SEXUAL DIVISION OF

LABOUR
• A SYSTEM IN WHICH ALL WORK
INSIDE THE HOME IS EITHER DONE
BY THE WOMEN OF THE FAMILY, OR
ORGANISED BY THEM THROUGH THE
DOMESTIC HELPERS.
OR
• CATEGORISING SOME WORK ONLY FOR
WOMEN LIKE COOKING, WASHING,
CLEANING, TAILORING ETC.
RESULTS OF SEXUAL DIVISION
OF LABOUR
• THE WORK OF WOMEN ARE NOT VALUED.
• THE WORK OPTIONS OF WOMEN ARE
LIMITED.
• THEIR ROLE IN PUBLIC LIFE ARE DENIED.
• THEIR ROLE IN POLITICS ARE MINIMUM.
• THEY ARE CONSIDERED FIT FOR LOW PAID
WORKS
 NOW THE MEN AND WOMEN
ARE EQUALLY VALUED DUE TO
THE FOLLOWING REASON
• WOMEN IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF WORLD ORGANISED AND
AGITATED FOR EQUAL RIGHTS.
• THERE WERE AGITATIONS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES FOR EQUAL
RIGHTS TO VOTE FOR WOMEN.
• THERE WERE AGITATIONS FOR ENHANCING THEIR POLITICAL AND
LEGAL STATUS AND IMPROVING THEIR EDUCATIONAL AND CAREER
OPPORTUNITIES.
• POLITICAL EXPRESSION AND MOBILISATION HELPED IN
IMPROVING WOMENS ROLE IN PUBLIC LIFE.
• IN SCANDINAVIEN COUNTRIES WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN
POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION IS VERY HIGH.
• IN INDIA WOMEN STILL LEG BEHIND MEN IN EVERY SPHERE DUE
TO --:
– OURS IS A PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY.
– THE LITERACY RATE AMONG WOMEN IS ONLY 54% COMPARED WITH 76%
AMONG MEN.
– THE PROPORTION OF WOMEN IN HIGHLY PAID AND HIGHLY VALUE JOBS
ARE STILL VERY LESS.
– WOMEN ARE STILL KEPT ON LOW PAID WORKS.
– IN MANY PARTS OF THIS COUNTY PARENTS PREFER MALE CHILD.
 HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEMS OF
LOW REPRESENTATION OF
WOMEN POLITICS

 LEGALLY BINDING TO HAVE A FAIR

PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN IN ELECTED
BODIES.
 1/ 3RD SEATS ARE RESERVED IN LOCAL
BODIES FOR WOMEN. THIS SHOULD BE
ALSO COMPLEMENTED IN
PARLIAMENT AND LEGISLATION
ASSEMBLIES.
WOMENS POLITICAL
REPRESENTATION

 IN INDIA WOMENS POLITICAL

REPRESENTATION IS VERY LESS. IT
IS LESS THEN 10% IN PARLIAMENT
AND LESS THEN 5% IN LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLIES.
CASTE AND POLITICS

 ALL SOCI ETI ES HAVE SOME KI ND OF SOCI AL I NEQUALI TY.

CASTE SYSTEM I S AN EXTREM FORM OF IT. HEREDI TARY
OCCUPATI ONAL DI VI SI ON WAS SANCTI ONED BY RITUALS.
MEMBERS OF SAME CASTE GROUPS WERE SUPPORTED TO
FORM SOCI AL COMMUNI TY.
 CASTE SYSTEM WAS BASED ON EXCLUSI ON AND
DI SCRI MI NATI ON.
 THERE WERE OUTCASTE GROUPS. THEY WERE SUBJ ECTED TO
THE I NHUMAN PRACTI CES OF UNTOUCHABI LI TY.
 J OTI BA PHULE, GANDHI J I , B.R. AMBEDKAR AND PERI YAR
RAMASWAMI NAI CKER WORKED FOR A CASTELESS SOCI ETY.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
BREAKING OF CASTE SYSTEM
 DUE TO EFFORTS OF A FEW SOCIAL
REFORMERS LIKE GANDHIJI, B.R.
AMBEDKAR ETC.
 WITH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
 LARGE SCALE URBANISATION.
 GROWTH OF LITERACY AND EDUCATION.
 OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY
 THE WEAKENING OF THE POSITION OF LAND
LORDS IN THE VILLAGES.
 OUR CONSTITUTION.
 CASTE IN POLITICS

 WHAT FORMS CASTE MAY TAKE PLACE I N POLI TI CS

 WHI LE CHOOSI NG CANDI DATES PARTI ES KEEP I N MI ND THE
CASTE COMPOSI TI ON OF THE ELECTORATES.
 WHEN GOVERNMENTS ARE FORMED, POLI TI CAL PARTI ES USUALLY
TAKE CARE THET REPRESENTATI VES OF DI FFERENT CASTE AND
TRI BES FI ND A PLACE ON I T.
 POLI TI CAL PARTI ES AND CANDI DATES I N ELECTI ONS MAKE
APPEALS TO CASTE SENTI MENTS TO CASTE SUPPORTS.
 UNI VERSAL ADULT FRANCHI SE AND THE PRI NCI PLE OF ONE
PERSON ONE VOTE COMPELLED POLI TI CAL LEADERS TO GEAR UP
TO THE TASK OF MOBI LI SI NG AND SECURI NG SUPPORT BY
RAI SI NG NEW CONCI OUSNESS AMONG THE PEOPLE OF CASTES.
 I N THE LI GHT OF THE ABOVE FACTS IT SEEMS THAT ELECTI ONS
ARE ALL ABOUT CASTE NOTHI NG ELSE, BUT IT I S NOT TRUE.
CASTE ALWAYS DO NOTEFFECT THE ELECTI ONS RESULTS.
CASTE SYSTEM WHICH ARE
STILL IN PRACTICES

 MOST PEOPLE MARRY WIT HIN THEIR OWN CASTE

 DESPITE CONST ITUT IONAL PROHIBITATION
UNTOUCHABILITY HAVE NOT ENDED COMPLETELY.
 EFFECTS OF CENTURIES OF ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES CONT INUE TO BE LEFT TODAY.
 THOSE GROUPS THAT HAD ACCESS TO EDUCAT ION
UNDER THE OLD SYSTEM HAVE DONE VERY WELL IN
AQUIRING MODERN EDUCAT ION.
 THOSE GROUPS THAT DID NOT HAVE ACCESS TO
EDUCATION NATURALLY LAGGED BEHIND.
HOWCAN WE SAY THAT CASTE
ALWAYSDO NOT AFFECT THE
ELECTION RESULTS?
 NO PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUENCY IN THE COUNTRY HAS A
CLEAR MAJORIY OF ONE SINGLE CASTE.
 NO PARTY WINS THE VOTE OF ALL VOTERS OF A CASTE OR A
COMMUNITY.
 MANY POLITICAL PARTIES MAY PUT UP CANDIDATES FROM THE
SAME CASTE.
 THE RULING PARTY OR THE SITTING MP OR MLA FREQUENTLY
LOSE ELECTIONS IN OUR COUNTRY.
 THUS WE CAN SAY THAT IT IS NOT POLITICS THAT GETS CASTE
RIDDEN, IT IS THE CASTE THAT GETS POLITICISED. THIS TAKES
SEVERAL FORMS :--
 EACH CASTE GROUPS TRIES TO BECOME BIGGER BY
INCORPORATING OTHER CASTE OR SUB-CASTE.
 VARIOUS CASTE GROUPS ARE REQUIRED TO ENTER INTO A
COALITION WITH OTHER CASTE OR COMMUNITIES.
 NEW KINDS OF CASTE GROUPS HAVE COME UP IN POLITICS
LIKE BACKWARD, FORWARD.
RELEGION, COMMUNALISM
AND POLITICS

 INDIA IS A COUNTRY OF MULTI

RELEGIONS. RELEGIONS
DIFFERENCES ARE OFTEN
EXPRESSED IN THE FIELD OF
POLITICS. W HEN POLITICIANS TREAT
ALL RELEGIONS EQUALLY THERE IS
NO HARM.
 WHAT FORMS COMMUNALISM
CAN TAKE IN POLITICS
 COMMUNALISM CAN TAKE VARIOUS FORMS IN
POLITICS?
 RELEGIOUS PREJUDICES, STERIOTYPES OF RELEGIOUS
COMMUNITIES AND BELIEFS OF SUPERIORITY OF ONE
RELEGION.
 A COMMUNAL MIND MAY HAVE QUEST FOR POLITICS
DOMINATION OF ONE RELEGION IN THE POLITICS.
 POLITICAL MOBILISATION ON RELIGIOUS LINES. THIS
INVOLVES THE USE OF SCRED SYMBOLS, RELEGIOUS
LEADERS, EMOTIONAL APPEAL.
 IN THE WORST FORM COMMUNALISM POLITICS
INVOLVES – COMMUNALISM VIOLENCE, RIOTS AND
MASSACRE.
WHAT IS A SECULAR STATE?

 A SECULA R S TA TE IS A STA TE IN WHICH

 THERE IS NO OFFICIAL RE LEGION OF THE S TA TE.
 THE CONS TITUTION PROV IDES TO ALL INDIV IDUALS A ND
COMMUNITIES FREE DOM TO P ROFESS, PRACTICE AND
PROPOGA TE ANY RELIGION OR NOT TO FOLLOW ANY.
 THE CONS TITUTION PROHIB ITS DIS CRIMINA TION ON THE
GROUNDS OF RELEGION.
 AT THE SAME TIME THE CONS TITUTION ALLOWS THE S TA TE
TO INTERVE N IN MA TTE RS OF RE LEGION IN ORDE R TO
ENSUTE EQUALITY WITHIN RE LEGIOUS COMMUNITIES.
WHAT I S COMMUNAL POLITI CS

► WHEN BELIEFS OF ONE RELEGION ARE

PRESENTED AS SUPERIOR TO THOSE OF OTHER
RELEGIONS.
► WHEN DEMANDS OF ONE RELEGION GROUPS
ARE FORMED IN OPPOSITION TO ANOTHER AND
WHEN STATE POWER IS USED TO ESTABLISH
DOMINATION OF ONE RELEGIONS OVER THE
REST.
► SUCH MANNER OF USING RELEGION IN POLITICS
IS COMMUNAL POLITICS
 COMMUNALI SM I NVOLVES
THI NKI NG ALONG THE
FOLLOWI NG LI NES :--
 THE FOLLOWERS OF A PARTICULAR RELEGION
MUST BELONG TO ONE COMMUNITY.
 THEIR FUNDAMENTAL INTEREST IS THE SAME.
 ANY DIFFERENCE THAT THEY MAY HAVE IS
IRRELEVANT FOR COMMUNITY LIFE.
 PEOPLE WHO FOLLOW DIFFERENT RELIGION
CANNOT BELONG TO SAME SOCIAL
COMMUNITY.
HOW THE STATE
GOVERNMENT WORKS

 GOVERNMENT WORKS AT THREE

LEVELS
 LOCAL LEVEL
 STATE LEVEL
 NATIONAL LEVEL
 HOW THE GOVERNMENT WORKS ?
 GOVERNMENT WORKS AT THREE LEVELS
 LOCAL LEVEL
 STATE LEVEL
 NATIONAL LEVEL
 THE WORK OF STATE GOVERNMENT
 IN THIS LESSON WE WILL SEE
 HOW THE GOVERNMENT AT STATE LEVEL WORKS?
 HOW DOES IT TAKE PLACE IN A DEMOCRACY?
 WHAT IS THE ROLE OF MEMBER OF LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLIES (MLA) AND MINISTERS.
 HOW DO PEOPLE EXPRESS THEIR VIEWS OR
DEMAND ACTION FROM GOVERNMENT.
 WHO IS MLA?
 MEMBERS OF LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ARE
ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE, AFTER ELECTION
THEY BECOME THE MEMBERS OF THE
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY AND ALSO FORM
THE GOVERNMENT.
 EVERY STATE IN INDIA HAS A LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLY. EACG STATE IS DIVIDED INTO
DIFFERENT AREAS OR CONSTITUENCIES.
FROM EACH CONSTITUENCY ONE MEMBER IS
ELECTED FOR THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.
 HOW DO PEOPLE WHO ARE MLA'S BECOME
MINISTERS OR CHIEF MINISTERS?
 A POLITICAL PARTY WHOSE MLA'S WON MORE
THAN HALF TEH NUMBER OF CONSTITUENCIES IN
A STATE IS SADE TO BE IN MAJORITY. THE
POLITICAL THAT HAS MAJORITY IS CALLED THE
RULING PARTY AND ALL OTHERS MEMBERS ARE
CALLED THE OPPOSITION.
 AFTER ELECTIONS, THE MLA'S OF RULING PARTY
USE TO ELECT THEIR LEADER WHO BECOME THE
CHIEF MINISTER OF THAT STATE.
 AFTER THE ELECTION IT IS THE GOVERNMENT OF
THE STATE THAT APPOINTS THE CHIEF MINISTER
AND OTHER MINISTERS.
 THE CHIEF MINISTER AND OTHER MINISTER HAVE
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF RUNNING VARIOUS
GOVERNMENT DEPARMENTS OR MINISTRIES.
 WHAT IS A LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY?
 A LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY IS A PLACE
WHERE ALL THE MLA'S WHETHER FROM
THE RULING PARTY OR FROM THE
OPPOSITION MEET TO DISCUSS VARIOUS
THINGS. HENCE SOME MLA'S HAVE DUAL
RESPONSIBILITIES; ONE AS AN MLA AND
THE OTHER AS A MINISTER.
 A DEBATE IN LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
 A DEBATE IS A DISCUSSION BEING HELD ON
A CURRENT PROBLEM IN THE LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLY. DURING THIS TONE, MLA'S CAN
EXPRESS THEIR VIEWS ASK QUESTIONS
RELATED TO THE ISSUE A GIVE SUGGESTIONS
ABOUT WHAT SHOULD BE DONE. THE
MINISTER THEN REPLIES TO THE QUESTION
AND TRIES TO ASSURE THE ASSEMBLY THAT
ADEQUATE STEPS ARE BEING TAKEN.
 THE CHIEF MINISTER AND MINISTER HAVE TO
TAKE DECISIONS AND RUN THE
GOVERNMENT. WHATEVER DECISIONS ARE
BEING TAKEN HAVE TO BE APPROVED BY THE
MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.
 WORKING OF THE GOVERNMENT
 LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY IS NOT THE ONLY
PLACE WHERE OPINIONS ARE EXPRESSED
ABOUT THE WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT AND
ACTION IS DEMANDED. THER ARE VARIOUS
WAYS FOR THAT. THEY ARE AS FOLLOWS --:
 PRESS CONFERENCE
 VISITS OF THE GOVERNMENT MINISTER AND
THE GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS,
 MINISTERS PROMISES FUNDS ETC.
 GOVERNMENT CAN ALSO DECIDE TO MAKE
LAWS REGARDING THE ISSUE.
 1. CONSTITUENCY
 2. MAJORITY
 3. OPPOSITION
 4. PRESS CONFERENCE