NOTE CNC LATHE MACHINE

MEANING OF CNC MACHINE

A lathe is a machine that rotates a workpiece on a spindle to cut away
excess material, using cutting tools and drill bits with different diameters
that are applied to the workpiece to produce a symmetrical object. These
machines are capable of producing a variety of shapes, cuts, and details on
a rotating work part. On CNC Lathe Machine, a machinist can program the
machine to make difficult cuts on tough materials and produce quality
pieces at a high rate. CNC lathes come in either vertical or horizontal forms

Due to technological advancements, CNC lathes are quickly replacing

some of the older and more traditionally used production lathes, such as
the multispindle. CNC lathes come with a number of benefits. They can be
easily set up and operated. They offer tremendous repeatability, along with
top-notch accuracy in production.
A CNC lathe is typically designed to utilize modern versions of carbide
tooling and processes. A part can be designed for customization, and the
machine’s tool paths are often programmed using the CAD or CAM
processes. However, a programmer can manually design a part or tool path
as well. The resulting coded computer file is then uploaded to the CNC
machine, and the machine will then automatically produce the desired parts
for which it was programmed to design.

CNC Horizontal Lathes

CNC horizontal lathe machining is performed using horizontally-configured
lathes. These machines rotate a workpiece cylindrically, like a rotisserie
chicken, while tooling shapes the piece by cutting away excess materials.
Because the workpieces have to lie vertically, horizontal lathe machines
tend to have a larger footprint or amount of total space that they take up,
making them best reserved for use on smaller or midsize workpieces.
Similarly, because the chuck on these machines hold the work piece
vertically, against the natural gravitational downward pull of the object,
these machines are best used for lighter materials, or else you run the risk
of damaging the chuck. This information is particularly important to keep in
mind if you are buying a used CNC lathe machine and be sure to ask your
dealer about the machine’s past work history.

CNC Vertical Lathes

On a CNC vertical lathe, the workpiece rotates upright, like a pottery wheel,
allowing the spindle to cut at hard to reach angles. This gives vertical lathes
a naturally smaller footprint than horizontal lathes, making them ideal for
manufacturing super large and heavy workpieces, including those that have
to be loaded with a crane. The smaller footprint also allows for the option of
dual-spindles to work on a piece without compromising additional floor
space, and makes them a good choice for pinch turning operations.
Additionally, gravity works in favor of the machine’s vertical design, keeping
the workpiece stable throughout the machining process, which allows for
steady spindle movements and more accurate cutting. Taking these
advantages in mind, it's important to note that vertical lathes tend to run a
bit more expensive than their horizontal counterparts.
 HOW CNC LATHE MACHINE WORK

A CNC lathe is controlled by a menu-type interface on a computer. The

operator who manages the process can actually see a visual simulation of
how the machine will function during the production phase. Thanks to this
technology, the machine operator generally does not need to know as
much about the specifics of the machine he or she oversees compared to
what machine operators must know about more traditional lathes that
require some manual labor.

CNC lathes are designed in a variety of ways, based on the manufacturer

producing the machine. However, most have some significant similarities in
their composition. A turret is a part of the machine that holds the tool
holders and indexes them accordingly. The spindle is designed to hold the
work piece. In addition, there are slides that allow the turret to move in
multiple axes at the same time. CNC machines are typically completely
enclosed for health and safety reasons of any operators present.

There has been considerable growth in the CNC machining industry,

particularly when it comes to the design and use of CNC lathes. Different
lathe manufacturers utilize a variety of user interfaces, which can be a
challenge to the operators. But these systems are mostly based on the
same principles across the board since a CNC lathe is programmed to
perform similar functions in terms of what it is intended to manufacture.
Like other CNC machines ,CNC lathes have become a major part of the
manufacturing industry in recent years. So, it is expected that the
operations of such machines will continue to improve and carry significant
weight in this field.
 CNC LATHE MAIN PARTS

1 – Headstock
Headstock of a cnc lathe machine have the main motor of
cnc lathe machine which drives the main spindle. Chuck is
mounted on this main spindle.
2 – CNC Lathe Bed
The tool turret travel over the cnc lathe bed, which is
specially hardened so any kind of machining can’t affect
them.
3 – Chuck
CNC lathe machine chuck grips the component which are to
be machined. Chuck itself has many parts. Jaws are
mounted on the chuck to grip the part.
4 – Tailstock
Tailstock are mostly used to give an extra gripping force for
component machining. For long components machining they
provide extra force on the other end so machining process
can complete smoothly. You can see in the above picture at
the one end chuck is gripping the component and on the
other end tailstock is providing the extra force.

5 – Tailstock Quill
Actually you move the whole tailstock forward or reverse,
but in that way it is not used to grip the part, but tailstock is
travelled to a point near the component and then it is set
there, after that you actuate the tailstock quill which travel
either with hydraulic pressure or pneumatic pressure to grip
the component.

6 – Foot Switch or Foot Pedals

Foot switches are used to actual the chuck and tailstock
quill. Through these pedals cnc machinist’s open and close
the chuck to grip the component, the same way tailstock
quill is taken to forward position or reversed through theses
pedals.

7 – CNC Control Panel

The brain of the cnc machine, all the cnc program are stored
inside this panel, cnc machinists control the whole machine
through the keys on this panel. CNC machinists stat/stop the
machine move axis by pressing different keys on this panel.
They can enter new program by using this panel, programs
can be transferred by using usb port on this panel as
well. So this is the main part which controls the whole cnc
machine.

8 – Tool Turret
The tool are mounted on the tool turret which are used for
component machining. Tool turrets vary in shapes and
number of tools that can be mounted on them.

Lathes Operations 
The general operations done with the lathe are grooving,

turning, cutting, sanding and etc. if anyone wants to operate

the lathe machine then he must first know about the feeds,

cutting speed, depth of the cut and usage of tool should be

considered. Each lathe operation has got its own factors

that need to be considered before doing the work. The

factors should be used properly so that one can avoid from

mishandling and mishaps while performing any kind of lathe

operation. With every cut desired the speed, depth and feed

of the lathe machine is changed for precision.

Types of Lathe Operation 

The working of the lathe machine changes with every
operation and cut desired. There are a lot of operations used
for using the lathe machine. Some of the common lathe
operations are:

Facing 
This is usually the first step of any lathe operation on the
lathe machine. The metal is cut from the end to make it fit in
the right angle of the axis and remove the marks.
Tapering 
Tapering is to cut the metal to nearly a cone shape with the
help of the compound slide. This is something in between
the parallel turning and facing off. If one is willing to change
the angle then they can adjust the compound slide as they
like.

Parallel Turning 
This operation is adopted in order to cut the metal parallel
to the axis. Parallel turning is done to decrease the diameter
of the metal.

Parting
The part is removed so that it faces the ends. For this the
parting tool is involved in slowly to make perform the
operation. For to make the cut deeper the parting tool is
pulled out and transferred to the side for the cut and to
prevent the tool from breaking.  

Lathe Cutting Tools

There are several lathe cutting tools that help in cutting
with the lathe machine. The commonly used tools are
mentioned below:


Carbide tip tools
 Grooving tool
 Cut-Off blade
 Parting blades
 Boring bar
 Side tool

 ADVANTAGES OF CNC LATHE MACHINE

CNC lathe machine is efficient and cost effective It can be used for 24 hours
throughout a year. It is switched off just when the machine is checked for
maintenance.

 The machine is designed and programmed in such a manner that thousands

of products with same dimensions can be manufactured with complete
accuracy and just with a single command.
 CNC machine tools are easily available in the market so it doesn’t affect the
productivity when some problem arises in any part.
 The concept of artificial intelligence has also brought into this machine. A
designer is also allowed to implement his/her own ideas for producing the
desired metal. It is done with the help of specialized software in built in this
machine.
  It doesn’t require an operator to stand with it at the time of production. Only
one person can supervise several CNC machines. It saves both time and
money.
 The machine can be updated merely by improving the software installed in
it. 

DISADVANTAGES OF CNC LATHE MACHINE

 These CNC machine are very expensive comparing to other Machines Tools in
India. Though the cost is coming down but still it is an issue.
 The operator of the machine required a proper training and must require
knowledge of computer efficiently.
 If talked according to general view then this machine increases
unemployment as only one person is enough to operate several CNC
machines.

G CODE

  Category
Code Function Notes Tutorials  

  G00 Motion Move in XYZ of G00 and  

a straight endpoin
t MDI.
line at
rapids
Linear
Motion:
 G00 and
speed.
G01

Move in a
G01 and
straight line MDI.
at last XYZ of
Linear
  G01 Motion speed endpoin  
commande t Motion:
d by a G00 and
(F)eedrate
G01
XYZ of
endpoin
Clockwise
t Circular
IJK
circular arc Arcs:
  G02 Motion at
relative  
(F)eedrate to G02 and
center G03
R for
radius

XYZ of
endpoin
Counter- t Circular
clockwise IJK Arcs:
  G03 Motion circular arc relative  
at to G02 and
(F)eedrate center G03
R for
radius

Precise
Dwell: P for Timing and
Stop for millisec Speed:
onds Dwell, Exact
  G04 Motion a X for Stop,  
specified second Backlash
time. s Compensati
on

Precise
Timing and
Speed:
Exact
Dwell,
  G09 Motion stop  
Exact Stop,  
check
Backlash
Compensat
ion
Programm
Compens able
  G10 ation parameter
     
input

CNC G-
Coordina Select X-
  G17 te Y plane
  Code  
Coordinates

  G18 Coordina Select X-   CNC G-  

Code
 te Z plane Coordinates

CNC G-
Coordina Select Y-
  G19 te Z plane
  Code  
Coordinates

Program G20 and

Coordina
  G20 te
coordinates   G21: Unit  
are inches Conversion

Program G20 and

Coordina
  G21 te
coordinates   G21: Unit  
are mm Conversion

G28: Return
Reference
to
  G27 Motion point return  
Reference  
check
Point

G28:
Return to
Return to
  G28 Motion home  
Reference
 
position
Point

Return G28:
from the Return to
  G29 Motion reference
 
Reference  
position Point

Return to
the 2nd, G28:
3rd, and Return to
  G30 Motion 4th
 
Reference  
reference Point
point

Constant
lead
threading
  G32 Canned (like G01      
synchroni
zed with
spindle)

Tool
cutter
Compens compens
  G40 ation ation off
     
(radius
comp.)

Tool
cutter
Compens compens
  G41 ation ation left
     
(radius
comp.)

  G42 Compens Tool      

ation cutter
 compens
ation
right
(radius
comp.)

Apply
tool
Compens length
  G43 ation compens
     
ation
(plus)

Apply
tool
Compens length
  G44 ation compens
     
ation
(minus)

Tool
length
Compens
  G49 ation
compens      
ation
cancel

Reset all
Compens scale
  G50 ation factors to
     
1.0

Turn on
Compens
  G51 ation
scale      
factors
Local
workshift
for all
Coordina
  G52 te
coordinate      
systems:
add XYZ
offsets

Machine
coordinate
Coordina system
  G53 te (cancel
     
work
offsets)

Work
Coordina coordinate
  G54 te system (1st
     
Workpiece)

Work
coordinate
Coordina
  G55 te
system      
(2nd
Workpiece)
 Work
coordinate
Coordina
  G56 te
system      
(3rd
Workpiece)

Work
Coordina coordinate
  G57 te system (4th
     
Workpiece)

Work
Coordina coordinate
  G58 te system (5th
     
Workpiece)

Work
Coordina coordinate
  G59 te system (6th
     
Workpiece)

Precise
Timing
and
Exact Speed:
stop Dwell,
  G61 Other    
check Exact
mode Stop,
Backlash
Compens
ation
Automatic
  G62 Other corner      
override

Tapping
  G63 Other mode
     

Best
  G64 Other speed      
path

Custom Subprogr
macro
  G65 Other simple
  ams and  
call Macros

Finish
  G70 Canned Turning      
Cycle

  G71 Canned Rough   G71:  

Turning Rough
Cycle
Turning
Cycle
G71
 Type II:
Rough
Turning
With
“Pockets”
Rough
  G72 Canned Facing      
Cycle
Pattern
  G73 Canned Repeating      
Cycle

Peck
  G74 Canned Drilling      
Cycle

Grooving
  G75 Canned Cycle
     

G76
Threading Lathe
  G76 Canned Cycle
   
Threadin
g Cycle
Cancel
  G80 Canned canned      
cycle

Face
  G83 Canned drilling      
cycle

Face
  G84 Canned Tapping      
cycle

Boring
canned
cycle,
  G86 Canned spindle
     
stop,
rapid out

Side
  G87 Canned Drilling      
Cycle

Side
  G88 Canned Tapping      
Cycle

Side
  G89 Canned Boring      
Cycle
 Absolute
program
ming of
Coordin
  G90 XYZ      
ate (type B
and C
systems)

Absolute
programm
Coordin ing IJK
  G90.1 (type B
     
ate
and C
systems)

Increment
al
programm
Coordin
  G91 ing of      
ate XYZ (type
B and C
systems)

Increment
al
programm
Coordin
  G91.1 ing IJK      
ate (type B
and C
systems)

Thread
Coordin
  G92 Cutting      
ate Cycle

G92 Clamp of
maximum
  (altern Motion spindle    
ate) speed

Endface
  G94 Motion Turning      
Cycle

             

Constant G96:
Surface Constant
  G96 Motion Speed
   
Surface
ON
Speed

Constant G96:
Surface Constant
  G97 Motion Speed
   
Surface
Cancel
Speed
 G98 G-
Code
and G99
Feedrate G-Code:
  G98 Motion per   Canned  
Minute Cycle
Return or
Feedrate
Modes

G98 G-
Code
and G99
Feedrate G-Code:
per
  G99 Motion Revoluti
  Canned
on Cycle
Return or
Feedrate
Modes

M CODE

Co Categ Functi
Tutori
de ory on Notes  
als

Program
M- Stop
  M00      
Code (non-
optional)
Optional
Stop:
M- Operator
  M01      
Code Selected
to
Enable
 M- End of
  M02      
Code Program
Spindle
M- M03 and
  M03 ON (CW    
Code Rotation) MDI.

Spindle
ON
M-
  M04 (CCW      
Code
Rotation
)

M- Spindle M05 and

  M05    
Code Stop MDI.
M- Tool
  M06      
Code Change
Mist
M- M07 and
  M07 Coolant    
Code MDI.
ON
Flood
M- M08 and
  M08 Coolant    
Code MDI.
ON
M- Coolant M09 and
  M09    
Code OFF MDI.
             
Spindle
ON (CW
M- Rotation M13 and
  M13    
Code )+ MDI.
Coolant
ON
Spindle
ON
(CCW
M- M14 and
  M14 Rotation    
Code MDI.
)+
Coolant
ON
             

             
End of
Program
,
M-
  M30 Rewind      
Code
and
Reset
Modes
             

Haas-Style Subprogr
M-
  M97 Subprogram   ams and  
Code Call
Macros

Subprogr
M- Subprogram
  M98 Call   ams and  
Code Macros

Return
Subprogr
M- from
  M99   ams and
Code Subprogr
Macros
am