The North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO)
 The North Atlantic Alliance or North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) was created in April
1949 “to safeguard the freedom, common
heritage and civilization of the [member-state]
people…to promote stability and well-being in the
North Atlantic area..for collective defense and for
the preservation of peace and security.
NATO is a supraregional security alliance that
is structurally intergovernmental and not
supernational :the member-states do not
surrender any degree of sovereignty as a
condition of membership
Members of NATO

Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Iceland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Turkey
United kingdom
United States
Members of Nato

Albania
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Estonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Poland
Romania
Slovenia
Spain
Structure

Military
Civil Structure
Structure
 Council DPC

Secretary General Committees

 Military Committee

International Military Canada-U.S Regional

Commands
Staff Planning Group
N NATO

Nato’s 1991 Rome Summit issued

“The Alliance’s New Strategic
Concept,” which formed a North
Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC)
to “build genuine partnership among
the North Atlantic Alliance and the
countries of Central and Eastern
Europe
 In 1999, NATO found its first war. On
N June 9, 1999, NATO won the first war in
its history. After enduring 78 days of
devastating bombing, Yugoslavia
surrendered to NATO’s demands.

NATO’s victory strengthened aspects of

international law and a range of
international organizations, while
possible deterring potential aggressors
elsewhere. It provides an analysis of
the nature of contemporary
international relations, especially such
fields as diplomacy, making and
implementation of
NATO’s SEC. GEN.-Anders Fogh Rasmussen
Lisbon Summit in November
“Need for a comprehensive approach to co-
ordinate military, operations with economic
reconstruction and political.”
*

New Problems:
How to pull out troops in Afghanistan
Worrying about their relevance
Cutting of Defense Budget
Russia
 Seeking New Roles: Cyber-Defense
Building a missile defense umbrella to
link up American’s network
Building with Ties with India and China
Return of their Core Objective: The
“Defense of Allies”
The Control Of Conventional Arms
and War
1868 Declaration of St. Petersburg-signed by
17 nations which outlawed the use of certain
explosives and weapons

1899 and 1907 Hague Conferences-

produced a core of treatises, including the
Hague Conventions on War.

*1899 Hague Convention on War

Pacific settlement of international disputes
Laws and customs of war on land
Adaptation to maritime warfare of the principles
of the Geneva Convention
Prohibition on launching of projectiles and
explosives from balloons
Prohibition on use of expanding bullets
Prohibition on use of gases.
 1904 Hague Convention on War
•Exemptions of hospital ships from taxation in times of
war
•Pacific settlement of internal disputes
•Limitation of employment of force for recovery of
contract debts
•Opening hostilities
•Laws and customs on war on land
•Rights and duties of neutral powers and persons in war
on land
•Status of enemy merchant ships at the outbreak of
hostilities
•Conversion of merchant ships into warships
•Laying of automatic submarine contact mines
•Bombardment by naval forces in time of war
•Adaptation to maritime warfare of principles of the
Geneva Convention
•Restrictions with respect to right of capture in naval
war
•Rights and duties of neutral powers in naval war
•Prohibition on discharge of projectiles and explosives
from balloons.
 In January 1918, Pres. Wilson
announced his Fourteen points or goals
for a peace settlement for World War
which he hoped would be “the war that
end all wars”. Some of his ideas were
incorporated into the 1919 Versailles
Peace Conference.
 League of Nations-dedicated to
collective security in which members
pledged to peacefully resolve
conflicts and unite against
aggressors.

928 Kellogg-Briand Pact-agreed to

renounce aggressive war

United Nations in 1945 as a new

and improved version of the League
of Nations, which shared the goal of
achieving collective security.
 Legal Restrictions on War

1.No Attacking of unarmed enemies

2. No firing on undefended localities
without military significance
3. No use of forbidden arms or
munitions
4. No improper use of immune
buildings (embassies) military
purposes
5. No pillaging
6. No killing or wounding those who
have surrendered or are disabled
7No poisoning wells or streams
8. No ill-treating war prisoners
 Legal Restrictions on War

9. No assassinating and hiring assassins

10. No compelling the inhabitants of an
occupied territory to supply information
about the enemy
11. No air bombardments of civilian
population
12. No assaults on enemy ships that have
surrendered by striking their colors and
13. No destroying civilian cultural objects or
places of worship
 Mutual and Balanced
Force Reduction MBFR)-
an attempt to limit the
proliferation of
conventional weapons-
between NATO and the
Warsaw Pact

• Conventional Arms Transfer Talks (CATT)-Moscow and

Washington; but suspended in 1979 and later resumed
in 1987
• Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
(CSCE)-has been meeting since 1973 to discuss broader
security issues, including the confidence- and-security-
building measures (CSBM)-sought to reduce tensions
by improving communications between East and West
December 1988, Soviet Pres. Gorbachev dramatically
broke the impasse on conventional arms talks and
related issues

Conventional Armed Forces (CFE) talks started in

March 1989 and were concluded in November 1990
when 23 countries signed an agreement leading to
cutbacks in conventional forces. The treaty limited
American and Soviet Troops in Central America
 Space Launch Vehicle (SLV)-
technology that gives them the
ability to hit targets thousands of
miles away

Argenti
India Israel Brazil Iraq
na

Agni Jericho Condor Tammu

SS-1000
Missile II II zI
Missile Technology Control Regime
(MTCR)-limit the exports of ballistic
missiles, parts, production facilities
United States

Japan
Germany

France
Canada

Great Britain
Italy

Spain
 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons
Convention-prohibits development, production,
and stockpiling of biological weapons

1925 Geneva Convention-treaty banning the

use but not possession of biological and
chemical weapons.

Chemical Weapons Destruction Agreement

in which they pledged to stop the
production and reduce their numbers of
chemical weapons.
 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons (NPT/ NNPT)
Treaty to limit the spread of nuclear weapon
came into force on 5 March 1970, there are
189 states party to the treaty

5 Nuclear Weapon States: U.S, Russia, U.K,

France and China-Permanent five of Security
Council
India, Pakistan, North Korea
Israel has had a policy of opacity regarding
own nuclear weapons program

3 Pillar System :
1. Non-Proliferation
2. Disarmament
3. Right to Peacefully use nuclear
technology
 Terrorism-use or threatened use of
violence for political purposes to
create a state of fear that will aid in
extorting, coercing, intimidating, or
otherwise causing individuals and
groups to alter their behaviour.

Requirements of terrorism: Is ruthless and does not

conform to humanitarian norms, and that publicity is an
essential factor in terrorist strategy.
Lenin-”Purpose of terrorism is to inspire terror”
The terrorism that we see today is a by-product of
the prolonged oppression and humiliation felt by a
particular segment of the world’s population
against the perpetrators.

Terrorism should not be linked to any particular

religion, race or creed. Linking Islam to terrorism is
completely unjustified. Terrorism is not exclusively
related to any religion. He fears that religious
classification may lead to an indictment or a
wholesale charge against Islam which lead to
unwarranted justice and hatred.
Who are the
targets of
terrorists The targets of the terrorists
attacks? attacks are not the victims who
are killed or maimed in the
attack, but rather the
governments, publics, or
constituents, among whom the
terrorists hope to engender a
reaction-such as fear, repulsion,
intimidation, over reaction, or
radicalization.
 Fundamentals of terrorism

1. Terrorism always has apolitical nature

2. Although many other uses of violence
are inherently political, including
conventional war among states,
terrorism is distinguished by its “non-
state character”-even when terrorists
receive military, political, economic, and
other means of support from state
resources.
3. Terrorism targets the innocent
4. Terrorists do not abide by international
laws or norms
 Examples: April 2000,
kidnapping of tourists by the
Abu Sayyaf group of the Phil.,
incidents allegedly
committed by al-Qaeda: 1998
bombings of the U.S
embassies in Kenya and
Tanzania and the September
11 attacks.