist corrosion
Inert to chemical reactions
Easily moulded or shaped and be coloured
Can be made to have special properties
18
Some Common Addition Polymers
Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses
Polyethylene
ethylene film wrap,
low density –(CH2-CH2)n– soft, waxy solid
CH2=CH2 plastic bags
(LDPE)
Polyethylene electrical
ethylene rigid, translucent
high density –(CH2-CH2)n– insulation
CH2=CH2 solid
(HDPE) bottles, toys
atactic: soft, elastic
Polypropylene similar to LDPE
–[CH2- propylene solid
(PP) different carpet,
CH(CH3)]n– CH2=CHCH3 isotactic: hard,
grades upholstery
strong solid
Poly(vinyl
–(CH2- vinyl chloride pipes, siding,
chloride) strong rigid solid
CHCl)n– CH2=CHCl flooring
(PVC)
Poly(vinylidene vinylidene
–(CH2- dense, high-melting
chloride) chloride seat covers, films
CCl2)n– solid
(Saran A) CH2=CCl2
hard, rigid, clear
toys, cabinets
Polystyrene –[CH2- styrene solid
packaging
(PS) CH(C6H5)]n– CH2=CHC6H5 soluble in organic
(foamed)
solvents
Polyacrylonitrile high-melting solid
–(CH2- acrylonitrile rugs, blankets
(PAN, Orlon, soluble in organic
CHCN)n– CH2=CHCN clothing
Acrilan) solvents
non-stick
Polytetrafluoroeth tetrafluoroethyl
resistant, smooth surfaces
ylene –(CF2-CF2)n– ene
solid electrical
(PTFE, Teflon) CF2=CF2
insulation
Poly(methyl –[CH2- methyl hard, transparent lighting covers,
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methacrylate) methacrylate
C(CH3)CO2C signs
(PMMA, Lucite, CH2=C(CH3)C solid
H3]n– skylights
Plexiglas) O2CH3
Poly(vinyl acetate)
–(CH2- vinyl acetate
(PVAc) latex paints,
CHOCOCH3) CH2=CHOCOC soft, sticky solid
adhesives
n– H3
20
WHAT ARE GLASS?
1. Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Many products
are
made from glass because of its specials properties.
2. Glass is:
a. Transparent, hard but brittle.
b. A heat and electric insulator.
c. Resistant to corrosion.
d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack.
e. Easy to maintain.
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(flint glass) Pbo/PbO2:20% index • Decorative
Na2O: 10% • High density glassware and art
• Attractive object
glittering • Imation jewellery
appearance
CERAMICS
1. Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as kaolin to
a
vary high temperature.
2. Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most useful materials
in our everyday life. That:
a. Are hard, strong but brittle
b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature
c. Are heat and electric instrument
d. Are resistant to corrosion and wear
e. Are chemically not reactive
f. Do not readily deform under stress
3. Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses as
a. Construction materials
i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks cement, sinks, and
toilet
bowls.
ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high resistant to heat.
b. Decorative items
i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not tarnish
easily and are
durable.
ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall tiles.
c. Electrical insulator
i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items such as toasters,
fridges
and electrical plug.
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ceramics
Boron 2350 2.50 280 9
carbide,B4C3 2830 3.16 400 9
Silicon nitride,
Si3, n4 1900 3.17 310 9
Metals
Aluminium 660 2.70 70 3
Steel 1515 7.86 205 5
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WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS?
REINFORCES CONCRETE
SUPERCONDUCTOR
1. Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but 20% of the
electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission.
2. Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity at a
particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is possible.
3. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate a
magnet.
Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (at about 552
km/h).
4. Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer.
Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in internet
communication.
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FIBRE OPTIC
1. Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light wave.
2. Fibre optic is used in
a. Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic cables.
b. Domestic cable television network
c. Closed circuit television security system.
3. Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument which
enable
the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery.
FIBRE GLASS
1. Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto a refractory
rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre.
2. Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire and water but
is brittle.
3. When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass reinforces
plastic is formed.
4. Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and plastic. It is
a. Extremely strong
b. Light weigh
c. Resistant to fire and water
d. Can be molded, shaped and twisted
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
1. When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and a small
amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide, photochromic glass is
formed.
2. The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed to strong
sunlight or ultraviolet.
3. Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.
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CONCLUSION
We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is
by doing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials used
to improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting
more complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problems we
face in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation and
shortage of natural materials. New technological developments are used by scientists to
make new discoveries.
New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily
life are developed continuously for the well-being of mankind. New needs and new
problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new
use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and lighter
car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic composite materials may one day
used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become necessity with
the shortage of human organ donors.
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List of references
Books:
1. Tan Yin Toon, Loh Wai Leng, Tan On Tin, 2008, SUCCESS
Chemistry SPM, Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.
http://www.facebook.com/home.php?#!/photo.php?
pid=527415&fbid=1267345823816&op=1&o=global&view=global&subj=1834939214&i
d=1834939214
http://www.scribd.com/doc/5462946/chemistry-form-4-chapter-9-manufacture-substances-
in-industry
http://www.scribd.com/doc/25186766/Full-Version-Chapter-9
http://www.scribd.com/doc/5462946/chemistry-form-4-chapter-9-manufacture-substances-
in-industry
http://www.scribd.com/doc/36890837/5462946-Chemistry-Form-4-Chapter-9-
Manufacture-Substances-in-Industry
http://www.scribd.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphuric_acid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_polymer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materials
http://www.scribd.com/doc/18319189/Chemistry-Form-4-Chapter-9-
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