CNC Machine & Its

Components
Numerical Control Machine(NC)

Form of programmable automation.

Mechanical actions of machine tool are controlled by

program.

The program is in form of alphanumeric data.

After a job is finished the program of instructions can be

changed to process a new job.
Numerical Control Machine(NC)
Advantages Disadvantages

Reduces non productive time High investment cost

Reduces manufacturing lead time

High maintenance effort.
Greater manufacturing flexibility

Improves quality control Part programming

Reduced inventory
Higher utilization of NC
equipments
 CNC Machines

To overcome the shortcomings of the NC machines CNC machines

evolved.

CNC machines are the NC machines whose MCU is based on the micro
computer rather than the hardwired controller.

Elements of
Machine Control
CNC machines Part program
Unit
Machine tool
are

Features of Storage of more

Improved
In-process programming Adaptive control
CNC machines than one part
compensation and operating adjustments
program
are: features
Common types of CNC
machines
CNC Lathe machine

CNC Milling machine

CNC Drilling machine

CNC Grinding machine

CNC Laser cutting machine

Water jet cutting machine

Electro discharge machine

 Advantages
Higher accuracy

Reduce lead time

Higher flexibility

Reduce scrap rate

Reliable operation

Consistent quality

Reduced manpower

Increased productivity

Reduced non productive time

 Applications

• Parts needed in a hurry

• Parts with complicated contours
• Parts requiring expensive jigs and fixtures
• Parts those have several engineering changes
• Cases where human errors can be extremely costly
• Parts requiring close tolerance or good repeatability
Components of CNC

Electrical components

Mechanical components
Electrical components

Stepper motor

Servo motors
 Stepper
Stepper MotorMotor
Dc brushless motor

Digital pulse is converted into rotary

motion.

It is an open loop system

 Operating principle

A stepper motor is a type of DC motor which has a full rotation

divided in an equal number of steps.

There is stator winding and a permanent magnet at the centre

of windings.

When electric current is passed through winding it starts acting

as an electromagnet and the permanent magnet moves.

The position of the rotor is controlled by the attractive and

repulsive forces.
 Advantages

Control is achieved at low cost

High torque at startup and low speed

Simple construction

Can operate in open loop control system

Low maintenance
 Disadvantage

Low torque at high speed

Requires a dedicated control circuit

Should not be used for high performance or

high load applications.
Servo Motor
 Servo Motors
A servomotor is a simple electrical motor controlled

with the help of servomechanism.

Servo motors are functional with the sensor feedback.

The input to its control is signal either in the analog or digital form

Servo motors are primarily used where speed, power , noise level
as well as velocity and positional accuracy.
 Servo
motors

DC brush AC servo
servo motor motors
DC Brush Servo motors:
The brush refers to the brushes which passes the electric current to the rotor ,
the rotating part of the motor. In DC Servo motor each coil is angularly displaced
from one another so when the torque drops off from one coil it automatically
switches to the another coil as to produce the maximum torque. This switching is
done by the brushes and a commutator present in the motor.

AC Servo motors:
Its physical construction is similar to that of the DC Servo motor but there are no
magnets in the AC Servo motor. But both the rotor and the stator are
constructed from coils. These are capable of delivering very high torque at very
high speed. There are no brushes in this type of motors which means they are
maintenance free.
 Working Principle

Motor is controlled by a feedback signal generated by comparing output signal and the reference
input signal.

Reference input signal is applied to the system and compared with output signal of the system and
thus a third signal is generated by feedback system.

This third signal acts as input signal to the device. This input signal to the device is present as long
as there is a logical difference between reference input signal and output signal of the system.

After achieving the desired output there will be no longer logical difference between the input
signal and the output signal of the system.

Now the feedback signal is not enough to produce further output until the next reference input
signal is provided.
 DC Servo motors
Advantages Disadvantages

Low Cost Thermally inefficient

Smooth rotations Require maintenance
High speed attainable
Can be demagnetised
Wide variety is available

High peak torque available

 AC servo motors
Advantages Disadvantages

High Performance
Expensive
Maintenance Free
Added feedback component
High torque available
Increased control complexity
Cannot be demagnetised

Accurate position information

 Encoders

An encoder is a device, circuit,

transducer, software program,
algorithm that converts
information from one format or
code to another, for the purposes
of standardization.
 ENCODERS

ROTARY AND
INCREMENTAL ABSOLUTE
LINEAR
 Mechanical components

Recirculating ball screw

Planetary roller screws

Recirculating roller screws:

Recirculating ball screw
The recirculating ball steering mechanism contains a
worm gear inside a block with a threaded hole in it.

This block has gear teeth cut into the outside to

engage the shaft.

They convert sliding friction into rolling friction.

 Advantages

wear will be reduced

reliability of the system will be increased

the efficiency of ball screws may reach up to

90%.
Roller screw

Roller screw
 Roller screw

This type of screw provide backlash-free movement

Their efficiency is same as that of ball screws.

These are capable of providing more accurate position control.

Cost of the roller screws are more compared to ball screws.

The thread form is triangular with an included angle of 90 degrees.

 Roller screw

Planetary Recirculating
roller screw roller screw
Planetary roller
screw
These are capable of transmitting high
load at fast speed.

There is no axial movement of the rollers

relative to the nut.

The rollers are threaded with a single

start thread.
Recirculating roller screw
The rollers in this case are not threaded.

The rollers are provided with a circular groove and are

positioned circumferentially by a cage.

Recirculating roller screws are slower in operation.

They are capable of transmitting high loads with greater

accuracy