Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Computer Numerical Control: Summer Training Report' "IN" Ordnance Factory Muradnagar
Computer Numerical Control: Summer Training Report' "IN" Ordnance Factory Muradnagar
“IN”
ORDNANCE FACTORY
MURADNAGAR
“ON”
COMPUTER NUMERICAL
CONTROL
SUBMITTED TO:
THE GENERAL MANAGAR,ORDNANCE
FACTORY MURANAGAR..
SUBMITTED BY:
EC(2ND YEAR,B.TECH)
COMPUTER NUMERCAL
CONTROL
CNC
Computer Numerical Control is the control of a machine tool using numbers and letters.
It is a system in which programmed numerical values are directly inserted and stored on
some form of input medium, and automatically read and decoded to cause a
corresponding movement in the machine which it is controlling.
Advantages of CNC
High degree of quality due to accuracy, repeatability, and freedom from operator-
introduced variations.
Reduced scrap. Errors due to operator fatigue, interruptions, and other factors are less
likely to occur.
Simplified inspection. Once the first piece has passed inspection, minimal inspection is
required on subsequent parts
Lower tooling costs due to less need for complex jigs and fixtures.
Complex machining operations are more easily accomplished due to advanced machine
control.
CNC Disadvantages
Tools on NC machines do not cut metal any faster than conventional machines.
NC does not eliminate the need for expensive tools. There is also a greater initial cost
involved with the NC machine.
NC will not totally eliminate errors. Operators can still fail to push the correct buttons,
make incorrect alignments, and fail to locate parts properly in a fixture.
CNC History
1947 - John Parsons began experimenting with the idea of generating thru-axis curve data
and using that data to control machine tool motions.
1949 - A contract was granted to the Parsons Corporation to search for a speedy
production method.
1952 - MIT successfully demonstrates a model of the NC machine of today. The machine
successfully made parts with simultaneous thru-axis cutting tool movements. MIT coined
the term "numerical control".
Blueprint Reading
Familiarity with machine operations - machine tools, cutting speeds, feed rates, and depth
of cut.
Familiarity with the machine being programmed; its general operating characteristics;
tape, floppy, or network data input; and the machine's control panel operation.
CNC EQUIPMENT
Milling Machines
CNC Milling Machines use a rotary cutter for cutter motion and linear motion for feed.
The material is pushed into the cutter, or the cutter is pushed into the material, in 3
dimensional straight or curved paths to produce the desired part elements. The finished
part is created by removing all unnecessary material from the workpiece. This process is
called Milling.
Lathes
CNC Lathes rotate the work against a single point tool to produce cutting motion. The
tool is fed along or into the work to produce the feed motion. Machining a part on a lathe
is called Turning.
Machining Centers
Machining Centers are more sophisticated CNC machines that often combine milling and
turning technologies.
EDM Machines
CNC Control panels include the controls for all aspects of the machining process. Some
machines also include part programming and tool path verification.
CNC Systems
Point-to-point control is the positioning of the tool from one point to another within a
coordinate system. Most often used for positioning to a point where a manual machining
operation such as drilling or boring would occur.
Straight-cut control has the ability move a tool, while engaged, straight in all axes of the
machine and has the ability to do angles of 45 degrees.
Contouring control systems generate a continuously controlled toolpath by interpolating
intermediate points or coordinates. Interpolating means the ability to generate the points
that make up a path.
A fixture is a production tool that locates, holds, and supports the workpiece securely so
that the machining operations can be performed exactly the same for duplicate parts (ie.
production runs). Although largely used on milling machines, fixtures are also designed
to work for various operations on most of the standard machine tools. Fixtures vary in
design from relatively simple tools to expensive, complicated devices.
Plate fixtures are the simplest basic fixture made from a flat plate which has a
variety of clamps, locators, or pins to hold and locate a part. Its simplicity and
adaptability make it a popular type of fixture.
Angle-plate fixtures are a variation of the plate fixture that is used to machine the
part at a right angle to its locator point. Most angle-plate fixtures are made at 90
degrees but they can be made at other angles.
Vise-jaw fixtures are for machining small parts. With this type of fixture the
standard vise jaws are replaced with jaws that are formed to fit the part. These
fixtures are the least expensive type of fixtures to make and their use is only
limited by the sizes of vises available.
Indexing fixtures are used for maching parts which must have machined details
evenly spaced.
Multistation fixtures are used primarily for high-speed, high- volume production
runs where the machining cycle must be continuous.
Duplex fixtures are the simplest form of multistation fixtures. This fixture allows
for the loading and unloading operations to be performed while the machining
operations are in progress. Thus allowing non-stop machining.
Profiling fixtures are used to guide tools for machining contours which the
machine cannot normally follow. CNC Machines do not use these types of
fixtures.
Assembling
Boring
Broaching
Drilling
Forming
Gauging
Grinding
Heat Treating
Honing
Inspecting
Lapping
Milling
Planing
Polishing
Punching
Reaming
Sawing
Shaping
Stamping
Tapping
Testing
Turning
Welding
Here are some of the most common terms used for expressing cutting data:
Spindle speed - Spindle speed is the rotational speed of the spindle and tooling. This
value is usually expressed in RPM. (Revolutions Per Minute)
Feedrate value - The feedrate value is the numerical value at which a tool will
traverse a workpiece. It is usually expressed in either IPM (Inches Per Minute) or IPR
(Inches Per Revolution).
Cutting speed - Cutting speed is the rotational speed of the cutting tool or workpiece.
It can be stated as either RPM or SFM. (Surface Feet Per Minute)
Depth of Cut - Depth of cut is the distance the tool tip is engaged into the workpiece.
It is incorporated into the X, Y, and Z values in a CNC program. Separate from the
program, it can be expressed in inches or mm.
Calculating the cutting data is an important step in the planning of a CNC program.
Several of the most common formulas are explained here.