REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

Undergone at
CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF PLASTIC ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY (CIPET), Palakkad

Under the guidance of

Prof. J. Praveen Kumar

Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology, Palakkad

Submitted by:

SUBASH C (720920139026)
SELVA G (720920139024)
SALAMON A (720920139305)
SASI KUMAR R (720920139307)

Department Of Petrochemical engineering

JCT College of engineering and technology,

Coimbatore -641105

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 CERTIFICATE

This is certified that SUBASH C , SELVA G , SALAMON A and

SASIKUMAR R from B.E. (Petrochemical Engineering) of JCT

College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore have completed

their Industrial Inplant Training at Central Institute of Plastic

Engineering and Technology, Palakkad from 26/03/2023 to

12/04/2023 during academic year of 2022-2023 as passed out from 3 rd

year.

Date: 23/11/2023

Signature of faculty
(Prof .J. Praveen Kumar )

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Table of Content
Chapter Title Page No.

1 Introduction 4

2 Tool Room section 5-14

3 Processing section 15-23

4 Testing section 24-32

5 Conclusion 33

3
Introduction
• CIPET has been functioning with a global vision to create plastics technology
professionals and entrepreneurs and contribute towards sustainable growth
of plastics & allied industry.

• Conventional CIPET's Diploma, Post Diploma and Postgraduate Diploma

Programs at all CIPET Centres.

• Day by day the use of plastics substances are increasing as compaired to use
of metallic substance because of low forming cost and easily availability of
raw material .

• Plastics engineering encompasses the processing, design, development, and

manufacture of plastics products.

• Plastic Machinery is the general term for all types of machinery and devices
used in the plastics processing industry. The nature of plastic materials poses
unique challenges to an engineer.

• Plastic Engineering had played an important role in Globalization and

Modernisation of World.

4
 PROCESSING SECTION

INTRODUCTION

PLASTIC PROCESSING TECHNIQUE :

Plastic processing can be defined as the process of converting the plastics raw
material into semi-finished products.
Ex: Buckets, Automobile Parts, Crates, Tanks, Pipes, Bottles, Carry bags, Ropes,
Profiles etc.
Classification of processing methods
1. Primary Processing Methods: Injection, Extrusion ,Blow, Compression and
transfer moulding.
2. Secondary Processing Methods: Roto, Thermoforming, Coating, Casting,
Fabrication and Calendaring etc.
3. Tertiary Processing Methods: Cutting, Drilling, Welding and Bending etc.

Fundamentals of Processing Processability

Processability is generally the ease or difficulty with which a plastic can be handled
during its fabrication into film, moulded products, pipe, profile etc. A plastic with
good processability possesses the properties necessary to make it easy to process the
plastics into desired shapes. The main characteristics or the properties which
determine a plastic’s processability are molecular weight, uniformity, additive type,
content and plastic feed rates.

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Classification of plastics

Types of the moulding machine

 Hand operated moulding machine

 Extrusion blow moulding machine
 Injection moulding machine
 Vaccum forming machine
 Pipe welding machine

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Hand Injection moulding:
Principle: The working principle of hand injection mouling machine is similar to
the syringe use for injection.
Vertical machine consists of Barrel, Plunger, Band Heaters along with energy
regulator, Rack & Pinion system for Injecting the material by the plunger, a torpedo
and nozzle.

Specification:
Sr.no General Value
Feature
01 Shot capacity 1OZ
02 Heater type HDPE,PP,PE
03 Heater size(D*L) 50*120
04 Heater capacity (w) 300

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05 Electric supply (v) 220

Advantages

 Fast production.
 Low labour costs.
 Design flexibility.
 High-output production.
 Multiple materials can be used at the same time.
 Can be used to produce very small parts.
 Leaves little post-production scrap.
 Ability to include inserts.
 Good colour control.
 Good product consistency.
 Reduced requirements for finishing.
 Good dimensional control.

Disadvantage
 High initial tooling and machinery cost.
 Part design restrictions.
 Small runs of parts can be costly

APPLICATION

 TO MAKE A HOUSEHOLD PRODUCT , TOYS ,CHIR,

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Extrusion Blow Moulding:

An extruded parison tube of heated thermoplastics is positioned between two halves

of an open split mould and inflated against the sides of the closed mould using air
pressure.
Types of Products: Bottles, Containers, Air ducts, Panels, Portable toilets, Arm rests,
tanks, gas tanks.

Types of Blow moulding machine:

1. Extrusion Blow moulding
2. Injection Blow moulding
3. Stretch Blow moulding

Extrusion Blow moulding:

In extrusion blow molding (EBM), plastic is melted and extruded into a hollow tube
(a parison). This parison is then captured by closing it into a cooled metal mold. Air
is then blown into the parison, inflating it into the shape of the hollow bottle,
container or part. After the plastic has cooled sufficiently, the mold is opened and the
part is ejected.

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Specification:
UNIT PE
Container size ml 500/100
Dry cycle Aprox Sec 3.0
Screw dia. / length mm 30/20
Plastisizing capacity Kg/hr 8
Extruder drive power Kw 2.2
Barrel heating capacity Kw 3.75
Barrel heating zone No. 3
Barrel coolin zone No. 1
Max. mould dimension mm 150*230
Mould claming stroke mm 2*65
Mould thickness min mm 2*62
Mould clamping force KN 85
Parison cutting mode Hot water cutter
Calibration system mode pneumatic
max die dia. mm 40
Double head mm 20*75
Oil tank volume Ltr. Not applicable
Air cons. Req. 1/min 400
Recommended capacity Kw 3.7
Machine dim. Mtr. 1.4*2.2*2.3
Net wt of machine Kw 850
Total connected load kw 7.7
Avg. electric cons. Kg/hr. 4

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Injection Blow moulding:

The process of injection blow molding (IBM) is used for the production of hollow
glass and plastic objects in large quantities. The blow molding process begins with
melting down the plastic and forming it into a parison or in the case of injection. The
parison is a tube-like piece of plastic with a hole in one end through which
compressed air can pass. The injection blow moulding are different as per
requirement like 80, 180, 450 in tonnage (moulding force )

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Specification of the auto. Injection moulding

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Application

 Aerospace components
 Automotive components
 Avionics components
 Cable assemblies
 Computer electronics
 Electronics components
 Encapsulations
 Engineering prototypes
 Geophysics
 Instrumentation
 Marketing samples
 Material quality testing

TOOL ROOM

CNC MACHINE

Numerical control (NC) (also computer numerical control (CNC)) is the automated
control of machining tools (drills, boring tools, lathes) and 3D printers by means of
a computer. An NC machine alters a piece of material (metal, plastic, wood, ceramic,
or composite) to meet specifications by following a coded programmed instruction
and without a manual operator.
NC machines combine a motorized maneuverable tool and often a motorized
maneuverable platform, which are both controlled by a computer core, according to
specific input instructions. Instructions are delivered to an NC machine in the form
of graphical computer-aided design (CAD) files, which are transformed into a
sequential program of machine control instructions such as G-code, and then
executed. In the case of 3D Printers, the part to be printed is "sliced", before the
instructions (or the program) is generated.

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NC is an advance machine, and is a vast improvement over non-computer type
machining that requires manual control, by hand wheels or levers, or mechanical
control by fabricated pattern guides (cams). In modern CNC systems, the design of
a mechanical part and its manufacturing program is highly automated. The part's
mechanical dimensions are defined using CAD software, and then translated into
manufacturing directives by computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software. The
resulting directives are transformed (by "post processor" software) into the specific
commands necessary for a particular machine to produce the component, and then
are loaded into the CNC machine.
Since any particular component might require the use of a number of different tools
– drills, saws, etc. – modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single
"cell". In other installations, a number of different machines are used with an external
controller and human or robotic operators that move the component from machine
to machine. In either case, the series of steps needed to produce any part is highly
automated and produces a part that closely matches the original CAD

TYPE OF CNC MACHINES

CNC Mills
CNC Lathes
CNC Grinding
CNC Routers
CNC Plasma Cutters
CNC Electric Discharge Machine

CNC MILLING

The Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) mill a mill which is controlled by a

computer. Anything which could be made using a mill can be made more precisely
and quickly with a CNC mill.
A mill is a subtractive manufacturing processes where the raw material is affixed to
the table and a drill is placed into a spindle which rotates the drill. The table moves

14
around in relation to the drill in order to make cuts which removes material from the
raw form. Often times the drill has a vertical motion which simulates raising or
lowering the table.
A CNC mill is controlled by a computer rather than manually controlled. A machinist
writes a program using a variant of G-code which is a step by step process describing
how to make a part given a piece of raw material of known dimensions. Alternatively,
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) converts a CAD drawing into G-code. This
eliminates bugs which arises from converting CAD to G-code by hand as well as
allows for more complex curves which would take more time to code. After the
program is coded and fully debugged, the raw material is fixed onto the table and
the origin of the material is found and zeroed on the machine. When the program is
run, the computer follows the program line by line and feeds the instructions to the
mill. When the program is completed, the finished part is taken out.

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SPECIFICATION

CNC MILLING SPECIFICATION

1.Name of machine with series: MAXMILL PLUS+( Fanuc Oi MF)
2. Controller Deatails :Fanuc Oi MF controller
Machine Configuration : Spindle taper BT 40 , Table size 720X420mm
Axis Limits: 3 Axis
Axis Min Max Rotatry Axis Min Max Rotates about Which Axis
X 600 A Nil
Y 450 B Nil
Z 500 C Nil

CNC LATHE:

Computer numerical controlled (CNC) lathes are rapidly replacing the older
production lathes (multispindle, etc.) due to their ease of setting, operation,
repeatability and accuracy. A CNC Turning Lathe is a Computer Controlled piece of
machinery. It allows basic machining operations such as turning and drilling to be
carried out as on a conventional lathe. They are designed to use modern carbide
tooling and fully use modern processes. The part may be designed and the tool paths
programmed by the CAD/CAM process or manually by the programmer, and the
resulting file uploaded to the machine, and once set and trialled the machine will
continue to turn out parts under the occasional supervision of an operator. The

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machine is controlled electronically via a computer menu style interface, the
program may be modified and displayed at the machine, along with a simulated view
of the process. The setter/operator needs a high level of skill to perform the process.
However, the knowledge base is broader compared to the older production machines
where intimate knowledge of each machine was considered essential. These
machines are often set and operated by the same person, where the operator will
supervise a small number of machines (cell)
The design of a CNC lathe varies with different manufacturers, but they all have
some common elements. The turret holds the tool holders and indexes them as
needed, the spindle holds the workpiece and there are slides that let the turret move
in multiple axis simultaneously. The machines are often totally enclosed, due in large
part to occupational health and safety (OH&S) issues.
With rapid growth in this industry, different CNC lathe manufacturers use different
user interfaces which sometimes makes it difficult for operators as they have to be
acquainted with them. With the advent of cheap computers, free operating systems
such as Linux, and open source CNC software, the entry price of CNC machines has
plummete

ADVANTAGE

There are many advantages of CNC machine compared to other forms of

manufacturing and production. These include:
1. saving on manufacturing costs
By using a CNC machine, you can take complete advantage of all raw materials
involved in the manufacturing process. Because of how accurate CNC machines can
operate, they significantly reduce waste. This helps the CNC machine operator
minimize any losses they may incur and, thus, increase profitability over the course
of time.
2. Increased speed of production
CNC machining is an extremely efficient process. Because of this, the production
process of a CNC machine cuts down on the number of steps it takes to produce a

17
specific part. Therefore, you can produce multiple parts – or items – in a much
shorter amount of time than using other manufacturing processes.
3. Increased safety
The entire fabrication process within a CNC machine is automated. So, the machine
operator is not even involved in the production process. This fosters a safe
environment as the machine does all the work without anyone having to be present.
Some production involves potentially dangerous materials like metal or steel. CNC
machining is so accurate that it will rarely pose any safety risks.
4. Increased efficiency of production
A CNC machine is considered perhaps the most efficient system for designing
components. This is because most CNC machines are equipped with quality
assurance protection measures built within them. As such, any time there is a
problem in the production process, the machine detects it and either shuts down to
prevent further problems or fixes the issue internally.
5. Reduced production costs
A properly functioning CNC machine should work flawlessly over a long period of
time without the need of fixing parts or repairing the machine in any other fashion.
With a well-oiled production process in place from the beginning and minimal repair
work due to rare flaws, production costs are very low. Manufacturing can take a
tremendous bite out of any company’s budget. But with CNC machinery, this
process can be a significant money saver.
It is very clear that CNC machining is a fantastic way of manufacturing a wide array
of items. While other manufacturing processes and equipment each have their own
advantages, the benefits of CNC machines tend to outweigh any competition because
of how efficient these machines are.

DISADVANTAGES :

1. CNC machines are more expensive than manually operated machines,

although costs are slowly coming down.

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2. The CNC machine operator only needs basic training and skills, enough to
supervise several machines. In years gone by, engineers needed years of training to
operate centre lathes, milling machines and other manually operated machines. This
means many of the old skills are been lost.
3. Less workers are required to operate CNC machines compared to manually
operated machines. Investment in CNC machines can lead to unemployment.
4. Many countries no longer teach pupils / students how to use manually
operated lathes / milling machines etc... Pupils / students no longer develop the
detailed skills required by engineers of the past. These include mathematical and
engineering skill.

APPLICATIONS :

These days the CNC machines are found in almost all industries, from a small
scale industry to big companies. There is hardly any facet of manufacturing that is
not touched by the automated CNC machining center. Everyone involved in the
manufacturing should know what a CNC machine can do for their company. Due
to extensive applications of CNC machines in various industries, there is a great
surge in the demand of the CNC programmers. To meet these demands a number
of schools have come up that teach the operation and programming of the CNC
machines.

RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE

A radial drill machine is a special purpose drilling machine. It normally has a drilling
head that is mounted to slide along the radial arm. This radial arm can be raised,
lowered, or rotated, on a vertical pole in order to adjust the position of the drill above
the work piece. Radial drilling operation can be performed on a wide range of

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materials such as cast iron, steel, plastic, etc. It is widely used in the metal working
industry.
The radial drill is fitted with a rotating, cutting tool which is known as the drill bit.
It has a large gear head that moves along the arm and radiates from the column of
the drilling machine. The radial arm swings and moves the drill head away, in order
to place the work piece on the base of the radial drilling machine. This swinging
movement also enables to drill holes at various points on the work piece, without
actually moving the work piece.
These radial drilling machines are reputed for their precision and effectiveness. A
radial drill ensures smooth rotation of the column and helps to prevents angular
movement of spindle axis. It can hold a drill of specific diameter, known as a chuck;
that revolves at a particular rpm/revolutions per minute in order perform the drilling
operation.
Radial drilling machines are very useful for mechanical machining, that includes
various applications and several functions such as drilling, boring, tapping, reaming,
lapping, screwing, counter boring, spot facing, and much more. Radial drilling can
be easily done for holes of various sizes such as 30 mm, 50 mm, 70 mm, and up to
100 mm. Besides this a vast range of radial drilling machines with relatively larger
capacity are also readily available globally.

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COMPONENTS:

Radial Arm – In radial drilling machine, the radial arm holds and supports the drill
head assembly and can be moved around on the extent of its length.
Column – Column is the part of the radial arm drill press which holds the radial arm.
It fixes itself and the radial arm to the base and allows seamless movement of the
arm.
Elevating Screw – Elevating screw is a piece of metal with screw-like circular
thread. It helps in adjusting the vertical height of the radial arm by raising or lowering
it.
On/Off Button – This button has a simple function of activating or deactivating the
drill press.
Arm Clamp – Arm Clamp provides support and holds both, the column and the
radial arm.
Table – Table is the part of the machine placed just below the radial arm. It is where
the workpieces are fixed and worked on. This component and be raised, lowered or
rotated in order to facilitate the drilling process.
Base – This part is fixed to the ground and is directly attached to the table and the
column. This way it provides support to the whole mechanism.
Spindle – This part is attached at the mouth of the radial arm. It is the rotating part
of the drill press and holds the drill head.
Drill Head – Drill head is the part of the drill press that penetrates through the
material or workpiece. It is attached to the radial arm by the spindle.

WORKING
The workpiece is fixed on the table. Height and reach of the radial arm are adjusted
before starting the drilling process. Once everything is arranged, the drill is turned
on and the drill chuck is lowered with help of a radial drill. The hole is generated in
a workpiece by exerting large force via drill head as it is lowered. This large force is
resultant of high-speed rotation drill head. The drilling of hole and removal of metal
is resultant of shearing and extrusion.

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TYPES OF RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE

The radial drilling machines are of three types, these are:

(a) Plain Radial Drilling Machine
In this type the arm is having vertical and horizontal movement of the drill head
along the arm and circular movement of the arm in horizontal plane about the
vertical column.
(b) Semi Universal Radial Drilling Machine
In this type of radial drilling machine, in addition to the above three movements
the drill head can be swung about the horizontal axis perpendicular to the arm. This
permits to drill a hole at an angle to the horizontal plane.
(c) Universal Radial Drilling Machine
In this drilling machine in addition to above four movements, the arm holding the
drill head can be rotated on the horizontal axis. All these movements in radial drilling
machine enable to drill on a work piece at any desired place at any angle.

ADVANTAGES OF THE RADIAL DRILLING MACHINES:

• Powerful: suitable for large-sized workpieces.

• Wide range of potential applications: drilling, boring, reaming and thread cutting.
• Suitable for one-off production, batch production as well as integration in
production lines .
• Extensive adjustment and upgrade capabilities to create a drilling centre.

DISADVANTAGES OF THE RADIAL DRILLING MACHINES:

• They are large and take up a lot of real estate.

• They cannot reasonably be taken to where the workpiece is, unlike, say a
magnetic base drill.
• They can only accommodate a finite size workpiece, unlike, say, a magnetic
base drill.

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 TESTING MACHINES OF THE PLASTIC PROPERTIES
Introduction
Equipped with the advanced appliances for Plastics Testing, CIPET has focussed on
a wide range of testing which are accredited with ISO/IEC - 17025 Guidelines by
National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL).
CIPET also gives the complete scope of investigation of polymers, plastics and
composites and gives best administrations to the Plastic and unified ventures by
embracing assignments of plastics materials/items/composites testing machine.

CIPET's Plastics Testing Center (PTC) is a standout amongst other plastics testing
organizations in Asia. CIPET's testing labs are accredited with ISO/IEC-17025
standards by National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories
(NABL) and furthermore approved by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for third
party certification of plastic products as per various Indian standards.
Chemical testing of polymers and plastics is required to ensure that a material is
suitable for its intended application. Polymer chemical testing is used to identify
fundamental structural information including as molecular weight, molecular weight
distribution and information on branching.
Chemical testing of a plastic or polymer material can be complex but can provide
valuable information on the additives used and other substances present which is
important when trying to understand material performance. Additives, in particular,
can impact the polymer physical properties, stability / stabilization and general
durability over the lifecycle of the polymer material. Other substances present
include catalyst residues and volatile organic contaminants (VOCs).

Types of testing machine

 Metal flow index
 Density measurement kit
 Filler content
 Hardness
 Tensile strength

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Metal flow index
Melt flow index (MFI) is defined as the measure of the ease of melt flow of
thermoplastic material in gram over the course of 10 min at a certain standard
temperature (ie, 230°C). The MFI is a determination of the flow-ability of
thermoplastic materials. The melting property of thermoplastic material can be
checked by equipment called a melt flow tester.
Melt flow index (MFI) is the ability of a material to flow in limited interval of time so
that that material can be used in any standard machine, which has certain limitations
based on flowability of material used (Boparai et al., 2016a,b). The MFI of any
polymer is calculated as the weight/10 min through melt flow testing machine at
standard temperature, i.e., 230°C. MFI is a well-known property of plastic/polymer-
based material obtained by equipment called melt flow tester. Fig. 1 shows the
schematics of the melt flow tester.

24
Procedure:
Approximately 7 grams of the material is loaded into the barrel of the melt flow
apparatus, which has been heated to a temperature specified for the material. A
weight specified for the material is applied to a plunger and the molten material is
forced through the die. A timed extrudate is collected and weighed. Melt flow rate
values are calculated in g/10 min.

Specification:
Specimen size: At least 14 grams of material Data:
Flow rate = ( 600/t x weight of extrudate ) t = time of
extrudate in seconds melt flow rate = g/10 min.
Die length: 8*8mm
Orifice size: 2.095mm
Material: poly propylene

Formula to fin Wt. of the extrude

Flow rate = ( 600/t x weight of extrudate )

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Tensile strength

Tensile test (for thin plastic films) is done in UTM Machine by gripping/clamping
the test sample at each end and is pulled until it breaks. In Tension mode, the UTM
machine will move in upwards direction vertically. Typically after the tensile test,
some parameters like Tensile strength, % Elongation, Maximum force, etc. are
calculated.
A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal tester,[1] materials
testing machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength and
compressive strength of materials. An earlier name for a tensile testing machine is a
tensometer. The "universal" part of the name reflects that it can perform many
standard tensile and compression tests on materials, components, and structures (in
other words, that it is versatile).
This is a twin-column Universal Tester, available in Floor as well as Table Top
models; it is ideal for tension and/or compression applications where tests up to
50kN (5000kgf) can be conducted. In conjugation with Test Bench, our UTM
software machine can be programmed with up to almost unlimited different test
methods making the system a simple platform for routine analyses on the factory

26
Specification
SR.NO GENERAL FEATURE VALUE
1 Twin column , ball screw ,driven, servo 50KN
controller, foot standing UTM

2 Make Dak system Inc

3 Model UTB-9502HI TECH
4 Serial no. 505/18-19
5 capacity 50KN
6 Electric load 230 V Single phase

27
componant

 Load frame - Usually consisting of two strong supports for the machine. Some
small machines have a single support.
 Load cell - A force transducer or other means of measuring the load is required.
Periodic calibration is usually required by governing regulations or quality
system.
 Cross head - A movable cross head (crosshead) is controlled to move up or
down. Usually this is at a constant speed: sometimes called a constant rate of
extension(CRE) machine. Some machines can program the crosshead speed
or conduct cyclical testing, testing at constant force, testing at constant
deformation, etc. Electromechanical, servo-hydraulic, linear drive, and
resonance drive are used.
 Means of measuring extension or deformation - Many tests require a measure
of the response of the test specimen to the movement of the cross
head.Extensometers are sometimes used.
 Output device - A means of providing the test result is needed. Some older
machines have dial or digital displays and chart recorders. Many newer
machines have a computer interface for analysis and printing.
 Conditioning - Many tests require controlled conditioning (temperature,
humidity, pressure, etc.). The machine can be in a controlled room or a special
environmental chamber can be placed around the test specimen for the test.
 Test fixtures, specimen holding jaws, and related sample making equipment
are called for in many test methods.

28
Application
The set-up and usage are detailed in a test method, often published by a standards
organization. This specifies the sample preparation, fixturing, gauge length (the
length which is under study or observation), analysis, etc.
The specimen is placed in the machine between the grips and an extensometer if
required can automatically record the change in gauge length during the test. If an
extensometer is not fitted, the machine itself can record the displacement between
its cross heads on which the specimen is held. However, this method not only records
the change in length of the specimen but also all other extending / elastic components
of the testing machine and its drive systems including any slipping of the specimen
in the grips.
Once the machine is started it begins to apply an increasing load on specimen.
Throughout the tests the control system and its associated software record the load
and extension or compression of the specimen.
Machines range from very small table top systems to ones with over 53 MN
Practical perform ouput

29
Filler content test (muffle furnace) Introduction
The filler content is determined using TGA by heating the sample from the ambient
temperature to 600 °C in air. The temperature is maintained at 600 °C until a constant
weight is achieved. Figure 12.23 shows the TGA profile of uncured IP 670 silver-
filled epoxy adhesive heated from 25 to 500 °C. The initial weight loss (2.9%)
between 100 and 250 °C gives information on the amount of volatile materials

30
evolved during the curing stage. The onset of rapid thermal decomposition is
approximately 270 °C and the residual weight left at 500 °C (75%) corresponds to
the amount of silver loaded into the epoxy adhesive composition.

Scope:
An Ash test is used to determine if a material is filled. The test will identify the
total filler content. It cannot identify individual percentages in multi-filled
materials without additional test procedures being performed. An ash test cannot be
used to determine the percent carbon fiber or percent carbon black since carbon
burns off during the Ash test.

Procedure:
An Ash test involves taking a known amount of sample, placing the weighed sample
into a dried / pre-weighed porcelain crucible, burning away the polymer in an air
atmosphere at temperatures above 500°C, and weighing the crucible after it is has
been cooled to room temperature in a desiccator. Ash residue remaining in the
crucible is considered filler unless the residue is less than 1%. Residues of less than
1% are typically the result of additives that did not burn off.

31
Data:
The Ash test result is expressed as % ash. A magnified optical examination of the
ash residue is performed to determine if the ash is glass, mineral, or a combination
of both. The total ash content equals the weight of the ash divided by the weight of
the original sample multiplied by 100%.

Specimensize:
Six grams of sample is typically used, which represents three crucibles each
containing two grams of sample. Smaller sample weights can be tested but accuracy
diminishes with smaller sample sizes.

Practical output (wt. of the filler in the given sample)

Filler formula = w3-w1/w2-w1 x 100

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Conclusion:
It is due to its versatile properties and lower coast that plastic are fast becoming the
most promising Engineering material for many product .
As the green and eco-friendly technologies gain tration ,investing on R& D to make
plastic bio-degradable has become of utmost importance.
Using CNC machine for machining has not only made closer tolerance possible,
but also started a revolution making production system highly productive.
Research on such modern technologies should be encouraged keeping in view the
goal of sustainable development not only to increase production , also to combat the
impending environmental issues like GLOBLE WARMIING

Also the testing and the processing of the plastic material is the fabrication of the
new product and check on its strength as per the diferent material properties lke
Its flowbility , carban content , filler content
Also we have to check the tensile strength of the plastic material and check it
elongation with respect to is stress-strain graph
The fabricatin of the plastic by the way to utilizes the plastic as a reuse and recycle
it to helpful for the reducing plastic in current situation
CIPPET is the one the good plastic product company to get the more new
technologies and improve the mass production in the fabrication of the plastic and
one day most of the product in daily uses are completely made by the weast plastic
in the environment .

THANK YOU…
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