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HVAC Load Calculations Guide
HVAC Load Calculations Guide
HVAC Load Calculations Guide
HVAC
Load Calculations
• Envelope Loads or
• Skin Loads: Loads
associated with the Roof,
Walls, Windows, Doors,
Floor and Partitions.
• Specific Humidity Ratio or Humidity Ratio is the ratio between the actual
mass of water vapor present in moist air - to the mass of the dry air.
Humidity Ratio is normally expressed in pounds of water vapor per pound of
dry air or in Grains of moisture per pound of dry air. There are
approximately 7000 grains in a pound.
• Relative Humidity: The ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air at a
specific temperature to the maximum amount that the air could hold at that
temperature, expressed as a percentage.
100%
Percent Load
90%
80%
70%
60%
30 40 50 60 70 80 Humidity Ratio (gr./LB)
$32,000 In Miami
$30,000 $3,000 A/C
Energy Cost to operate A/C for 1 year
$24,000 50 versus 58
$22,000 dewpoint
$20,000
$18,000 In Baltimore
$16,000 $400 A/C
$14,000
energy COST
$12,000
if “setpoint” is
50 versus 58
$10,000
dewpoint
$8,000
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 In Miami: 90% of a year the
Store Dewpoint Setpoint
store needs humidity control
BALTIMORE MIAMI
In Baltimore: 45% of a year
the store needs humidity
Building HVAC Cost vs. Store Dewpoint control
Excerpt from 2002 FMI Presentation by Lee Churchill of Seasons-4 Inc.
Rack Energy Cost vs. Store Dewpoint
$110,000
$108,000
$106,000
$104,000
$102,000
In Miami $100,000
$18,000 rack
Cost to Operate 3 Racks (annual)
$98,000
energy savings $96,000
$94,000
if “setpoint” is Baltimore, MD
$92,000 Miami, FL
50 versus 58 $90,000 Salt Lake City
dewpoint $88,000 Pittsburg, PA
$86,000 Houston, TX
$84,000
$82,000
$80,000
$78,000
In Baltimore
$76,000
$8,000 rack $74,000
energy savings $72,000
if “setpoint” is $70,000
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
50 versus 58 Store Dewpoint SETPOINT
dewpoint
$125,000
$120,000
Cost to Operate 3 Racks & A/C (annual)
$115,000
$110,000
Baltimore, MD
Conclusion to study:
$105,000
Miami, FL 50 F dewpoint is an
$100,000 optimum setpoint
$95,000
$90,000
$85,000
$80,000
40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
Store Dewpoint SETPOINT
Hours by City
7,000 to 9,000
6,000 to 6,999
5,000 to 5,999
4,000 to 4,999
3,000 to 3,999
2,000 to 2,999
1,000 to 1,999
0.4%
1.0%
Carrier Hourly Analysis Program – Opening Screen
HAP – Weather Input
HVAC Load Questions 3
Illustration from 2001 Ashrae Fundamentals Handbook, Chapter 25 Illustration from 2005 Ashrae Fundamentals Handbook, Chapter 25
HAP – Wall Construction
Similar Calculation for 6” Metal Studs with
R-19 insulation, No Insulated Sheathing
• Use the built in Wall and Roof property calculation portions of the
program to calculate the U-Value for any partitions. Manually
transfer this data to the partition tab of the space input form.
HVAC Load Questions 5
• In stores with cooking, this is only part of the outside air story. You need
make-up air for hoods and other exhaust sources. The software is aware
of this, so all you need to do is enter this value as an exhaust quantity as
you describe the system.
• If the zones where the exhaust loads occur are open to the main sales area
and each other you have a decision to make. Where to allocate the make
up air.
• You can either design for one large semi-custom unit capable of handling
most of the outside air or multiple semi-custom units.
• If the zones are not open to one another, you have no choice. Make Up
air must be provided in the system where it is actually exhausted.
Building Air Balance
HAP – Zone Components
Load Software
Air System Sizing Summary Output
Notice Warning
Load Software
Air System Design Load Summary
Heating Load Calculation – “Case Credits”
• Heating loads are calculated for the maximum required
heating from the system without taking credit for any
internal lights, equipment and people. External heating
credits such as solar effects are also omitted. Because the
software ignores miscellaneous loads while calculating the
heating load, the “case credits”, which in heating mode are
an additional heating load not a credit, they must be added
to the required unit capacity manually.