CNC Machine &

Its Components
Numerical Control Machine(NC)

Form of programmable automation.

Mechanical actions of machine tool are

controlled by program.

The program is in form of alphanumeric data.

After a job is finished the program of

instructions can be changed to process a new
job.
Numerical Control
Machine(NC)
Advantages Disadvantages

Reduces non productive

High investment cost
time
Reduces manufacturing
lead time
Greater manufacturing High maintenance effort.
flexibility
Improves quality control Part programming
Reduced inventory
Higher utilization of NC
equipments
 CNC Machines

To overcome the shortcomings of the NC machines CNC

machines evolved.

CNC machines are the NC machines whose MCU is based on

the micro computer rather than the hardwired controller.

Elements of
CNC Part program
Machine
Machine tool
machines Control Unit
are
Features of Storage of Improved
Adaptive
CNC control
more than In-process programming
adjustments
machines one part compensation and operating
program features
are:
Common types of CNC
machines
CNC Lathe machine

CNC Milling machine

CNC Drilling machine

CNC Grinding machine

CNC Laser cutting machine

Water jet cutting machine

Electro discharge machine

 Advantages
Higher accuracy

Reduce lead time

Higher flexibility

Reduce scrap rate

Reliable operation

Consistent quality

Reduced manpower

Increased productivity

Reduced non productive time

 Applications

Parts needed in a hurry

Parts with complicated contours
Parts requiring expensive jigs and fixtures
Parts those have several engineering changes
Cases where human errors can be extremely costly
Parts requiring close tolerance or good
repeatability
Components of
CNC

Electrical components

Mechanical components
Electrical
components

Stepper motor

Servo motors
Stepper Motor
Stepper Motor
Dc brushless motor

Digital pulse is converted into

rotary motion.

It is an open loop system

 Operating principle

A stepper motor is a type of DC motor which has a

full rotation divided in an equal number of steps.

There is stator winding and a permanent magnet at

the centre of windings.
When electric current is passed through winding it
starts acting as an electromagnet and the
permanent magnet moves.
The position of the rotor is controlled by the
attractive and repulsive forces.
 Advantages

Control is achieved at low cost

High torque at startup and low
speed
Simple construction
Can operate in open loop control
system
Low maintenance
 Disadvantage

Low torque at high speed

Requires a dedicated control circuit

Should not be used for high

performance or high load applications.
Servo Motor
 Servo Motors
Aservomotoris a simple electrical motor controlled

with the help of servomechanism.

Servo motors are functional with the sensor feedback.

The input to its control is signal either in the analog or

digital form

Servo motors are primarily used where speed, power ,

noise level as well as velocity and positional accuracy.
 Servo
motors

DC brush
AC servo
servo
motors
motor
DC Brush Servo motors:
The brush refers to the brushes which passes the electric current
to the rotor , the rotating part of the motor. In DC Servo motor
each coil is angularly displaced from one another so when the
torque drops off from one coil it automatically switches to the
another coil as to produce the maximum torque. This switching is
done by the brushes and a commutator present in the motor.

AC Servo motors:
Its physical construction is similar to that of the DC Servo motor
but there are no magnets in the AC Servo motor. But both the
rotor and the stator are constructed from coils. These are
capable of delivering very high torque at very high speed. There
are no brushes in this type of motors which means they are
maintenance free.
 Working Principle

Motor is controlled by a feedback signal generated by comparing output signal

and the reference input signal.

Reference input signal is applied to the system and compared with output
signal of the system and thus a third signal is generated by feedback system.
This third signal acts as input signal to the device. This input signal to the device
is present as long as there is a logical difference between reference input signal
and output signal of the system.
After achieving the desired output there will be no longer logical difference
between the input signal and the output signal of the system.

Now the feedback signal is not enough to produce further output until the next
reference input signal is provided.
DC Servo motors
Advantages Disadvantages
Low Cost
Thermally inefficient
Smooth rotations
Require maintenance
High speed attainable
Can be demagnetised
Wide variety is available

High peak torque available

AC servo motors
Advantages Disadvantages

High Performance
Expensive
Maintenance Free
Added feedback
High torque available component
Increased control
Cannot be
complexity
demagnetised
Accurate position
information
 Encoders
An encoder is a device,
circuit, transducer,
software program,
algorithm that converts
information from one
format or code to another,
for the purposes of
standardization.
 ENCODERS

ROTARY
INCREMENT
ABSOLUTE AND
AL
LINEAR
Mechanical components
Recirculating ball
screw

Planetary roller
screws

Recirculating roller
screws:
Recirculating ball screw
The recirculating ball steering mechanism
contains a worm gear inside a block with
a threaded hole in it.
This block has gear teeth cut into the
outside to engage the shaft.

They convert sliding friction into rolling

friction.
 Advantages

wear will be reduced

reliability of the system will be

increased

the efficiency of ball screws may

reach up to 90%.
Roller screw

Roller screw
 Roller screw

This type of screw provide backlash-free movement

Their efficiency is same as that of ball screws.

These are capable of providing more accurate position
control.
Cost of the roller screws are more compared to ball
screws.
The thread form is triangular with an included angle
of 90 degrees.
 Roller
screw

Planetary Recirculati
roller ng roller
screw screw
Planetary roller
screw
These are capable of transmitting
high load at fast speed.

There is no axial movement of

the rollers relative to the nut.

The rollers are threaded with a

single start thread.
Recirculating roller screw
The rollers in this case are not threaded.

The rollers are provided with a circular

groove and are positioned circumferentially
by a cage.
Recirculating roller screws are slower in
operation.

They are capable of transmitting high loads

with greater accuracy