Elements 2009 Bronx

BX
Student Name ANALYSIS cial, storage yards

Elements Elements 2009
2009 : The : TheGrand
Bronx’s Bronx’s Grand Concourse
Concourse Laura
Laura Janka Janka Zires
Zires ANA
70% of the70% people
of the inpeople in thecommute
the Bronx Bronx commute to Manhattan
to Manhattan and to and to businesses are slat
mega-commuting
mega-commuting
the restthe of rest of the country
the country (tenmain
(ten other other main cities)
cities) for workfor work in the long-term pl
Elements 2009 : The Bronx’s Grand Concourse thanks to the dense Subway infrastructure and its connectiv- Alpa Nawre ANALYSIS
thanks to the dense Subway infrastructure and its connectiv-
BX
ity withity withhighways
major major highways and airports:
and airports:
1.The Multimodal
1.The Multimodal condition condition and extreme
and extreme commuting.
commuting. This This
12 condition condition
has createdhas created a job network
a job network that hasthat has increasingly
increasingly
11
10
expandedexpanded and allowed
and allowed people topeople
work to
in work in the
the best or best
only or
jobonly job
Elements 2009 : The9 Bronx’s Grand opportunity
opportunity
Concourse they getthey get no location.
no matter matter location. Paola Aguirre ANALYSIS Víctor Muñoz Sanz ANALYSIS
8
THE BRONX’S GRAND CONCOURSE

ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN 2009:
7 2.People2.People
spend morespend
timemore
andtime andcommuting
money money commuting
to work to work since
since
6 job opportunities
job opportunities have nothave
beennot been created
created in the borough.
in the borough.
5
4 3.Even at
3.Even though though
a cityat level,
a city New
level, New prime
York’s York’smobil-
prime mobil-
ity characteristic
3 ity characteristic is its reliance
is its reliance on publicon transport
public transport
and and
walking
2 walking
(the city (the city accounts
accounts for half
for almost almost
of half of all public
all public
transport transport
use in the use United
in the States),
United States), Bronx commuters
Bronx commuters depend depend
1
Elements 2009
greatly greatly
: The
on Bronx’son theConcourse
Grand
the automobile automobile if traveling
if traveling to othertodestinations
other destinations Student Name
apart fromapart from Manhattan
Manhattan (even the
(even inside inside the Bronx).
Bronx).
There are There
few are few investment
investment and financing
and financing opportunities
opportunities in in
Elements 2009 : The Bronx’s Grand Concourse Jonathan A. Scelsa ANALYSIS
transit transit infrastructure
infrastructure serving serving
internalinternal
boroughsboroughs and linking
and linking
the Bronx theeast-west
Bronx east-west
side. The side.
lackThe
of lack of infrastructures
infrastructures
280
asks asks 280
for creative solutions

linking linking land
anduse, andindus-
other indus-
240 240
for creative solutions land use, other
BRONX-COMMUTING
BRONX-COMMUTING SCALES
SCALES
CHANGING AXES: tries totries to support
support public investments
public investments
200
and PPP’s.
and create 160
create PPP’s.
200
160
Re-thinking Space 120 120
80 80
40 40
Beijing
Beijing Beijing
Beijing
The project looks at the site through
0 0
TokyoTokyo TokyoTHE BRONX: GLOBAL COUNTY

the Tokyo
two-dimensional plane of sections
-40 -40
Perception
commuters
Bronx=0.08*NYC commuters
and builds a model for mapping informa-
-80 -80
commuters
w tion Global
on these context,surfaces. It local is a different issues
native
native white
white population
population afroamerican
afroamerican population
population
280 280
way of looking at, mapping and designing
by
the site in a series of vertical planes
240
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN 2009: THE BRONX’S GRAND CONCOURSE 240
so that The the Bronx spacehas between

always been the sections
a diverse
200
Montpelier+ Montpelier
Montpelier+ Montpelier
+ M MM MM M 200
Bronx=0.08*NYC
Bronx=0.08*NYC
M MM
becomes expandable or collapsible.
160 160
place, with a non-static population with
l 120 120
an enormous variety of ethnic origins,
Boston+ Boston+ BostonM + M
Information about the site is mapped thein
80 80
coming into and moving within Bronx. M M
- four Such categories: perception, program,
40
Hartford + Hartford +
Hartford Hartford + 40
flows and changes, and their causes,
- mosholu ecology parkwayand history. to Perception
understand notes
+ + +
0 0
are definitive this unique (BronxNYC-
(Bronx 8%)
8%) (Bronx 8%)
INbound(B,H,NJ,PH,R)+F(X1,X2,X3)*(100/8) +OUTbound(M,B,H,NJ,PH,BL,R,RA,MI)
NYC-(BronxNYC- 8%)
confluence
- dawn dusk NYC- 225,926 2,471,576 225,926 2,471,576
225,926
24,498 225,926
24,498
2,471,576 2,471,576 24
24,498
traffic
Elements 2009 pattern
information
county. about Grand
: The Bronx’s perspectiveConcourse and views,
-40
80º
80º
Program + + + Ángel Rodríguez Colón PROPOSAL
-40
ne drop The in landdiagram in relation

on the left to the traces datum the
-80
New Jersey New Jersey New Jersey
NewJersey -80
we
280
Philadephia Philadephia ++
+Philadephia Philadephia + 280
of the Grand Concourse and of underpasses
Y1=B1*Acar/Bcar = B1*(Hcar*Bcarf/Bcar) = B1*((X2-X3)*Bcarf)/Bcar

patterns in the flows population

+ San+Francisco + + ++ Baltimore +
240 240
t- at the
San
San Francisco
coming
San Francisco
Francisco
intersections.
to the Bronx Program
and their notes the
ethnic 200
70º
70º
Baltimore + Baltimore
Baltimore 200
ck
d
land-uses,
originsmetro exit/ entry points and and
lan
in the period between 1910
fin
160 ru
russ 160
+ Richmond +
ssiaia
Y2= X1– Y1- Y3= x1- (B1*((X2-X3)*Bcarf)/Bcar) - Bsf*X1

60º
60º
Richmond +
bus-stops. Ecology
shows looks at the soil

Richmond + Richmond
2009: it visually real and
a
ssww
ad
eedd
nia
120 eenn 120
can
ua
characteristics and range
history of maps the cut
lith
dynamic global the Bronx. The
nnee
eenn thee
th ggee
80 iriree gglala rlrlaa rm
rm 80
lalann nndd nndd aann
-
ss yy
h.
dd
and fill the bronx

next basedserieson ofearlier topographic
ppoo
50º
50º
ec
diagrams zoom into the
lalann
cz
nc
dd
er.
aauu
ry
d
40 40
fra
sstrtr
an
ga
itz
iaia
hun
otl
sw
maps. Bronx and show the ethnic origin and + Raleigh +
sc
Raleigh + Raleigh+
F(X1,X2,X3)= Y1(X2,X3)+Y2(X1,X2,X3) +Y3(X1)
F(X1,X2,X3)= Y1(X2,X3)+Y2(X1,X2,X3) +Y3(X1)

0 0
ec ania
F(X1,X2,X3)= Y1(X2,X3)+Y2(X1,X2,X3) +Y3(X1)

ly
Elements 2009 the: The
mainBronx’s Grand Concourse Paola Aguirre
ita
Raleigh
gre rum
40º
40º sspp
population density, as well as
e
aain
a
in
us
-40 -40
For the purpose of this exercise, the Ecology
ey
urban transformations that took place
turk
-80
rea
-80
an
-
ina
jap
ko
sections are taken social
along major roads
ch
there, mainly housing and 30º
30º
na
sti
th 280 280
le
intersecting the grand Concourse. Al-
pa
infrastructure construction. Left and Below
o
xic
.p
re
me
240 240
rico
ican
ternatively,
If we connect a typology can be set up
that information with a 20º
20º
egy adds a lay
in
rto
dom
pue
200 200
r
ado
time-line, it conditions.
is apparent Combining the reciprocal
ia
depicting various
ind
alv
mation accordi
el s
160 160
relationship
information on one between
section global
from the events dif-(e.g. 10º
10º
biotopes.
m
120 120
tna
a
aafrfr
Bsf*X1
afric
Y3= Bsf*X1
WWIcategories
and WWII, gives the Great Migration or
icicaa
ine
vie
ferent the conditions
ilip
ph
decode
80 80
economical
and their crisis in
interactions in Latin
one plane. America), 0º
0º
1. to translate (data or o
Y3=
40 40
local information
Combining events and urban in one projects,
category and the
a message) from a code or
0 0
dramatic changes
through the different sections sums the in the flows of
a pattern into the original
-40 -40
site.
Grand population,
Concourse in both scales.
Extension; Re-configuration of trans- The conflict A system of ponds with artificial wetlands History was proposed to improve water quality of the Harlem
Network of bridges and paths, connecting the Bronx
k between
portationdesire and expectation of River.
infrastructures.
-80
language or form. / 2. to
-80
2007
2007 with the recreational facilities of Randall’s Island
F(NYC)=
F(NYC)=
F(NYC)=
equality and justice versus the reality extract meaning from
in the hosting territory becomes a
2000
2000
(spoken or written symbols)
Miami + Miami+ + Miami +
01 + 02 +03 + 04 + 05 + 06 + 07 + 08 + 09 + 10 + 11 + 12 Miami
1990
1990
spatial issue.
ANITA BERRIZBEITIA
ROACH
r 1980
1980 pattern
1. the combination of
3,000,000 3,000,000
3,000,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,500,0002,500,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 2,000,000
1950
1950
2,000,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,500,000
1,500,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 1,000,000
1,000,000 1,000,000 500,000FELIPE CORREA (coordinator)
qualities,
500,000
500,000 attributes,
500,000 0 0 0 0 500,000 commuters500,000 commuters
500,000 commuters 500,000 commuters
1940
1940
RAFI SEGAL tendencies, etc., forming

627,860 4,019,393 94,027 145,299 817,407 40,244
200,000-400,000
DEVELOPMENT PHASES
Logo
627,860
627,860 4,019,393 627,8604,019,393
4,019,393
94,027 94,027
145,299 145,299
94,027
817,407 817,407
145,299
40,244 817,40740,24440,244
e 47
public private
plaincar plainprivate
public private car plain
This is the Harvard Design School logo.
publica consistent caror character-

URBAN DECODING public
public private car car
private plain public private
public car plain
car plain
1910
1910
It is also an EPS file. See notes on color
private plain public private car plain

on page 6.
100,000-200,000
bronx
bronx global
global border
border
istic arrangement. / 2. an
rce: US Census
ound
ound
ound
ound
An Alternative Reading country ofof origin
country of
New
origin
EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER A. ROACH example, instance, sample
50,000-100,000
or specimen. / 3. the repeti-
und
128 129
und
und
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(( )) amount
amount of
of population
population from...
from...
York City
10,000-50,000
2 Graphic Standards Manual
t tion of a unit in rythim and/or

Habana 1. Pools
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Habana Habana
Habana geometry.
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The city is a puzzle. It is integrated by 2. Berms

1,000
3. Ponds
Editor:
Christopher A. Roach
Studio Coordinator:
Felipe Correa
Studio Seciton Instructors:

Anita Berrizbeitia
Felipe Correa
Rafi Segal
Acknowledgements:
Moshen Mostafavi, Dean + Alexander and Victoria Wiley Professor of Design

Alex Krieger, Interim Chair of the Department of Urban Planning + Design
Rahul Mehrotra, Chair of the Department of Urban Planning + Design
Andrea Leers, MAUD + MLAUD Program Director
Ian Michael Klein, T.A.

Dan Handel, R.A.
Yonatan Cohen, T.A.
Lorena Bello-Gomez, T.A.
Paul Cote, GIS Specialist
Sergio Bessa, Director of Programs, The Bronx Museum

David Burney FAIA, Commissioner of NYC Department of Design + Construction
Robert Lane, Director of Design, Regional Plan Association
Harvard University Graduate School of Design is a leading center for educa-

tion, information, and technical expertise on the built environment. Its
© Presidents and Fellows of
Departments of Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and Urban Planning and Harvard College
Design offer master’s and doctoral degree programs and provide the founda- All rights reserved. No part
tion for the School’s Advanced Studies and Executive Education. may be reporoduced without
permission
Printed in Cambride by
Kendall Press
2
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN : THE BRONX’S GRAND CONCOURSE
Fall 2009
ANITA BERRIZBEITIA
FELIPE CORREA
RAFI SEGAL
EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER A. ROACH
3
B
BX
CONTENTS
Introduction Felipe Correa / 006/
Section 1: Anita Berrizbeitia / 013/ Laura Janka Zires / 013/ Victor

Muñoz Sanz / 025/ Song He / 037/ Jonathan Linkus / 049/
Section 2: Felipe Correa (coordinator) / 061/ Jonathan Scelsa / 063/

HungKai Liao + HsiaoRuo Huang / 075/ Dongwhan Moon / 093/ Ángel
Rodríguez Colón / 105/
Section 3: Rafi Segal / 117/ Christopher A. Roach / 119/ Constantine

Bouras / 131/ Alpa Nawre / 143/ Mark Elliott Upton / 155/ Andrea
Pavia / 167/ Paola Aguirre / 181/
5
THE ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
Studio Brief + Research Platform
BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION
Elements of Urban Design is an advanced core studio As emergent models of urban development in the
for the post professional programs in urban design North American urbanized geographies continue to
at Harvard’s Graduate School of Design. This depart from the more time-honored envelope of the
studio introduces critical concepts, strategies and traditional compact city, the canvas of action for
technical skills associated with current thinking designers necessarily expands and diversifies. The
on urbanism, and speculates on the designer’s role customary post-war divide between the cultivated
in analyzing and shaping complex metropolitan city and its peripheries has, in the past three
systems. Applied research and lectures inform a decades, been partially supplanted by newer
series of interrelated exercises that construct morphologies fueled by urbanization pressures at
diverse hypotheses about new formal and experiential the scale of the mega-region. Fast paced forms of
urbanities, across multiple scales of intervention metropolitan development, paired with new “geo-
and development. political annexation” procedures have transformed
the urban / suburban dyad into a much more complex
system of loosely associated spreads and densities,
fundamentally altering the original kit of parts
of the post war suburb, and its social, economic,
and spatial dynamics. This new dispersed urban
model, regional in scale, is primarily driven by
off-center multi-nodal economic engines, large-
scale resource extraction / distribution, and
heavyweight regional mobility networks, that in
many ways rely less and less on the financial and
functional support of the compact city.
While the “traditional” city at the turn of the

twenty first century has witnessed an unprecedented
period of re-invention, coalescing a plethora of
strategies and scales to restructure its long-
established quarters, the vast majority of the
urbanized terrain continues to operate under the
influence of watered down post-war functionalist
schemas. Given this framework, the moment is ripe
to redefine the role of the urbanistic project
within an amplified context, and in doing so, re-
hatch the larger motivations that can guide the
designer in conceiving new relationships among
existing urban parts within an expanded field of
action, and act as a critical agent regarding the
spatial particularities of the parts themselves.
6
PEDAGOGIC OBJECTIVES
The Elements of Urban Design focuses on four main

pedagogic points:
...the moment is ripe to
1. Establishing constructive forms of exchange redefine the role of the
between analytical research and design
through diverse conceptual frameworks and
projective representational techniques.
urbanistic project within an
2. Exploring the wide range of scenarios amplified context, and in
currently at play within urbanized
landscapes and the diverse design procedures
that can inform their transformation at
doing so, re-hatch the larger
multiple scales.
motivations that can guide
3. Rethinking the role of landscape and
infrastructure as significant building
blocks in the creation of new urban systems
the designer in conceiving
and in the reconfiguration of existing
systems. new relationships among
4. Establishing an open dialogue between
larger design motivations and actions,
existing urban parts within
and how they might be tested and explored
through specific design hypotheses. an expanded field of action...
7
THE BRONX’S GRAND CONCOURSE
GEOGRAPHY
The Centennial of the Grand Boulevard and Concourse
The Grand Boulevard and Concourse, designed by

Louis Aloys Risse in the early 1890’s (completed
in 1909) and constructed at the height of the City
Beautiful Movement, was conceived as an ambitious
thoroughfare linking northern Manhattan to the
South Bronx and stretching for over four miles, to
the Mosholu Parkway in the Northern portion of the
Bronx. In addition to the Grand Concourse’s own
value as an early twentieth century infrastructural
piece of great significance, its scope and ambition
goes way beyond its four-mile length. Throughout
its one hundred year history, it has served as
both, a major spine along the Bronx and a pivot
between Manhattan and the Northern New York
region’s more dispersed development. It links to
the South, through an extension of Fifth Avenue,
Manhattan to the Bronx, and, to the north through
multiple parkways, the Bronx to Westchester County
and the lower Hudson Valley. In addition, The Grand
Concourse can also be uniquely conceptualized as
a repository of twentieth century urban episodes.
Ranging from early 1900’s City Beautiful ideas,
through the rise of the post war suburb, to urban
renewal and model neighborhood projects, and to
extreme urban disinvestment and abandonment. The
Grand Concourse and its affiliated parts exemplify
the diverse desires, ideals and conflicts that have
shaped the American Metropolis throughout the course
of the twentieth century. Most importantly, today
the Concourse and many of its adjacent areas are
in dire need of a renewed conceptual framework that
can fuel a restructuring process across multiple
scales; one that can effectively re-conceptualize
the urban identity of the Bronx, and its relation
and place within the larger metropolitan region.
The Concourse therefore needs to be read both within
its own four mile length and as part of a longer
cross urban element between Manhattan and the Lower
Hudson Valley.
8
COMPREHENSIVE PLATFORM STRUCTURE
Using The Grand Concourse and its extensions as an The fall 2009 studio was composed of three inter-
open laboratory, the 2009 Elements of Urban Design related parts that called students to investigate
studio acted as a research / design platform from a series of nested scales and sites.
which to investigate current physical and social
systems that are shaping the American metropolis, The first portion of the semester relied heavily
The aim was to lay out broad set of strategies on research and projective drawing in order to
and procedures to aid students in developing sound establish a clear body of analytical work that
hypotheses regarding the scope and ambition of the could serve as a primary source for future design
urbanistic project within the emergent scenarios of interventions. Students tackled the larger New
a 21st century urban terrain. York metropolitan region through a series of
“investigative tracks” that cut across multiple
The course was guided by two discrete, yet scales and material processes, in order to visualize
interrelated objectives; on the one hand, it the modus operandi of the eco-urban systems that
presented an introduction to a widespread set of have shaped this terrain in question.
ideas, strategies, and techniques that have exercised
significant influence in the physical development For the second portion of the semester, students,
of our current urbanized landscapes. On the other, working in groups of two, conceptualized and
it served as a critical lens to analyze the urban developed an urban strategy for one of four
and allow each student to engender cogent positions carefully selected areas of intervention along The
that re-evaluate the “agency” of the designer in Grand Concourse. Each area was charged with a set
relation to both, established and emerging urban of issues that was to be addressed. In addition,
contexts. As a studio, the students rethought the the material assembled in the first portion of the
motivations and techniques that can drive design in semester served as a reference source that helped
multiple settings and scales, particularly those in students to conceptualize their final strategy.
less established urban grounds were the discipline
must continue to fine tune well tempered design For the third and final portion of the semester,
strategies. students working individually, selected a site
within one of the four larger areas of intervention
(from the second portion) and pushed forward a
specific design proposal that tested some of the
hypotheses proposed in the larger group strategy.
section 1: ANITA BERRIZBEITIA
Professor of Landscape Architecture
Laura Janka Zires
Elements 2009 : The Bronx’s Grand Concourse
70% of the people in the Bronx commute to Manhattan and to
the rest of the country (ten other main cities) for work
thanks to the dense Subway infrastructure and its connectiv-
ity with major highways and airports:
1.The Multimodal condition and extreme commuting. This
condition has created a job network that has increasingly
expanded and allowed people to work in the best or only job
opportunity they get no matter location.
2.People spend more time and money commuting to work since
job opportunities have not been created in the borough.
3.Even though at a city level, New York’s prime mobil-
ity characteristic is its reliance on public transport and
walking (the city accounts for almost half of all public
transport use in the United States), Bronx commuters depend
greatly on the automobile if traveling to other destinations
apart from Manhattan (even inside the Bronx).
There are few investment and financing opportunities in
transit infrastructure serving internal boroughs and linking
the Bronx east-west side. The lack of infrastructures asks
for creative solutions linking land use, and other indus-
BRONX-COMMUTING SCALES tries to support public investments and create PPP’s.
Beijing
Tokyo
Montpelier +
Boston +
Hartford +
NYC-(Bronx 8%)
+
+
New Jersey
Philadephia +
+ San Francisco Baltimore +
Richmond +
Raleigh +
Miami +
3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,00
Habana
Bogota
Caracas
14 Puerto Rico
Laura Janka Zires ANALYSIS
mega-commuting commuters
+
Bronx=0.08*NYC
ontpelier
Boston +
Hartford +
8%) +
225,926 2,471,576 24,498
+
+

+

+
F(X1,X2,X3)= Y1(X2,X3)+Y2(X1,X2,X3) +Y3(X1)
Y3= Bsf*X1
F(NYC)=
1,000,000 500,000 0 500,000 commuters
627,860 4,019,393 94,027 145,299 817,407 40,244

public private car plain public private car plain
outbound
inbound
National Highway System

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration
Changes in employment and commuting patterns among workers in New York City
and New York Metropolitan Area 2000-2007 15
New York City Department of City Planning
Actual infrastructure needs to be recalibrated and used at
its maximum.
The impact of New York’s economic system is nowhere as
evident and measurable as in the physical structure of the
Bronx. The Bronx is spatially and programmatically organized
according to a north-south basis, allowing its infrastruc-
ture to link and feed Manhattan and to cope with its geog-
raphy. These regional infrastructures have shaped Bronx’s
urban landscape and programmatic systems.
149th St-Grand Concourse (2,4,5)
1. Landscape: the railroad yard and the water reservoir
are revealed in the middle of the urban fabric. Thier lack
of public access and use makes them appear as voids and sub
utilized barriers. The Jerome Water Reservoir used to feed
part of Manhattan’s water demand but is no longer in use.
There is a new Croton Water Filtration Project that will
provide clean drinking water to the city.
2. Transit and road Systems connect the Bronx with
Manhattan but leaves the local area disconnected within it.
Inaccessible east-west street network.
3. These infrastructure landscapes are surrounded by
residential and educational boxed uses lacking services and
commercial uses. Uses are organized in boxes that run along
north-south corridors. RESIDENTS HAVE TO TRAVEL TO GET TO
THEIR BASIC NEEDS.
70 447
San Francisco
(
s
ood
Fo e
ole or ia
Wh ltim eph
Ba d ch
ila te sey
Ph e
n er le
Ge w J oog
ltin n ce
Ne G
re
nsu to n
ork r Sto
Co Bos pplia
g
e
ond
A
Ne tain
gh
n
hm
280 420
tw
Ralei
Co
Miami
R ic
200mph
150mph
100mph
50mph
16
speed
extreme-commuting
50mph
100mph
150mph
Montpelier
200mph
4
8
5
n
7
sto
Bo
d
or
6
rtf
Ha
12
200mph
150mph
100mph
3
50mph
11
10
(60 min)
(90 min)
(120 min) 2
(240 min)
M sto ord rse ia
Bo artf Je eph
on n
H w d e
tp
Ne ila or d co po
eli
Ph ltim on nci
Ba ichmFra
er
R an
S
La
y
G
(360 min)
ua
commuting time (one way)

rd
s
ia
Jo
Ai
hn
r
F. K
Ra iami dy
rt
M ne
en
420
lei
gh
National Highway System

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration
Air
Changes in employment and commuting patterns among workers in New York City and New York Metropolitan Area 2000-2007
po

rt
2008 MTA New York City Travel Survey-Summary Selected Results

Metropolitan Transportation Authority
2007 Census Fact Finder

Bronx County (NY) August 2009 Demographics Working Commuters

Bronx County
The Best Places to Work in New York Area,

Fortune Magazine
Commuting Time
Average Travel Time to Work of Workers 16 Years and Over Who Did Not Work at Home (Minutes)
US Census Bureau
17
Program Facts
Gunter’s Chain: 1/4 Chain: landscape: Jerome Water Reservoir “The location of this site,
STRIPING LANDSCAPE
STRIPING VOLUME
Gunter's chain allowed either method to be used. 640 acres/4 area: 380,712 m2 immediately adjacent to the
An acre measured 4,840 square yards in traditional units program: water reservoir Bedford Park Boulevard station
and 10 square chains in Gunter's system state of use: unutilized on the 4 (Jerome Avenue) Line,
ownership: public ownership makes it ideally suited for
future plans: water reservoir by 2020 (??) transit-oriented development.”
North Rail Yard NYC DOT
52011 m2
raill yard and service buildings
subutilized Adjacent FAR: 8
DOT and private ownership
Transit Oriented Development Adjacent FAR: 6
South Rail Yard
56,875 m2
raill yard and subway station
subutilized im
DOT and private ownership
Transit Oriented Development
Harris Park
68,000 m2
baseball fields
subutilized
public ownership
no future plans
What a dollar spent on food paid for in 2000

sts s
n
er co xe
n
Ener tatio
Busi irs et)

Rent ciatio
Dep tising
Oth ness Ta
Reparest (n
g
agin
spor
gy
ts
re
er
r
Labo
Profi
Pack
Adv
Inte
Tran
19¢ 38¢ 8¢ 3.5¢ 4¢ 4¢ 3.5¢

4¢ 4.5¢ 3.5¢ 2.5¢ 4¢
1.5¢
Farm value Marketing bill
Profiling Food Consumption in America

STRIPING LANDSCAPE
“U.S. sales of organic food and b

have grown from $1 billion in 199
estimated $20 billion in 2007, an
projected to reach nearly $23 bil
Organic food sales are anticipate
an average of 18 percent each y
18 from 2007 to 2010.”
2007 OTA Manufacturer Survey
MERCA-BX
“The population of the borough
SWAP STRIPING
STRIPING PROGRAM
STRIPING VOLUME
has a number of demographic housing

n factors all associated with unem-
, ployment,” said Jim Brown, a
labor market analyst for the State
Department of Labor. Mr. Brown
said in addition to the Bronx’s
poverty and high dropout rates,
its large immigrant population
and the percentage of its resi-
dents who speak languages other
6 than English factors in its high
unemployment rates.
Economists have two interests in “We must ensure that all

immigration: the labor market impacts New Yorkers live within a
services & facilities
of immigration and the progress of 10-minute walk of a park.”
immigrants in the U.S. economy
retail
parking
sports and recreation
research
production
storage
direct retail
machiney
mercado
green houses
water
farm land
of organic food and beverages

n from $1 billion in 1990 to an
$20 billion in 2007, and are
o reach nearly $23 billion in 2008.
od sales are anticipated to increase
of 18 percent each year
to 2010.” 19
Manufacturer Survey
MercaBRONX uses existing infrastructure for productive means

that create local, regional, and global economies and ecolo-
gies while reconfiguring a new artificial landscape system.
A market and farming program provides for infrastructure
to be reshaped, programmed and intervened in, in order to
become an active platform and access for the city, bringing
closer the basic needs:
Inclusive: allowing different social groups to produce,
to use and live a common though diverse landscape/infra-
structure.
Just: economies that reach different sectors give job oppor-
tunities for young and immigration populations who currently
suffer the most dramatically from unemployment.
Sensitive: a more permeable and accessible urban fabric and
infrastructure brings services, retail and institutions
closer.
The systems
Dynamic and mobility:
1.Bus Rapid Transit (10% the cost of subway line and more
reliable and efficient than buses) lo link the existing sub-
way north-south lines.
2.Bike path
3.Pedestrian paths
4.Street network connecting east-west
5.Recreational loop
Food/industrial
1.Farmland (1/4 Chain farming acres)
2.Delivery
3.Production into eatable and non eatable woods
4.Mercado
5.Food institution
Educational and recreational:
1.Sports
2.Food research and laboratory
3.School network
4.Plazas and gardens
Opportunities:
Fresh Food Store Program
Public Space Program to utilized and underused infrastruc-
ture
Crouton Water Filtration Project
High Sports Program
Population growth rate (4%)
Transit Oriented Development over the Subway Railyards
20
Laura Janka Zires PROPOSAL
( Bronx
Hunts Point Market (
52
43.5
36.7
US billion dollars/year 3.5 % of all food product sales in the United States
2006
2007
2008
water
delivery loop MERCA-BX
Croton Water
Filtration Project
23
8
St
re
et
Bronx Rapid Transit
wn
dla
oo
W
y
wa
info
rk
Pa
23
lu
1
hu
e
p bik
St
os
re
et
M
sports circle
info
p
p
p bike
X
AB
RC
ME
22
ark
5
St
dP
re
et
for
info
d
Be
e
Av
T ter
BR ebs
W
d
oa
eR
dg
M
os
bri
hu
gs
lu
Kin
Pa
rk
For
dha
ml
ine
XB
( (
Xlin
e
Bronx
Hunts Point Market
21
Bar-CODE ME
Photovoltaic Arrays
Bronx Rapid TRansit
Market and Retail

Postproduction
Crotn Filtration
Consumption
Green Roof
institutional
sports circle
main roads
Pleasure
mercado
Platform
1M Tree
Harvest
delivery
private
FOOD
public
valley
Parks
water
TOD
park
land
rail
hill
air
da wires food phase public budget ownership zoning scale
"the development"
green terrace
entertainment
greenhouse
housing x 15
offices
retail
parking
multiple
housing
x 12
school bridge
x4
sky terrace
museum
mercabrOnx entertainment
Wholefoods Headquarters
THE Harvest LAB
offices
x4 x 15
retail
mercado access
parking
the container out
greenhouse
research
x2
in parking
seed maze
soccer field
football field
playzone
fitness center
x3
beisball
water reservoir
dune
farmland
olympic
swimming pool
x3
mercado unit
x 16
English tennis
court
backyard
housing
x3
22
Laura Janka Zires PROPOSAL
phasing
12 01
11 02
03
10
04
09
08 05
06
07
broccoli
beans
blueberries
cabbage
apples
peppers
pumpkin
squash
Broccoli MERCA-BX
25
broccoli import status

173,004 Ton/year (2005)
natural irrigation
Bronx Rapid Transit
and configuration of fields
10,000-12,000 plants/acre
pack
aging
and st
orage
seed
pl
and gr antation
eenh
ouse
s
harve
eatabl
produce and non
st
!
tion eatabl
e
local and migration employment
1,826 miles reduction
cancer
broccoli thanksgiving pie
detoxification
( (
stomach disorders
(fertilizer source) (organic source) skincare
US $5,000/acre/year US $5,000/acre/year immunity
bone health
US $1,632/acre/year US $2,486/acre/year pregnancy
blood preasure
US $3,268/acre/year amnesia 23
Victor Muñoz Sanz
25
THE BRONX: GLOBAL COUNTY

native white population
Global context, local issues
The Bronx has always been a diverse

place, with a non-static population with
an enormous variety of ethnic origins,
coming into and moving within the Bronx.
Such flows and changes, and their causes,
are definitive to understand this unique
county. 80º
The diagram on the left traces the

patterns in the flows of population 70º
coming to the Bronx and their ethnic
origins in the period between 1910 and
60º
2009: it shows visually the real and
da
na
ca
dynamic global range of the Bronx. The
50º the bronx
next series of diagrams zoom into the
Bronx and show the ethnic origin and
40º
population density, as well as the main
a
us
urban transformations that took place
there, mainly social housing and 30º
infrastructure construction.
o
xic
me
If we connect that information with a
ica
20º
min
do
or
time-line, it is apparent the reciprocal
lvad
sa
el
relationship between global events (e.g. 10º
WWI and WWII, the Great Migration or

economical crisis in Latin America), 0º
local events and urban projects, and the

dramatic changes in the flows of
population, in both scales. The conflict
between desire and expectation of 2007
equality and justice versus the reality 2000

in the hosting territory becomes a
1990
spatial issue.
1980
1950
1940
1910
100,000-200,000
bronx global border
country of origin
50,000-100,000
( ) amount of population from...

10,000-50,000
5,000-10,000
1,000-5,000
500-1,000
0-500
26
2
Víctor Muñoz Sanz ANALYSIS
afroamerican population
d
lan
fin
rus
sia
sw
ed
nia
en
ua
lith
ne
en the ge
ire gla rla rm
lan nd nd an
s y
h.
d po
ec
lan
e
cz
nc
d
er.
au
ary
d
fra
str
an
itz
ia
ng
otl
sw
hu
sc
ec ania
ly
ita
gre rum
sp
e
ain
ey
turk
rea
an
ina
jap
ko
ch
a
tin
les
pa
.
rep
o
an
ric
o
ert
pu
ia
ind
m
tna
a
afr
s
ic
ica
ine
afr
vie
ilip
ph
200,000-400,000
source: US Census
0º 10º 20º 30º 40º 50º 60º 70º 80º 90º 100º 110º 120º 130º 140º 150º 160º 180º
27
3
1909
1944
1954
1916
1917
1918
1919
1901
1902
1903
1904
1906
1907
1908
1911
1912
1913
1914
1921
1922
1923
1924
1926
1927
1928
1929
1931
1932
1933
1934
1936
1937
1938
1939
1941
1942
1943
1946
1947
1948
1949
1951
1952
1953
1900
1905
1915
1925
1935
1945
1955
1920
1930
1940
1950
1910
the world WWI begins WWI ends Spanish Civil War WWII begins WWII ends
russian revolution
usa Great Migration starts Great Depression second Great Migration

Puerto Ricans get US citizenship
nyc & the bronx line number 2 of subway reaches the Bronx the Bronx becomes a country Yankee Stadium opens Roosevelt visits the Bronx social housing units start to be built in the Bro
Bronx River Parkway first stage is completed The "Bronx Slave Market" starts working The "Bronx Slave Market" is officially forbiden
u sa
usa
George Washington Bridge opens
usa
eur eur eur
o pe op o pe
e
ic a
er ric
a
am e
aassiiaa
am
h
robert moses
ut
uth
so
FDR dr. construction begins Cross-Bronx xpwy construction begins
so
Triborough Bridge opened to the traffic Brooklyn Queens xpwy construction begins
Henry Hobson Expressway opened to the traffic Bronx River pkwy extension begins
hamerica
Bronx Whitestone Bridge opened to the traffic Bronx River pkwy extension en
Major Deegan Expressway reaches Grand Concourse
sout
grand concourse grand concourse construction begins grand concourse opened to the traffic six-story buildings start to be built along the concourse Loew's Paradise opens Lebanon Hospital opens
Roosevelt Gardens apartments is built Art Decó buildings start to be built along the Concourse
Concourse Plaza Hotel opens Concourse subway opens
Louis Risse dies Bronx Courthouse opens
co-op
1910 35 synagogues in south bronx

1940 193 synagogues in south bronx
1950 266 synagogues
*
in south bronx *in the end of the 50's

1980
ethnic concentration
+90% 60-90% 30-60% 15-30%
white / american + european black hispanic population density

+15000 p. 7000-15000 p 3000-7000 p. 500-3000 p. 0-500 p.
4
28
Víctor Muñoz Sanz ANALYSIS
1964
1984
1994
1974
2004
1976
1956
1957
1958
1959
1961
1962
1963
1966
1967
1968
1969
1971
1972
1973
1977
1978
1979
1981
1982
1983
1986
1987
1988
1989
1991
1992
1989
1996
1997
1998
1999
1990
2010
1965
1975
1985
1995
2005
1960
1980
2000
2001
2002
2003
2006
2007
2008
2009
1970
Cuban Revolution oil crisis Vietnam war ends Salvadoran Civil war Berlin wall falls economical crisis in México Erika world financial crisis
Leonidas Trujillo dies
national per capita income equals $3900 Katrina
a
us
usa
ronx mandatory busing of children at school for racial balance Co-op City construction begins Co-op City's 15,000 apartments are completed crime rate peak in NYC Bill Clinton visits the Bronx 9/11
policy of concentration of welfare households in South Bronx $1000 to $3500 lump sum payments for relocation of low income people community development corporation program begins
usa
usa
Jane Jacobs' "The death and life of Great American Cities" is published 383.000 people living in the South Bronx 166.000 people living in the South Bronx
eur eur eur eur
15.000 fires in the Bronx op
e
op
e
op
e
op
e
"the Bronx is burning"
New York City Blackout a
eric eric
a
ca am am
Jimmy Carter visits the Bronx er i th th
am ou ou
s
asia asia asia
ut
asia
so
Major Deegan xpwy is completed Sheridan xpwy is completed FDR dr. is completed Bruckner xpwy. is completed Robert Moses dies
Sheridan xpwy construction begins Cross-Bronx xpwy is completed Harlem river pkwy opened to the traffic
Brooklyn Queens xpwy construction ends
southa rica
ends Throghsneck Bridge opened to the traffic
me
asia
New England throughway opened to the traffic
Alexander Hamilton bridge opened to the traffic
Young Israel of the Concourse opens a synagogue Plaza Hotel is transformed into welfare housing
Rossevelt Gardens is transformed into subsidized housing Young Israel synagogue is transformed into Bronx Museum Loeb's Paradise closes Loeb's Paradise re-opens as a latin music concert hall and boxing venue
Private developers begin restoring the last 5 vacant buildings in the Concourse renovation of the Concourse along 10 blocks
op co-op co-op co-op
54 are now empty lots
38 are now public buildings
14 are now private agencies
1 is now a parish house
5 are now new homes

nyc nyc
3 are now abandoned apartment house

nyc nyc nyc nyc nyc nyc nyc nyc nyc nyc
3 are now inhabited apartment houses

3 are now office buildings

5 are now city parks

nyc nyc nyc nyc nyc nyc P.A. P.A. P.A. P.A.
7 are now replaced by cross-bronx

P.A. P.A. P.A. P.A. P.A. P.A. P.A. P.A. P.A. P.A.
9 are now replaced by industrial park
13 are now businesses

I
-
95I
-
95
27 are now private houses

I
-
95I
-
95I
-
95I
-
95I
-
95
3 are now methodist churches (black)

$ $ $ $ $ $
4 are now adventist churches (black)
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
1 is now adventist church (latin)
4 are now adventist churches (black)
8 are now pentecostal churches (latin)

VII VII VII
4 are now pentecostal churches (black)

VII VII
13 are now baptist churches (latin)
21 are now baptist churches (black)
13 are now christian churches (latin)
24
1990 2000 2009

are now christian churches (black)
4 synagogues in south bronx
5
29
THE XBX PLAN

current traffic pattern
The Cross-Bronx Expressway as it is now C

is pointless. Brave decisions such as
traffic restriction policies and by-
passing alternatives for automobiles are
needed. Nonetheless, the presence of this
infrastructure in conjunction with the
existing mass transportation network
passing across it, make this urban
corridor an area of opportunity:
developing uses and programs that could
(
(
take advantage of the infrastructure and
ease of communication could have a local A
and metropolitan impact and bring social
justice, activity and wealth to the
Bronx. B
By a very simple operation on the cross-
section of the Expressway and using the
existing bridges as base structures for
access, a new system of bus rapid transit
would be introduced, reclaiming the a parenthesis is needed
Cross-Bronx as a local east-west
connector. Together with a proposal of
park-and-ride facilities promoting the
use of the adjacent to mass
transportation systems. C
Just like the railroads in the Potteries
Thinkbelt, the Cross-Bronx could become
an infrastructural spine of a disperse
Technological, Manufacturing, Research
and Commercial Park, that would be
introduced and distributed along the
Cross-Bronx, hybridizing and sharing
programs with the existing city fabric.
The Cross-Bronx, the Bus Rapid Transit
System and the existing commercial and
A
open space systems would link the
different sites at different speeds and
new intensities would appear along their
trail. The Park and the city would become B
one landscape.
by-passing and traffic restrictions

6
30
Víctor Muñoz Sanz PROPOSAL
BRT XBX line BRT XBX line_park-and-ride
P P
P P
cross-bronx corridor_current zoning pattern XBX plan_ re-connecting the green system
on
cati
edu
ial
erc
and
mm
ial
co
ure
ustr
leis
ind
P P
P P
XBX plan_consolidating background program XBX plan_introducing the figures
P
P
P
P
XBX plan_tension between poles creates activity XBX plan_BRT line + park & ride / famliry logistics center
P P
P P
XBX plan_regenerating the green system / linear playground XBX plan_introducing the XBX transfer center
P P
P P
XBX plan_commercial axis/main street bronx/the lab XBX plan_housing renovation

7
31
32
8
9
33
The Park program would be located and
objectified in some typical forms (the
main street, the campus and the bridge)
that would be placed in the current urban
tissue in a collage fashion. They would
introduce eidetic urban spaces and
figures that aim to create an urban
identity, fill the urban voids and
consolidate and stitch the existing
fabric. In those, the logistics
facilities mix with other users and
activities, promoting the creation of
direct and indirect employment and public
activity.
Over imposed to this new system, new
public buildings would be introduced.
Their aim is to rescale the existing
infrastructure and become local and
metropolitan milestones along the Cross-
Bronx, while they would solve other
endemic problems of the borough, such as
lack of day care facilities for single
parent households, lack of alternative
education opportunities as well as
obesity and health problems.
34
11
35
Song He
2
1
7 Edge of Bronx Politic Districts
N.H.Whites 75%+
N.H.Whites 50%+
4 Hispanics 75%+
Hispanics 50%+
2
N.H.Blacks 75%+
1 N.H.Blacks 50%+
7
3 N.H.Whites 75%+
N.H.Whites 50%+
4 2 Hispanics 75%+
Hispanics 50%+
5 1 N.H.Blacks 75%+
N.H.Blacks 50%+
6
3 7
N.H.Whites 75%+
N.H.Whites 50%+
5 4 Hispanics 75%+
Hispanics 50%+
6 N.H.Blacks 75%+
N.H.Blacks 50%+
5
Bronx Senate 6Districts
N.H.Whites 75%+
N.H.Whites 50%+
DEFINING EDGE Hispanics 75%+

ck Eastchester Bay Pelham Bay Co-op City
Hispanics 50%+ Racial-Ethnic Concentration

N.H.Blacks 75%+
Tangible and Intangible Edges N.H.Blacks 50%+
in Bronx
Edge is the boundary between different
objects. Some edges are tangible while
some others are intangible. However, both
of them exert an significant influence
on the people living around them. Look-
Pelham Parkway Bronxdale Lacona
ing though the Bronx, we could easily District1 District2 District3

trace its intangible political edges and
tangible community edges.
The edges of Bronx senate and assembly
districts seem quite unregular. But if
Morris Park Pelham Gardens
Van Nest
we overlap them with the racial-ethnic
concentration map of this area, we would
discover that these edges are highly
related with different ethnic groups.
And the result of this division is to
increase the seats of white people in the
senate and assembly while reducing the
wn Edenwald Eastchester
seats of Hispanics and blacks. District4 District5 District6
On the other hand, the edges of community
districts and neighborhoods are mainly
defined by the natural boundaries and
infrastructure of Bronx, including rail
Cemetery system, parkway, highway, main streets,
Wakefield Baychester
parks and water. The basic rule here is

the primary infrastructure defines the
districts and the secondary infrastruc-
ture further divides the districts into
several neighborhoods. District7
Williamsbridge Olinville
38
1
2 4
5 2
Song He ANALYSIS
6
3
7 10
1
9 N.H.Whites 75%+
N.H.Whites 50%+
11 Melrose Mott Haven Port Morris
Hispanics 75%+
Hispanics 50%+
N.H.Blacks 75%+
N.H.Blacks 50%+
4
8
5 2
1
N.H.Whites 75%+
6 N.H.Whites 50%+
3 11 Hispanics 75%+
7 10 Longwood Hunts Point
Hispanics 50%+
N.H.Blacks 75%+
9 N.H.Blacks 50%+
4
8
5 2
Melrose Claremont Morrisania Crotona Park East
6
3
Bronx Assembly
7
Districts
10
9
Concourse Village West Concourse Highbridge East Concourse MT. Eden
8
Racial-Ethnic Concentration Infrastructure of Bronx
District1 District2 District3
Rail System Parkway

12
10
11
9 10
District4 District5 District6 District7
Highway Main Streets

Haven Mott Haven Port Morris Port Morris
District8 District9 District10
Melrose Mott Haven Port Morris
wood Longwood Hunts PointHunts Point
District11
Longwood Hunts Point
ania Morrisania Crotona Park East Park East

Crotona Main Parks Water
39
Edge of Bronx Community
8
12
8
12
7 10
7 10
5 6
11
Bronx Community Districts
11
5 6
4 3
9 10
4 3
2 9 10
1
2
1
Edge of Neighborhoods Infrastructure in Districts Edge of Districts

District1

District2
District3

District4
Morris Heights University Heights Mount Hope Fordham District5
Bathgate Belmont East Tremont Bronx Park South West Farms
District6
Unitversity Heights Kingsbridge Heights Fordham Bedford Park Norwood District7

40
Unitversity Heights Kingsbridge Heights Fordham Bedford Park Norwood
Song He ANALYSIS
Riverdale North Riverdale Marble Hill
Spuyten Duyvel Fieldstone Kingsbridge
District8
Clason Point Soundview Bronx River Parkchester
Harding Park Castle Hill Soundview-Bruckner Unionport

District9
Throgs Neck Eastchester Bay Pelham Bay Co-op City

District10

Van Nest Morris Park Pelham Gardens

District11
Woodlawn Edenwald Eastchester

Woodlawn Cemetery Wakefield Baychester

Williamsbridge
Williamsbridge
Olinville
Olinville District12
41
Williamsbridge Olinville
SOUTH BRONX REVIVE

Waterfront and Old Yankee Underutilized Surfaces
Refreshment
Vacant Lots
School Bus Parking
Surface Storage
Parking
The Design aimed to increase the vital- Decorateive Green
ity of South Bronx by reusing the large Infrastructural Resources

amount of vacant or inefficiently used Subway Station
Metro-North Station
land and buildings. According to the dif- Bus Station
ferent types of land and building typolo-

Underutilized Surfaces
Vacant Lots
Health Care Facility
gies, we proposed a program matrix that

School Bus Parking
Surface Storage
Bicycle Station
hybrid certain kinds of land and build-

Parking
Decorateive Green
ings to provide space for the new pro-

Infrastructural Resources
Subway Station A
grams. We expect that through this more

Metro-North Station
Bus Station
flexible hybrid land use, the density

Bicycle Station
B
and diversity of activities in South

Bronx would increase. And by introduc- D
ing these new commercial, eductional and

C
recreational programs, more and more New

Yorkers would enter and experience this
area. The new waterfront would connect
the piecemeal public open space in South E
Bronx and create a recreational network

here. And the space under Deegan Express-
way, considering its close location to
the biggest shopping mall in Bronx, it F
can be transformed into a vendor’s mar-

ket, as a supplement for the mall.
Underutilized Land
Before Proposal
6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 24:00 1:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 24:00 1:00 2:00
Yankee Yankee
Parking Parking
Multi-Family Residential Multi-Family Residential
1&2 Family Residential 1&2 Family Residential

Commute
Industrial
Industrial Commute
Commute
Park/Receational
Park/Receational Park/Receational
Commercial Commercial
School School
Land Using Proportion Weekdays Weekends
42
6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:
Song He PROPOSAL
Open Space South Bronx
Underutilized Surfaces
Vacant Lots
School Bus Parking
Surface Storage
Parking
Decorateive Green
Infrastructural Resources
Subway Station A
Metro-North Station
Bus Station
Bicycle Station
B
D
C
A
C
D Proposed Open Space
Sections of New
Typologies E
Open Space Bronx
6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 24:00 1:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 24:00 1:00 2:00
Utilization of Program Yankee Yankee
Parking Parking
Local Employees Multi-Family Residential Multi-Family Residential
Commute Employees
1&2 Family Residential 1&2 Family Residential
Commute
Industrial
Industrial Commute
Commute
Employees Outside Park/Receational
Park/Receational Park/Receational
Commercial Commercial
Unemployed School School
Land Using Proportion Weekdays Weekends

Students
Senior Citizens
Baseball Fans
1:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00
Marshes in 1899
22:00 23:00 24:00 1:00 2:00
Land Fill and Erosion
After Proposal
Yankee
6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 24:00 1:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 24:00 1:00 2:00
Yankee Parking Yankee
ntial Multi-Family Residential

Parking Parking
1&2 Family Residential Multi-Family Residential

Commute Commute
Industrial Multi-Family Residential
Industrial
1&2 Family Park/Receational Commute 1&2 Family

Residential Commute Industrial Residential
Park/Receational
Commercial Park/Receational
School Park/Receational
Park/Receational Commercial
Commercial
ekdays School Weekends School
Weekdays Weekends
43
The South Bronx area is lacking of

sports and fitness facilities, and the
redevelopment of Yankee Stadium further
demolished some of the sport fields. To
solve this problem with the redevelopment
of the currently inaccessible waterfront,
densifying the sports and fitness
facilities along the waterfront would be
a reasonable strategy. The current school Original River
Original RiverBank
Bank
bus terminals can be relocated under the
decking surface of the rail yard. And the
warehouse, storage space and industrial
plant can be moved to the adjacent low
density industrial area, to form a
more competitive high density industry
pattern. The railway on the water -- the
Old Point Link is like an obstacle on the
water. Since there would be only very
Interior Promenade
Back Promenade
few trains passing through every day, a
rotatable track system is proposed here.
The tracks can rotate 90 degrees and
become piers into the river.
Front
Water Promenade
Promenade
Steps to
Steps toWater
Water
Trees
Trees
44
Song He PROPOSAL
Land Use Condition

Old Yankee
Shopping Mall
Storage Space
Warehouse
Industrial
Rotating Rail System
Vacant Space
Education Institution
Parking Lots
School Bus
Original River Bank
RotatingLand Use Condition

Rail System
Old Yankee
Shopping Mall

Storage Space
Warehouse
School
School Bus Bus Storage a
Interior Promenade
Industrial
Vacant Space
Parking Lots
School Bus
Original River Bank
Water Promenade
Stra
School Bus Storage
Storage and
and Industry Interior Promenade
The
Land Use Condition the
Old Yankee
Industry Steps to Water
func
Shopping Mall
Storage Space
indu
Warehouse new
Industrial
a div
Vacant Space
and
Parking Lots Old
Water Promenade
School Bus
woul
Trees
rotat
rotat
Strategy
School Bus Storage and Industry Land
Land Use
Use
The shool bus Condition
Condition
parking would be moved to the space under
Land Use Condition the Old
decking
Yankee of rail yard. And the storage and industry
be added to the adjacent area,Steps to Water
15200
30000
Old Yankee function
Shoppingwould
Mall where some
Shopping Mall industries have taken place under a low density fabric. The
15200
30000
Storage Space
Storage Space newWarehouse
waterfront would be a super flat recreational stripe with
Warehouse a diverse
Industrial
of sports facilities. It would serve both the schools
Industrial and the communities around. The railway on the water -- the
Vacant Space
Vacant Space Old Point Link is like an obstacle on the water. Since there
Education Institution would be only very few trains passing through every day, a
Parking Lots
Parking Lots rotatable track system is proposed here. The tracks can
School Bus
School Bus
rotate 90 degrees and become piers into the river. 15200
30000
15200
30000
Trees
15200
30000
23400
52400
15200
30000
Strategy
School Bus Storage and Industry Scale 1: 3000
The shool bus parking would be moved to the space under
15200
30000
School Bus the decking of railStorage

yard. And andtheIndustry
storage and industry
15200
30000
function would be added to the adjacent area, where some

industries have taken place under a low density fabric. The
new waterfront would be a super flat recreational stripe with
a diverse of sports facilities. It would serve both the schools
16124
24100
15200
30000
16124
24100
16124
24100
16124
24100
16124
24100
16124
24100
16124
24100
and the communities around. The railway on the water -- the

16124
24100
16124
24100
15200
30000
Old Point Link is like an obstacle on the water. Since there

15200
30000
15200
30000
would be only very few trains passing through every day, a

15200
30000
15200
30000
15200
30000
rotatable track system is proposed here. The tracks can

15200
30000
15200
30000
23400
52400
rotate 90 degrees and become piers into the river.

15200
30000
15200
30000
16124
24100
16124
24100
16124
24100
16124
24100
16124
24100
16124
24100
15200
30000
16124
24100
16124
24100
16124
24100
15200
30000
Scale 1: 3000
15200
30000
15200
30000
15200
30000
15200
30000
15200
30000
15200
30000
15200
30000
23400
52400
15200
30000
15200
30000
15200
30000
23400
52400
15200
30000
WATERFORNT
Scale 1: 3000
45
15200
30000
oft three-bedroom unit
nits 140m2 125 units
two-bedroom unit
70m2 296 units
m unit two-story loft

ts 104m2 148 units
m unit
nits Refreshment Process
Roof Lawn Perspective
As a place of worship, the baseball
field of the old Yankee Stadium would
be preserved as a heritage space. The
field would be lifted up to create a
huge space under it with five floors of
parking. The space under the stand would
be transfromed into residential. This LiftField
Lift Field
part would be redivided into different
housing units, according to the original
structure of the stadium. The lifted
field will continue to be a baseball
field for trainning or holding minor
league games. The roof of the stadium
will become a new open space. This
would ensure the heritage field to be Parking Space
Parking Space
accessible for the public. The amazing
field of view here would provide a new
perspective for the public to observe the
city.
S
As
E REFRESHMENT Adjust Structure

Adjust Structure
ol
he
hu
th
re
wi
he
pu
Refreshment Process Residential
Residential
Lift Field Space

Space Distribution
Distribution
Parking Space Open

Open Space
Space
46 Housing Typology
773 Units Total
Residential
Strategy
As a place of worship, the baseball field of the
old Yankee Stadium would Song
beHe preserved as a PROPOSAL
Adjust Structure heritage. The field would be lifted and create a
huge parking space under it. The space below
the stand would be transformed into
residential. However, the roof of the stadium
will become a public park. The amazing view
here would provide a new perspective for the
public to observe the city.
Residential
Refreshment Process
Lift Field Space Distribution
efreshment Process
freshment Process Roof Lawn Playground Playground and Roof
Parking Space Open Space
Housing Typology
Refreshment Process
Housing
773 Typology
Units Total
Strategy
Residential
773 Units Total Refreshment Process As a place of worship, the baseball field of the
Lift
three-story
three-story
Lift Field
loft
loft
Field
Adjust
Lift Field
Structure heritage. The field would be
three-bedroom unit
old Yankee Stadium would be preserved as a
three-bedroom
Space
Space
lifted andDistribution
Space Distribution
create a
unit
Distribution
145m22 51 units huge parking space under it.140m 22 125
140m 125 units
The space belowunits
145m 51 units
Refreshment Process the stand would be transformed into
residential. However, the roof of the stadium
Parking Space
will become a public park. The amazing view
Open Space
Lift Field Space Distribution
Residential
Residential Strategy
As a place of worship, the baseball field of the
ParkingSpace
Parking Space Lift Field
old Yankee Stadium would be preserved as a OpenSpace
Open Space
Space Distribution
Adjust Structure heritage. The field would be lifted and create a
stand would be
two-bedroom unit
two-bedroom
huge parking space under it. The space below
the transformed into unit
residential. However, the roof of 2
70m 296 units
the stadium
Parking Space 70m
2
will become a public park. The amazing
296 units
Open Space
view
public to observe the city. Residential
Residential
Residential Strategy
Strategy
ParkingAsAsa aplace
Space placeofofworship,
worship,the thebaseball
baseballfield field ofofthe
Open the
Space Residential
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oldYankee
old YankeeStadium
Stadium
As a placewould be the
of worship, preserved
baseball field asofathe Residential
AdjustStructure
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RoofThe
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heritage. The old field
field would
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Yankee be lifted
Playground
be lifted
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create aas a
be preserved a Playground and Roof Lawn
one bedroom
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would The loft
space
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liftedloft
and below
create a
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Adjust Structure space it. below Residential
60m22 51 units the stand Strategy
stand huge parking space
would be 104m under 2 148
2 it.
transformed The units
space into
below
Housing 60m Typology51 units
the would
As
the standofbe
a place 104mtransformed
worship,
would 148
the baseball
be transformed units
into
field ofinto
the
773 Units Total
residential.
residential. However,
However,
old Yankee the
Roof Lawn
residential. theroof
Stadium
However, roof ofof
Playground
would
the the
be
roof the stadium
ofstadium
preserved
the as Playground
stadium a and Roof Lawn
three-story loft
will
Adjust Structurebecome
will become a public
heritage.
a public
will
three-bedroom
The park.
field The
would beamazing
unit park. The amazing view
become a public park. lifted
The and
amazing view
create
viewa
Housing Typology huge
here parking
would space aunder
provide new it. The spacefor
perspective below
the
145m2 51 units herewould
here would provide
140m2provide
125 units a anewnew perspective
perspective forforthe
the
773 Units Total the stand
public to observewould be transformed
the city. into
three-story loft publictothree-bedroom
public toobserve
140m
observe thethecity.
unit
residential.
125 units
2
city.
However, the roof of the stadium
145m2 51 units
one bedroom
one bedroom unitunit Residential will become a public park. The amazing view
Residential
48m22Residential
48m 102
102units
units
Residential two-bedroom unit
two-bedroom
70m2
unit
2 296 units
70m 296 units
one bedroom unit two-story loft

60m2 51 units 104m2 148 units
one bedroom unit two-story loft

one bedroom unit Roof Lawn Playground Playground and Roof Lawn
48m2 102 units
Housing Typology
one bedroom unit Roof Lawn Playground Playground and Roof Lawn
RoofLawn
Lawn Playground Playgroundand
Roof Playground SpaceandRoof
Playground RoofLawn
Lawn
773 48m
Units
2 Total
102 units
three-story loft Roof Lawnthree-bedroom unitPlayground Open
Housing Typology
773 Units Total
Housing Typology
ousing Typology three-story loft three-bedroom unit
373Units
UnitsTotal
Total 145m2 51 units 140m2 125 units
three-storyloft
three-story loft three-bedroomunit
three-bedroom unit
two-bedroom unit
145m
145m 51units
2 251 units 140m
140m 125units
2 2125 units
70m2 296 units
YANKEE REFRESHMENT
two-bedroom unit
70m 296 units
one bedroom unit
2
two-story loft
two-bedroomunitunit
YANKEE
two-bedroom
one bedroom unit 70m
70m 296units
2 2296 units
two-story loft
one bedroom unit
Y
48m2 102 units
REFRESHMENT ANKEE REFRESHMENT

onebedroom
one two-storyloft
bedroomunitunit
two-story loft
one bedroom unit
48m2 102 units
47
60m
60m 51units
2 251 units 104m
104m 148units
2 2148 units Roof Lawn Perspective
Jonathan C. Linkus
URBAN LAMINATIONS
Identifying Discord
The issue at hand is a disconnection

between the local functionality of the
city and both the regional natural and
regional human ecosystems in which it
operates. As larger infrastructural and
industrial systems have bundled along the
waterfront and rail corridors they elimi-
nate opportunities for open space connec-
tivity as a public resource. While these
performative laminations work systemically
on a larger scale, the proximal relation-
ships between these laminated figures
render discordant and prohibitive exter-
nalities. In essence, it is the disagree-
ment of use rather than the physical
barrier that is at issue. The solution
then is to integrate and intensify their
mutual functionality within each respec-
tive lamination.
50
Jonathan Linkus ANALYSIS
51
52
Jonathan Linkus ANALYSIS
53
Re:manufacturing + Ecology
Reformatting the Urban Laminations
The Southern tip of the borough handles a

disproportionately large share of the
city's waste volume (8% of the city's
garbage travels along the waterfront.
Compounding this difficulty is the fact
that 16,000 trucks still travel through
the South Bronx daily, despite that
industrial jobs among other business have
divested in the neighborhood. A commu-
nity based plan has been devised by
Sustainable South Bronx and the Green-
worker Cooperatives which proposes the
Bronx Recycling and Industrial Park.
The design objective then is two-fold:

Create a new sustainable-industry
district by tapping into a new stream of
post-consumer raw material via shipping
containers elevated on a light rail
network. Additionally, the pedestrian
infrastructure will be expanded and
reformatted to convey the ecological
history of the district. This involves
re-naturalizing the waterfront and the
Mott Haven Wye into a network of open
spaces rich in multi-functionality as
places of recreation, gathering, educa-
tion, and movement. The laminations of
waste infrastructure and waterfront are
not masked or mitigated, but rather are
capitalized-upon as unique juxtaposition
ready to provide benefits to the immedi-
ate context of this reformatted district.
54
Jonathan Linkus PROPOSAL
The crux of this proposal is a census

of the building stock in terms of its
usefulness to current economic and
industrial trends. The increasing flow
of waste through the southern Bronx and
the flight of stable manufacturing
employment present an opportunity
wherein raw material flows can create
new higher tech entrepreneurial oppor-
tunities. The current building stock
is not entirely incapable of supporting
the larger floor-areas required for
light manufacturing as well as other
uses such as multi-family residential
and mixed-use infill. The only excep-
tions are larger historic warehouses
that are able to provide a loose-fit
space. Residential and intuitional
properties are also preserved.
Single-story strip mall type commer-
cial, storage yards, and auto-repair
businesses are slated for replacement
in the long-term planning strategy.
55
56
Left and Below: The landscape strat-

egy adds a layer of ecological infor-
mation according to a mapping of
biotopes.
57
The new district is an assemblage of

existing wharehouses with new constrc-
tion. The upper floors create a super-
block for manufacturing businesses. The
result is both apt for current economic
needs and mindful Hilberseimer’s work as
a historical precednt.
58
Above: Plazas are created as the neigh-

borhood is redeveloped; these plazas are
designed as chamfers that can widen
existing alleys into pedestrian passages.
Projected images and materials both
convey the historical biotope of each
location before the city was built.
59
section 2: FELIPE CORREA
Assistant Professor of Urban Planning and Design
MAUD Program Coordinator
Jonathan A. Scelsa
TRANSIENT ARTERIES
Infrastructural Confluence
The Bronx is a space of transience; a

space of passing. The Bronx is a Zoom-
scape: an aggregate landscape of New York
City’s infrastructure, ushering people
into and out of the New York metropolis.
Geographically the borough is a bottle-

neck, flanked on the west by the Hudson
River and the east by the Long Island
Sound. The Bronx, is the very last and
narrowest portion of the peninsula land-
mass leading into New York’s metropolitan
area. As a result, the Bronx has accepted
major forms of transit infrastructure to
facilitate the growth and suburban impli-
cations of the metropolis. The borough
has found itself in the center of the
north east regional corridor harboring
two Interstate highways. In addition, the
rail system of the Bronx is comprised of
the New York MTA’s subway system and com-
muter rail network and while the former
serves the Bronx, the latter’s primary
use is from the suburban north. This
commuter train system which trifurcates
into Hudson, Harlem and New Haven lines,
funnel the suburbs into Grand Central
Station of Manhattan.
This confluence of infrastructure has left

the Bronx with unutilized public space;
the residuals of an infrastructural tran-
sit corridor.
64
Jonathan A. Scelsa ANALYSIS
residual spaces
bruckner boulevard
65
mosholu parkway
traffic pattern dawn dusk
mega-regional corridor
mta metro-north ridership
66
Jonathan A. Scelsa ANALYSIS
confluence
67
ILLUMINATED PIERS
INTERMODAL LAMINATIONS
North Bronx Confluence
LIGHT RAIL STATION
The northern most end of the Grand Con- SUBTERRANEAN PARKING

course houses large deposits of a city
wide infrastructure network that can be
reclaimed for public use. This is mani-
fest in both the Jerome reservoir and the
sunken subway rail-yards. This project
puts forth a series of strategies for the
covering or decking of the latter sunken
infrastructural condition with new hous-
ing and the addition of a new transit
hinge for the metropolitan system.
Capitilizing on a growing reverse commute

out of the Bronx to growing cities such
as White Plains and Yonkers. The existing
infrastructure on the site is augmented
through the addition of new connnective
STRUCTURAL LIGHT TREES
transit pieces such as a new Metro North
line and a Bus Rapid Transit system to be
utilized along the Grand Concourse. This
infrastructural augmentation stirs the
development of new housing and new com-
mercial space at this hingepoint.
The act of laminating new program above

the existing railyards and new railway
station is made possible by an archi-
tectural strategy using a consistent
structural system as the means for the
decking. The system is created to both ENTERTAINMENT COMPLEX
light and circulate air to the sunken
conditions while structurally serving the APERTURES TO BELOW
buildings above.
68
Jonathan A. Scelsa PROPOSAL
RESTAURANTS
LOEWS CINEPLEX
COMPRESSION-RING
TWO-WAY GRID SLAB BUS RAPID TRANSPORT DROPOFF
RADSISSON HOTEL
SKIN WRAPPER
PRIVATE OFFICE TOWERS
RAISED METRO PLATFORM
69
white plains
yonkers new rochelle
bronx park
montefiore
research
bicycle loft
hotel
restaurant
mta metro-north revision center
brt dropoff
jerome reserve
car park
grand concourse
lehman college collegiate housing
diversified flats
nyc bike path
new bedford train hub

mta metro-north concourse programmatic movement
70
new commercial
and hotel above
bedford
train hub
elevated
4 tube stop
collegiate
housing + center
campus quad
above train yard
diversified
raised flats
ground floor
shopping corridors
grand
concourse
lehman
college
1:2000 scale masterplan
71
path network
path network
softscape
wind collectors
path network
compression ring
structural supports
hardscape
softscape
sunken rail yards
72
new bedford train hub

mta metro-north
73
HungKai Liao / HsiaoRou Huang
THE BRONX’S MEMORIES

Mobility, Density, and Memory
Using six different kinds of density/

intensity( transportation, cultural and
social, service, open space, commercial,
and population), the analysis tried to
locate the most memorable hot spot in
Bronx. These different densities started
to map up a new concentration pattern all
along the city's built mobility. Combining
the densities and the mobility factors,
the project drew a new map of Bronx
according to the strength of collective
memories.
76
2
Liao, HungKai ANALYSIS
77
3
78
4
Liao, HungKai ANALYSIS
16 79
5
ELASTIC BUFFER ZONE

along the Cross Bronx EXPY
In order to deal with the impact of the

expressway to the downtown area, the
sunken type expressway became the ultimate
strategy in the US. However, the sunken
type EXPY, in one hand, provides high
efficiency on moving, in the other hand,
provide insufficient chance for us to
recognize and memorize the city. This
project provides a buffer zone matrix
which could deal with seven versions of
sunken expressway in the US. The buffering
process includes three critical strate-
gies: reveal, transform, and densify. In
the end, we had a demonstrated project on
the Cross Bronx Expressway by using the
buffer matrix. The buffer matrix will be
applied on the site along with the program
of informal city art campus. The program
works as a stimulus to activate the local
artistic activities to reform the forgot-
ten area of Bronx. The expressway provides
huge amount of population flow through the
Bronx area. The buffer zone matrix
provides a new possibility to rethink the
site which was originally influenced by
the expressway. The program of informal
city art campus further utilizes the site
prepared by the buffer zone to create a
bigger urban influence and redevelopment.
80
6
Huang, HsiaoRou / Liao, HungKai
When Cross Bronx EXPY meets Grand Concourse...
Grand Concourse
to our previous analysis. It is because that the sunken
eroding our memory of the city.
For a much efficient way of moving, we do whatever we want to the ground
Those moving methods eroded our memory like a wide river
The complex physical segregation was created by those operations
81
7
a study of sunken type EXPY in 10 major ci�es in the US
82
8
Huang, HsiaoRou / Liao, HungKai PROPOSAL
83
9
for Sunken Type EXPY
84
10
85
11
Informal Campus
for City Art
Demonstrated Project
86
12
87
13
Composite System
88
14
89
15
90
16
91
17
Donghwan Moon
Rethinking Open Spaces

in the Urban Scale Edge Parking Lots
Large scale intervention

of open spaces in the city
The focus of this mapping exercise is to

investigate and achieve a large scale
intervention of open spaces including
parks, vacant lots, parking lots, and
abandoned spaces in the city. A series of
rigorous research and analysis exercises
reveals that this can only happen through
the accretion of smaller fragmented
parcels and a continuous street network.
As the research develops through the
investigation of legally defined open
spaces and their actual amount and value,
the establishment of a fine grain open
space system finally takes shape. This
new open space network may generate
new perspectives in designing an urban
environment with respect to every little
Urban Void Vacant Abandoned Areas
detail of the city, while maintaining a
great vision in urban scale.
Parks / Recreational Open Space All

94
Donghwan Moon ANALYSIS
“ Large Scale Intervention of Open Space can happen through

the Accretion of Small Fragmented Parcels..”
Parks / Recreational
Vacant Lots / Abandoned Areas
Parking Lots
Private Owned Public Space
Property value of open spaces
95
Open Space Investigation

In Southern Bronx, there are numerous open spaces that
have high potential to be developed. My focus here is to
incorporate such areas into continuous FINE GRAIN open
space network.
Vacant Lots / Abandoned Areas
There are a great amount of vacant and abandoned spaces

in Southern Bronx. These areas are basis of the network.
Semi-Private Open Spaces
Private gardens and open properties will be incorporated

into the network.
Parking Lot
Existing Parking lots and structure can be reconfigured

with parks and other public facilities and open spaces.
Parks / Recreational Areas
Parks and green spaces are essential elements that make

the open space network work. Creating continuous bike
roots and pedestrain connections is critical.
Buildings around the Fine Grain Open Spaces
96
Donghwan Moon ANALYSIS
Development Strategy
Public Network
Residential Expansion
Commercial Node
New Green Network
Buildings to be preserved
97
REconfiguring
The Urban Network
New Proposal of
South Bronx Waterfront
After researching and analyzing the various

elements of the city specifically focused
on current processes that have shaped the
urban terrain, here I am proposing a series
of design actions in order to construct
a urban strategy for the specified given
site. The site is Southern Bronx where the
Grand Concourse and Deegan express highway
run as main infrastructure along the East
Harlem river. Yankee Stadium is considered
as the only cultural icon of the region,
with a new shopping center proposed next
to it. It is my desire to reconfigure the
existing infrastructure and terrain with
an operation of cut and fill, in order to
achieve an open space network throughout
the region linking cultural facilities,
parks and the waterfront. The proposed
urban space may act as Bronx’s iconic
complex with a celebration of leisure,
sports, shopping and culture. This will
also generate various potential urban
developments such as mix-use residential. The Current Site Condition
98
Donghwan Moon PROPOSAL
A. Entertainment / Shopping / Parking

B. New MTA Railroad Station
c. Department Store
D. Mix use Residential
E. Ferry Station
F. Art Gallery
G. Health care
H.Community center
Proposed Site Plan
Site Model 1:1000
99
100
Donghwan Moon Proposal
101
sec A
Cut and Fill Operations
Reconfiguration of
Edge Surface and Infrastructure
sec B
sec C
sec A
sec B
sec C
102
Donghwan Moon Proposal
Line Of Culture
Grand Concourse
Cultural Center New Residential

Development
Deegan Express
New Office complex
with semi private park
Ferry Sta.
Department Store
New Waterfront
MTA Sta.
sec C
New Entertainment and
Cultural Complex
sec B
Harlem River
sec A
103
Ángel Rodríguez Colón
Profile map of the New York subway, from Brooklyn Bridge to the Bronx
CUT AND FILL OPERATIONS
The first stage of the investigation

explored the influence of the different
processes of formation and construction
in the transformation of the geomorphol-
ogy of the site, particularly the process
of filling and excavation associated to
the development of the infrastructures.
From mid 19th century, the Bronx penin-
sula was subject of dramatic industrial
and infrastructural development.
Through sections and axonometric draw-

ings, the mapping exercise speculated on
the relationship between large construc-
tion events (such as the development of
the boat industry, and the construction
of thoroughfares and railroads) and the
transformation of the geography of the
neighborhood. Between 1850 and 1950, the
area witnessed significant geo-morpholog-
ical alterations, including the chan-
nelization of the Harlem River and the
emergence of the islands of Randall’s and
Wards Islands, product of construction
and dredging debris.
Towards its conclusion, the investigation

addressed the impact of these operations
on the ecology of the maritime border of
the Bronx, and therefore the relation-
ship between the community and this body
of water.
Construction of the Bronx’s Grand Councourse
106
Ángel Rodríguez Colón ANALYSIS
107
Excavation/ Landfill Timeline Sections:
Soil Studies:
Through sections and axonometric drawings, the mapping exercise speculated on the
relationship between large construction events (such as the development of the boat
industry, and the construction of thoroughfares and railroads) and the transformation of the
geography of the neighborhood.
108
Ángel Rodríguez Colón ANALYSIS
The Bronx’s First Nature:
These cut and fill operations had a dramatic im-

pact on the ecology of the maritime border of the
Bronx and therefore the relationship between the
community and this body of water. Stream chan-
nelization, ditching in wetlands, disconnection
from adjacent ecosystems, and shoreline modifi-
cations led to problems such as habitat degrada-
tion, changes in flow regimes, and siltation.
Artificial Edge:
Many aquatic resources in need of restoration

have problems that originated with harmful altera-
tion of channel form or other physical characteris-
tics. In such cases, restoring the original morphol-
ogy and other physical attributes is essential to
the success of other aspects of the project such
as improving water quality and bringing back
native biota.
The Bronx’s First Nature:

Many aquatic resources in need of restoration
have problems that originated with harmful altera-
tion of channel form or other physical characteris-
tics. In such cases, restoring the original morphol-
ogy and other physical attributes is essential to
the success of other aspects of the project such
as improving water quality and bringing back
native biota.
109
Reconfiguration of infrastructures:
FINAL PROJECT
Bioremediation and watershed restoration:
During the second part of the semester,

the project focused on the South Bronx,
particularly around the edge of Harlem
River and the Hudson Bay. The area faces
many challenges in light of its indus-
trial and infrastructural predominance.
Because of its history of concentrated
use for manufacturing and railroads, the
waterfront is presumed to be one continu-
ous Brownfield.
A particular challenge for this project
was the calibration of a large number of
operations within a cohesive time frame-
work. Different time spans and techniques
associated with the bioremediation pro-
cess would vary depending on the concen-
tration and nature of the pollutants in
each of the sites. Therefore, the proj- Functional diversification:
ect aimed to stress out urban strategies
that could operate simultaneously with
the bioremediation process.
In this sense, a matrix of block explora-
tions was used to articulate the urban
morphology of the proposal. Different
FAR’s and degrees of building frontage
were used to develop different levels of
urban porosity, enabling the calibra-
tion a variety of street conditions and
networks of open space or temporally
remediation sites. In addition, a system
of hard and soft surfaces was proposed,
allowing different degrees of perme-
ability that could operate according to
phytoremediation (the use of plants to
clean polluted soil) and water management
criteria.
A system of ponds with artificial wet-
lands was proposed to improve water qual-
ity of the Harlem River. In addition, a
Three major strategies were identified for this area, all of which were based on the premise that
network of bridges over the area would
public investment to improve environmental quality in this area would promote additional invest-
connect the Bronx with the recreational ment to address some of the additional challenges. Therefore, the first strategy comprised the
facilities of Randall’s Island bioremediation of existing brownfields and shoreline restoration. The reconfiguration of trans-
portation infrastructures and incorporation of a broader diversity of uses were also identified as
critical strategies for the area.
110
6
Ángel Rodríguez Colón PROPOSAL
Phasing Diagrams:
Brownfield Remediation
and Watershed restoration:
Because of its history of concentrated use for manufac-

turing and railroads, the waterfront is presumed to be one
continuous Brownfield.
Cut and Fill:

Reconfiguration of transport infrastructures to promote
pedestrian accessibility to the area.
Water Collection:
Strategies for storm water collection and management.
Density:
Incorporation of a broader diversity of uses in the area

with a important residential component.
Circulation:
Extension of the Grand Concourse to the site.
Open Space:
Networks of open space or temporally remediation sites.
A particular challenge for this project was the calibration of a large number of operations
within a cohesive time framework.
111
Phytoremediation
Different time spans and techniques associated with the bioremediation process would vary
depending on the concentration and nature of the pollutants in each of the sites. Therefore, the
project aimed to stress out urban strategies that could operate simultaneously with the bioreme-
diation process.
Cap and Fill
Artificial Wetlands
Bioremediation
A system of hard and soft surfaces was proposed, allowing

Different time spans and techniques associated with the different degrees of permeability that could operate according
bioremediation process would vary depending on the concen- to phytoremediation (the use of plants to clean polluted soil)
tration and nature of the pollutants in each of the sites. and water management criteria.
112
Ángel
ÁngelRodríguez
RodríguezColón
Colón PROPOSAL
PROPOSAL
Different
DifferentFAR’s
FAR’sand
anddegrees
degreesofofbuilding
buildingfrontage
frontagewere
wereused
usedtoto
calibrate
calibratea avariety
varietyofofstreet
streetconditions
conditionsandandnetworks
networksofofopen
open
space
spaceorortemporally
temporallyremediation
remediationsites.
sites.
1139
Grand Concourse Extension; Re-configuration of trans- A system of ponds with artificial wetlands was proposed to improve water quality of the Harlem
portation infrastructures. River.
DEVELOPMENT PHASES
In addition, a network of bridges over the area would connect the Bronx with the recreational facili-
First Phase: Randalls Island
ties of Randall’s Island
Section 1
Second Phase: Grand Concourse
Third Phase: Lincoln Ave
Section 2
114
Ángel Rodríguez Colón PROPOSAL
Network of bridges and paths, connecting the Bronx

with the recreational facilities of Randall’s Island
1. Pools
2. Berms
3. Ponds
4. Wetlands
5. Plataforms
6. Bridges
7. Berms
8. MTA Station
9. Highway
10. Marina
115
section 3: RAFI SEGAL
Design Critic in Urban Planning and Design
Christopher A. Roach
ELEMENTS OF OWNERSHIP
The Public Sphere
Survey O1 Survey O1
Su Survey +
Access
O2 Survey +
Occupy +
O3 Occupy +
Survey
O2
Su Survey +
Access
O2 Survey +
Occupy +
O3 Occupy +
Survey
O2
Access Access
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Register Survey Register Survey
Ac A O* O Oc Access +
Occupy
so
O2 Register +
Access +
O3 Register +
Occupy
rs
O2
Occupy
so
O2 Register +
Access +
O3 Register +
Occupy
rs
O2
Occupy Occupy
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Re Re
This project sets out to explore the

question of ownership in relation to
the city by questioning the dichotomy
of public versus private that is often
utilized to characterize the divisions of
ownership in an urban territory. I argue
that this binary relationship is too
simple to describe the complex conditions
of ownership in the modern city, where
questions of legitimacy and overlapping
claims create a field of ever shifting Access O1 Access O1
boundaries. The outlines of these Ac 138th St. B-D : Sidewalks + Open Space Ac Public Institutions Pedshed
boundaries, these claims to ownership,

take various forms, which I break down
Survey O1 Survey O1
Su Survey +
Access
O2 Survey +
Occupy +
O3 Occupy +
Survey
O2
Su Survey +
Access
O2 Survey +
Occupy +
O3 Occupy +
Survey
O2
Access Access
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Ac A O* O Oc Ac A O* O Oc
into the following taxonomy: survey,
so rs so rs
Access + O2 Register + O3 Register + O2 Access + O2 Register + O3 Register + O2
Occupy Access + Occupy Occupy Access + Occupy
Occupy Occupy
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Re Re
registration, access, and occupation.
Surveying a territory, either through

seeing or moving through it, is arguably
the oldest and most basic form of
ownership, based on the concept that
to see is to know, and to know is to
own. Whether this is the feudal lord
or William Randolph Hearst, claiming for
themselves all that they can see from a
certain vantage point, Jane Jacobs’ “eyes
on the street”, or CCTV surveillance, Access O1 Access O1
seeing is a highly direct form of Ac 1/4 Mile Walk from Subway Ac Open Space Pedshed
exercising power over space. Survey O1 Survey O1
Su Survey +
Access
O2 Survey +
Occupy +
O3 Occupy +
Survey
O2
Su Survey +
Access
O2 Survey +
Occupy +
O3 Occupy +
Survey
O2
Access Access
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Ac A O* O Oc Ac A O* O Oc
Registering a description of a specific
so rs so rs
Access + O2 Register + O3 Register + O2 Access + O2 Register + O3 Register + O2
Occupy Access + Occupy Occupy Access + Occupy
Occupy Occupy
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Re Re
piece of land, whether through mapping

or legal description, is seen in western
society as the most legitimate way to
claim and retain ownership over time.
This domain of ownership can be described
through a literary form, including
stories and descriptions of space, or
can be highly codified legal language of
meets and bounds or deed restrictions.
It can also be described graphically, as
with legal lot maps, zoning maps, and the
Access O1 Access O1
Ac Subway Pedshed Ac Subway Pedshed

120
Christopher A. Roach ANALYSIS
Survey O1
Su Survey + O2 Survey + O3 Occupy + O2

Survey O1
Su
Access Occupy + Survey
Access
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Register Survey
Occupy
so
O2 Register +
Access +
O3 Register +
Occupy
rs
O2
Occupy
Ao R Ro ao
Survey +
Access
O2 Survey +
Occupy +
Access
O3 Occupy +
Survey
O2
Sa Soa Os
Register O1
Re
Access O1 Access + O3 Ownership O4 Occupy + O3 Occupy O1

Survey + Register +
Register Survey
Ac Aso O* Ors Oc
Access +
Occupy
O2 Register +
Access +
O3 Register +
Occupy
O2
Occupy
Ao Rao Ro Register O1
Re
Access O1
Ac Public Institutions + Open Space Composite Pedshed
Survey O1
Su Survey +
Access
O2 Survey +
Occupy +
O3 Occupy +
Survey
O2
Access
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Register Survey
Occupy
so
O2 Register +
Access +
O3 Register +
Occupy
rs
O2
Occupy
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Re
Access O1
Ac Subway + Public Institutions Composite Pedshed
Survey O1
Su Survey +
Access
O2 Survey +
Occupy +
O3 Occupy +
Survey
O2
Access
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Register Survey
Occupy
so
O2 Register +
Access +
O3 Register +
Occupy
rs
O2
Occupy
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O 1
Re
Access O1
Access
Ac
O1
Subway + Open Space Composite Pedshed Ac Subways + Public Institutions + Open Space Composite Pedshed
121
whole range of political and regulatory mapping implies claims to equity in the context of social
utilized in modern society. This way of claiming justice and the notion of the common good, and
ownership is paradoxically the most abstract, but at its most atomic level, describes the singular
within our sociopolitical context is deemed the experience of the individual.
most legitimate and precise.
Physical occupation of a space, whether by
Controlling access to a territory is another objects or people, is a fourth and final way
way of exerting control over space, a form of of exerting claims to ownership. The seeming
spatial practice that usually takes place at permanence and immovability of buildings and
real or perceived boundaries. However, access infrastructure are “facts on the ground” in
can also take on an active sense, whereby a an urban territory, and their legitimacy is
subject or subjects moving through a space can therefore rarely contested. But the presence of
physically describe a domain of ownership, which human bodies is an equally powerful assertion
is reinforced through repetition or volume. of ownership, and squatters, sit-ins, and
Consider the way that an infantry moves through occupations of the public square exhibit the
a battlefield, simultaneously erasing present ability of citizens to project power over an
boundaries and creating their own. In a civilian urban territory.
context, this could take the form of a protest
march, or its simulacrum, the parade. Access also
Mt. Hope Place : Street Corridor
Survey O1 Survey O1
Su Survey +
Access
O2 Survey +
Occupy +
O3 Occupy +
Survey
O2
Su Survey +
Access
O2 Survey +
Occupy +
O3 Occupy +
Survey
O2
Access Access
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Occupy
so
O2 Register +
Access +
O3 Register +
Occupy
rs
O2
Occupy
so
O2 Register +
Access +
O3 Register +
Occupy
rs
O2
Occupy Occupy
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Re Re
Mt. Hope Place : Sidewalks + Lot Lines
Register O1 Register + O2
Occupy
Re Tremont B-D Property Lines

Su
Survey O1
Ro Tremont B-D Pedestrian Access Area
Su
Survey O1
Survey + O2 Survey + O3 Occupy + O2 Survey + O2 Survey + O3 Occupy + O2

Access Occupy + Survey Access Occupy + Survey
Access Access
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Occupy
so
O2 Register +
Access +
O3 Register +
Occupy
rs
O2
Occupy
so
O2 Register +
Access +
O3 Register +
Occupy
rs
O2
Occupy Occupy
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Re Re
Mt. Hope Place : Built Form Tracing
Mt. Hope Place : Occupy + Register
Register O1 Register + O2
Occupy
Re Property Lines x Public Institutions + Open Space

Su
Survey O1
Ro Pedestrian Access x Ownership
Su
Survey O1
Survey + O2 Survey + O3 Occupy + O2 Survey + O2 Survey + O3 Occupy + O2

Access Occupy + Survey Access Occupy + Survey
Access Access
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Occupy
so
O2 Register +
Access +
O3 Register +
Occupy
rs
O2
Occupy
so
O2 Register +
Access +
O3 Register +
Occupy
rs
O2
Occupy Occupy
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Re Re
Mt. Hope Place : Ownership Intersections
Register O1 Register + O2 Register + O2

Occupy Occupy
Re Modified Property Lines Ro Pedestrian + Ownership Intersections Ro Tracing Register + Occupy : Mt. Hope Place
122
Survey O1
Christopher A. Roach ANALYSIS
Su
O1
Su Survey +
Access
O2 Survey +
Occupy +
O3 Occupy +
Survey
O2
terrain. These overlapping domains may operate
Access
O2
O3
O2 Sa S Os oa to reinforce one another, or they may describe a
space of conflict, where the nature of ownership
Survey + Register +
O1 O1 Register Survey
Ac O3 O4
O3
O3
Oc Ac A O* O Oc Access +
Occupy
so
O2 Register +
Access +
O3 Register +
Occupy
rs
O2
is contested or in flux. This overlapping of
O2 O2 domains continues on until, at the intersection
Occupy
O1 Ao R Ro ao
of all four circles, a fourth degree order of
Re
Register O1
Re ownership is described which begins to more

closely model the highly complex and constantly
The Venn diagram is a useful lens through fluctuating envelope of the urban public realm.
which these four dimensions of ownership can
be understood, illustrating through increasing The Venn diagram can be translated into a table
degrees of overlap, the space of their of elements, where each square represents a
intersection describes a highly complex territory model of a space of ownership prescribed by one
of ownership. If each of these single spheres or more spheres of influence. Each element
describes a single order of ownership, wherein corresponds to a zone in the Venn diagram, and is
a certain degree of public or private ownership given a degree (ox ) depending on the order of
of space is asserted, then the space where that domain. These elements then can provide a
two overlap represents a second order domain descriptive taxonomy of ownership spaces that can
of ownership that represents a more complex be applied to the mapping exercise.
Survey O1
Survey O1
Su
Su
Survey + O2 Survey + O3 Occupy + O2
Access
Sa S Os
Access O1 Access +
Survey +
O3 Ownership
oa
O4 Occupy +
Register +
O3 Occupy O1
Register Survey
Ac A O* O Oc so rs
Survey + O2 Survey + O3 Occupy + O2
Access + O2 Register + O3 Register + O2
Occupy Access + Occupy
Occupy
Ao R Ro
Access
Sa S Os
ao
Register O1
Re
oa
Survey + Register +
Register Survey
Occupy
so
O2 Register +
Access +
O 3 Register +
Occupy
rs
O2
Occupy
Ao R Ro Register
ao
O1
Re
Register + O3
Access +
Occupy
R ao Third-Order Ownership : Tremont B-D Subway Pedshed

123
RECOMBINANT URBANISM Size : Scale (domain+range) Pedestrian Scaling

Rescaling the Infrastructural
System of Open Spaces Site C Pedsheds
+ Pedestrian Domains
The project site is located at a key node
of the Bronx at northern terminus of the
Grand Concourse, where an accumulation
of utilitarian infrastructures includ-
ing the Concourse itself, the local road
network, the southern regional parkway
system, the Jerome Park Reservoir, and
the Mosholu Rail Yards are interspersed
with fragmentary enclaves such as the
campus of Lehman College and Paul Ru- City College System Areas of Low Intensity
doph’s Tracey Towers. These discrete and
large-scale fragments create a kind of
urban void, exacerbating the physical and
economic fragmentation and isolation of
the resident population, which is oth-
erwise well-served by a medium-grained
network of walkable city blocks defined
by low-to-midrise mixed use residential
buildings.
In order to rescale these fragments and

stitch them into the fabric of the city, Subway System Rail Yards Pedshed Terrain + Site Composite
the area of the void and its surround-
ing grain are mapped to a cartography of
walkability, indicating critical nodes
for focused intervention.
Aqueduct System Nodes of Potentiality
124
Christopher A. Roach PROPOSAL
Site Definition + Analysis Composite Site Analysis Diagram

Site Bounadry
Street Axial Vectors
Vector Composite
Vector Composite + Built Form
125
The block morphology of the existing fabric is Hybrid genotypes deployed at critical nodes
then indexed and deployed across the entire ter- within the new grid are transformed according to
rain of the void, where it is optimized into a the specific localized geometrical and functional
new pattern through a rational yet idiosyncratic conditions. The resulting phenotypes express
process of negation and composition. novel programmatic combinations and building
envelopes that are the expression of an urban-
In order to populate this fabric with programs op- ism optimized for generating pedestrian activ-
timized for pedestrian activity, existing building ity, though not necessarily pedestrian-scaled or
typologies are indexed according to each type’s “pedestrian-friendly” by standard conventions.
potential to generate pedestrian trips. These ty-
pologies are then hybridized to create the geno-
types of new mixed programs optimizing the volume
and diversity of pedestrian trips generated.
Grid Morphologies Morphological Expansions
m01 m02 m04 m02

Axial Modulation
m07
m12 negotiation of axes
m08 generated by Grand
Concourse
m06
irregular block size
m09 gradient from midrise resi-

M01
m01 dential mixed-use to lowrise
m10 commercial + industrial
m05
m02
m11
m04
m03
STREET GRID MORPHOLOGIES M01 M04

m05 m06 m07 m10
m04
Northern Extension
priveleges N-S mobility
occupies level terrian
E-W facing residential blocks
m02+ m04+ m06+ m10

compositional dispersal
within campus
m06
Topographical
Mediation
limited accessiblity
increased privacy
picturesque views
low-density residential
m10
Lateral Expansion
egalitarian accessibility +
pedestrial scale
equal division of land
priveleges E-W mobility
medium density low-to-mid-

rise residential + mixed
126
Programmatic Typology Hybrid Genotypes

t = trips
(pedestrian trips / day)
t ≥ 10 t ≥ 25 t ≥ 50 t ≥ 75 t ≥ 100 t ≥ 250 t ≥ 500 t ≥ 750 t ≥ 1000 t ≥ 2500 t ≥ 5000
t = trips
t ≥ 10 t ≥ 25 t ≥ 50 t ≥ 75 t ≥ 100 t ≥ 250 t ≥ 500 t ≥ 750 t ≥ 1000 t ≥ 2500 t ≥ 5000
d2.1
Rs1 tdu 10
Rs2 tdu 25
Rsb tdu 259
Rsm tdu 538
Rsc tdu 838
Rss tdu 1487
Rst tdu 3368
Residential
Rs1 Rs2 Rsb Rsm Rsc Rss Rst
t = 3368
tdu 10 tdu 25 tdu 259 tdu 538 tdu 838 tdu 1487 tdu 3368
single family detached two family rowhouse midrise senior housing midrise apartment midrise perimeter block highrise slab multifamily highrise tower multifamily
Ac tf 34
Ac tf 50
Ac tf 340
Ac tf 950
2 2 2 2
Academic
single story primary school collegiate courtyard multistory high school multistory middle school
Pu tf 164
Pu tf 252
Pu tf 547
Pu tf 917
2 2 2 2
Residential
Cultural
Public /
basilica plan church performance hall religious community center community center
Pu tf 392
Pu tf 1456
Pu tf 4784
2 2 2
botannical conservatory hospital recreation sports center
Cr tf 250
Cr tf 508
Cr tf 2045
2 2 2
Commercial/
Retail
detached retail strip retail supermarket
Cr tf 99
Cr tf 113
Cr tf 2168
2 2 2
franchise retail big box retail shopping center
Si tf 22
Si tf 31
Si tf 58
Si tf 607
2 2 2 2
Industrial
Service /
Light
clear span warehouse utility equipment / office general light industrial gas service station
Mo tf 410
Mo tf 2539
Mo tr 4712
Mo tr 6780
2 2
Mobility
parking garage parking garage podium elevated metro station subway station
Of tf 479
Of tf 2224
Of tf 7046
2 2 2
Public Open Office

lowrise office midrise office highrise office
Po tu 11
Po tf 29
Po tf 55
Po tf 163
Po tf 1067
2 2 2 2
Space
community garden elevated plaza linear park plaza sports park
St tf 000
St tf 000
St tf 000
St tf 000
2 2 2 2
Streets*
alley residential street commercial street boulevard
tdu = rate x # of dwelling units * streets not rated: shown for illustration only
tf = rate x GFA (sq. ft.) / 1000
2
tr = daily ridership
tu = rate x # of units (plots)
Ac tf 34
Ac tf 50
Ac tf 340
Ac tf 950
2 2 2 2
Academic
Pu tf 164
Pu tf 252
Pu tf 547
Pu tf 917
2 2 2 2
Cultural
Public /
Pu tf 392
Pu tf 1456
Pu tf 4784
2 2 2
Rs +Ac+Pu+Cr+Si
s
t = trips
t ≥ 10 t ≥ 25 t ≥ 50 t ≥ 75 t ≥ 100 t ≥ 250 t ≥ 500 t ≥ 750 t ≥ 1000 t ≥ 2500 t ≥ 5000
o1.2
Rs1 tdu 10
Rs2 tdu 25
Rsb tdu 259
Rsm tdu 538
Rsc tdu 838
Rss tdu 1487
Rst tdu 3368
Residential
t = 8078
Ac tf 34
Ac tf 50
Ac tf 340
Ac tf 950
2 2 2 2
Academic
Pu tf 164
Pu tf 252
Pu tf 547
Pu tf 917
2 2 2 2
Cultural
Public /
Pu tf 392
Pu tf 1456
Pu tf 4784
2 2 2
Cr tf 250
Cr tf 508
Cr tf 2045
2 2 2
Commercial/
Cr tf 250
Cr tf 508
Cr tf 2045
2 2 2
Commercial/
Retail
Cr tf 99
Cr tf 113
Cr tf 2168
2 2 2
Si tf 22
Si tf 31
Si tf 58
Si tf 607
2 2 2 2
Industrial
Service /
Light
Mo tf 410
Mo tf 2539
Mo tr 4712
Mo tr 6780
2 2
Mobility
Of tf 479
Of tf 2224
Of tf 7046
2 2 2
Public Open Office

Po tu 11
Po tf 29
Po tf 55
Po tf 163
Po tf 1067
2 2 2 2
Retail
Space
St tf 000
St tf 000
St tf 000
St tf 000
2 2 2 2
Streets*
2
Cr tf 99
Cr tf 113
Cr tf 2168
2 2 2
Si tf 22
Si tf 31
Si tf 58
Si tf 607
2 2 2 2
Industrial
Service /
Light
Mo tf 410
Mo tf 2539
Mo tr 4712
Mo tr 6780
Rs +Ac+Pu+Cr+Si
s
2 2
Mobility
t = trips
t ≥ 10 t ≥ 25 t ≥ 50 t ≥ 75 t ≥ 100 t ≥ 250 t ≥ 500 t ≥ 750 t ≥ 1000 t ≥ 2500 t ≥ 5000
o1.6
Rs1 tdu 10
Rs2 tdu 25
Rsb tdu 259
Rsm tdu 538
Rsc tdu 838
Rss tdu 1487
Rst tdu 3368
Residential
t = 8798
Ac tf 34
Ac tf 50
Ac tf 340
Ac tf 950
2 2 2 2
Academic
Pu tf 164
Pu tf 252
Pu tf 547
Pu tf 917
2 2 2 2
Cultural
Public /
Pu tf 392
Pu tf 1456
Pu tf 4784
2 2 2
Cr tf 250
Cr tf 508
Cr tf 2045
2 2 2
Commercial/
Retail
Cr tf 99
Cr tf 113
Cr tf 2168
2 2 2
Of tf 479
Of tf 2224
Of tf 7046
Si tf 22
Si tf 31
Si tf 58
Si tf 607
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
Industrial
Service /
Light
Mo tf 410
Mo tf 2539
Mo tr 4712
Mo tr 6780
2 2
Mobility
Of tf 479
Of tf 2224
Of tf 7046
2 2 2
Public Open Office
Po tu 11
Po tf 29
Po tf 55
Po tf 163
Po tf 1067
2 2 2 2
Space
St tf 000
St tf 000
St tf 000
St tf 000
2 2 2 2
Streets*
2
Public Open Office
Po tu 11
Po tf 29
Po tf 55
Po tf 163
Po tf 1067
2 2 2 2
Space
St tf 000
St tf 000
St tf 000
St tf 000
2 2 2 2
Streets*
alley residential street commercial street boulevard Rs +Ac+Of+Mo+Po

s
2
t = trips
t ≥ 10 t ≥ 25 t ≥ 50 t ≥ 75 t ≥ 100 t ≥ 250 t ≥ 500 t ≥ 750 t ≥ 1000 t ≥ 2500 t ≥ 5000
o1.1
Rs1 tdu 10
Rs2 tdu 25
Rsb tdu 259
Rsm tdu 538
Rsc tdu 838
Rss tdu 1487
Rst tdu 3368
Residential
t = 9898
Ac tf 34
Ac tf 50
Ac tf 340
Ac tf 950
2 2 2 2
Academic
Pu tf 164
Pu tf 252
Pu tf 547
Pu tf 917
2 2 2 2
Cultural
Public /
Pu tf 392
Pu tf 1456
Pu tf 4784
2 2 2
Typological Hybridization
Cr tf 250
Cr tf 508
Cr tf 2045
2 2 2
Commercial/
Retail
Cr tf 99
Cr tf 113
Cr tf 2168
2 2 2
Si tf 22
Si tf 31
Si tf 58
Si tf 607
2 2 2 2
Industrial
Service /
Light
Mo tf 410
Mo tf 2539
Mo tr 4712
Mo tr 6780
2 2
Mobility
Of tf 479
Of tf 2224
Of tf 7046
2 2 2
Public Open Office
Po tu 11
Po tf 29
Po tf 55
Po tf 163
Po tf 1067
2 2 2 2
t ≥ 250 t ≥ 500 t ≥ 750 t ≥ 1000 t ≥ 2500 t ≥ 5000 optimization diagonals diagonals knight - one pass thru
Space
St tf 000
St tf 000
St tf 000
St tf 000
2 2 2 2
Streets*
t = 4337
Rs1 tdu 10
Pu Pu Mo tf 2539
Of tf 479
St tf 000
t = 9898 t = 2986 t = 12882 tf 917 tf 392

Rsm Rsc Rss Rst Cr Mo Pu Of Pu Ac Rss Cr Si Of Mo Cr Pu Pu
2 2 2 tf = rate x GFA (sq. ft.) / 1000
tdu 259 tdu 538 tdu 838 tdu 1487 tdu 3368 tf 2045 tr 4712 tf 2224 tf 950 tdu 1487 tf 99 tf 58 tf 7046 tr 4712 tf 508
2 2
2
tf 917 tf 392 tf 392 tf 164

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 tu = rate x # of units (plots)
housing midrise apartment midrise perimeter block highrise slab multifamily highrise tower multifamily supermarket elevated metro station community center midrise office botannical conservatory multistory middle school single family detached community center botannical conservatory parking garage podium lowrise office residential street
highrise slab multifamily franchise retail general light industrial highrise office elevated metro station strip retail botannical conservatory basilica plan church
tf 340
Ac tf 950
2 2
t = 8078 t = 4388 t = 5414 t = 4945

Ac tf 50
Mo tf 410
Rsc tdu 838
Mo tr 6780
Pu tf 547
Pu tf 1456
Cr tf 2045
Ac tf 340
Of tf 2224
Mo tf 2539
Si tf 607
Ac tf 34
Rs1 tdu 10
Rs2 tdu 25
Si tf 45
Mo tr 4712
Po tf 163
St tf 000
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
h school multistory middle school
tf 252
Pu tf 547
Pu tf 917
2 2 2
collegiate courtyard parking garage midrise perimeter block subway station religious community center hospital supermarket multistory high school midrise office parking garage podium gas service station single story primary school single family detached two family rowhouse clear span warehouse elevated metro station plaza boulevard
all religious community center community center
t = 9458 t = 3533 t = 538

tf 392
Pu tf 1456
Pu tf 4784
Po tu 9
Ac tf 50
Pu tf 164
Mo tf 410
Cr tf 2045
Mo tr 6780
Pu tf 547
Ac tf 950
Rss tdu 1487
Pu tf 392
Cr tf 99
Si tf 58 t = 3220 Of tf 479
Mo tf 410
Cr tf 2168
Po tf 163
St tf 000
Rsm tdu 538
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
servatory hospital recreation sports center community garden collegiate courtyard basilica plan church parking garage supermarket subway station religious community center multistory middle school highrise slab multifamily botannical conservatory franchise retail general light industrial lowrise office parking garage shopping center plaza boulevard midrise apartment
tf 250
Cr tf 508
Cr tf 2045
2 2 2
t = 3962
t = 6070
Si Cr Rsb Pu Pu t = 4657
Pu Rst Cr Cr Po Pu Cr Si St Rsc tdu 838
Ac tf 340
Cr tf 2168
Si tf 607
Po tu 9
2 2 2
tf 312
tf 99
2
tdu 239 tf 917
2
tf 4784
2
tf 917
2
tdu 3368 tf 250 2
tf 113
2
tu 9 t = 7436 tf 4784
2
tf 2045
2
tf 607
2
tf 000
2
strip retail supermarket
Cr tf 2168
2
midrise perimeter block multistory high school shopping center gas service station community garden
utility equipment / office franchise retail midrise senior housing community center recreation sports center community center highrise tower multifamily detached retail big box retail community garden recreation sports center supermarket gas service station commercial street
shopping center
t = 1670
Si t = 12832
Of Ac Pu Po Pu t = 1087
Pu Ac Rs Si Pu Ac Rs Rs s tdu 1487
Pu tf 164
Po tf 19 2
tf 607 tf 7046 tf 50 tf 4784 tf 35 tf 340 tdu 538 tf 45 tf 4784 tf 950 tdu 538
2
2 2 2 2 2
tf 917
2
tf 164
2 2
m 2
t = 6272
2 2
m
tf 410
2
gas service station
Mo tf 2539
2
Mo tr 4712
Mo tr 6780
highrise office collegiate courtyard recreation sports center linear park community center basilica plan church multistory high school midrise apartment clear span warehouse recreation sports center multistory middle school midrise apartment highrise slab multifamily basilica plan church elevated plaza
Of+Cr+Pu+Mo
t = 7272
t = 8798
Rss Ac Of Po Mo t = 5088
Ac Rs2 Cr Mo Of Pu Pu Rsb Rst tdu 3368
Ac tf 950
Pu tf 252
Mo tf 2539
Po tf 163
St tf 000
2 2 2 2 2
tdu 1487 tf 340

2
tf 2224
2
tf 35
2
tr 4712 tf 50
2
tdu 25 tf 250 2
tf 2539
2
tf 2224
2
t = 2612 tf 1456
2
tf 917
2
tdu 239
e parking garage podium elevated metro station subway station
tf 479
Of tf 2224
Of tf 7046
2 2 2
highrise slab multifamily hospital highrise tower multifamily multistory middle school performance hall parking garage podium boulevard
multistory high school midrise office linear park elevated metro station collegiate courtyard two family rowhouse detached retail parking garage podium midrise office community center midrise senior housing
midrise office highrise office

t = 3561
tf 163
Po tf 1067 t = 3241
Po tf 35
Mo tf 410
Rss tdu 1487
Pu tf 392
Pu tf 917 t = 10267
Mo tr 6780
Cr tf 2168
Pu tf 252
Po tf 1067
Pu tf 1456
Po tf 35
St tf 000
Rs1 tdu 10
St tf 000
Mo tf 410
Of tf 2224
Pu tf 917
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
t = 1489
sports park linear park parking garage highrise slab multifamily botannical conservatory community center subway station shopping center performance hall sports park hospital linear park residential street single family detached residential street parking garage midrise office community center
t = 7633
Po tf 35
Mo tf 410
Rss tdu 1487
Pu tf 4784
Pu tf 917 t = 1983 Pu tf 1456
Cr tf 508
Po tf 19
St tf 000 t = 1708 Pu tf 1456
Pu tf 252
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
linear park parking garage highrise slab multifamily recreation sports center community center hospital strip retail elevated plaza alley hospital performance hall
127
Grid Composition
m02 m04 m06 m10
Hybrid Placement + Transformation Hybrid Phenotypes

k1.8 d2.1 d2.4
k1.8* d2.1* d2.4*

t = 9288 t = 3368 t = 4657
Hybrids + Nodes k1.7 k1.4 d1.6

t = 9288 t = 3368 t = 4657
d1.1
d2.4 o1.2
Rs +Pu+Pu+Cr+Po
s
Rs +Ac+Pu+Cr+Si
s
Rs +Pu+Cr+Cr+Po
t
o1.6
d2.1
?
o1.1
k1.8
o1.5
?
Rs +Pu+Pu+Cr+Po
s
Rs +Ac+Pu+Cr+Si
s
Rs +Pu+Cr+Cr+Po
t
Hybrids + New Grids
k1.7* k1.4* d1.6*

k1.7 t = 3561
k1.4 t = 3962
d1.6 t = 2612
t = 3561 t = 3962 t = 2612
Rs +St+Mo+Of+Pu
1
Rs +Ac+Cr+Si+Po
c
Rs +Pu+Pu
b
? ? ?
Rs +St+Mo+Of+Pu
1
Rs +Ac+Cr+Si+Po
c
Rs +Pu+Pu
b
Hybrids + New Fabric
o1.5*
o1.5
o1.1*+ o1.6*
t = 12832
t = 12832 o1.1
t = 18696
t = 9898
Of+Ac+Pu+Pu+Po
Of+Cr+Pu+Mo
o1.6 t = 8798
?
Rs +Ac+Of+Mo+Po
s
Transformation of Hybrids Of+Ac+Pu+Pu+Po Rs +Ac+Pu+Cr+Of+Mo+Po

s
o1.2* d1.1*
o1.2 t = 8078
d1.1 t = 12882
t = 8078 t = 12882
?
Rs +Ac+Pu+Cr+Si
s
Of+Mo+Cr+Pu+Pu
? ?
Hybrid Phenotypes in Site

Rs +Ac+Pu+Cr+Si
s
Of+Mo+Cr+Pu+Pu
Up = sp+mp+pp / t
where : sp = site ( p = in reference to the pedestrian)
mp = mobility
pp = program
t = time
128
Development Phase I
o1.1*
d2.1*
o1.6*
o1.2*
129
Constantine Bouras
BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX ZOO
BRONX MUSEUM OF THE ARTS

YANKEE STADIUM
urban catalysts [analysis]
range of landmarks within the tristate [ny_nj_co]
the grand concourse revisited_

YS
a larger scale approach
to bronx through a set of nw ne
landmarks, as vehicular
mobility indexes
w
MA s
BZ
map overlapping showing arrival at

BG bronx from NorthEast, Northwest,
West and South to the 4 landmarks
132
Constantine Bouras ANALYSIS
40’’51’44.42’’n
73’’52’34.54’’w
40’’51’03.84’’n
73’’52’36.80’’w
40’’49’45.56’’n
40’’49’49.26’’n 73’’55’35.22’’w
73’’55’12.70’’w
YS MA BZ BG
traffic volume // frequency diagram
J F M A M J J A S O N D
YS
MA
BZ
BG
133
THE
FABRIC
WITHIN
THE
FABRIC
TRAFFIC FLOCKS
VEHICULAR TRAFFIC THAT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO FLOCK
Yankee Stadium
Museum of Arts
Bronx Zoo
Botanical Garden
vehicular behavior surrounding fabric collaborating fabric

ENTRANCES TO PLACES
PARKING LOTS
134
Constantine Bouras ANALYSIS
arteries map axial map permeability map

[inweaved configurations of [depiction of the longest lines [potential vehicular behavior pattern
major road arteriers around of access through open space] in future engagement of the grand
the areas of focus] concourse in the road network]
croton aquaduct system
open spaces of bronx
network of city colleges within nyc
network of rail yards within nyc
135
urban matters [final project]

reclaiming infrastructure
136
Constantine Bouras PROPOSAL
the city, densified along the grand concourse, is being diffused mildly towards the reservoir, while
at the same time the landscape is being diffused towards the city through the plaza and the hard-
scape promenade. three distinct zones, the mixed used zone, the education zone and the softscape
zone, interweave with each other to create a new condition of urbanity for this area of the bronx.
masterplan
ute
bike ro
ail
tr
g
kin
l
wa
residential
dock
s
rse
cou
con
nd
vegetation
gra
train
station
garage
commercial+offices
education
137
open spaces
_singular entities
_network
_mediator
green spaces
_singular entities
_network
_mediator
cityscapes
_inside looking out
_outside looking in
138
139
strips
laminated edge
open space
solid
spacial urbanity
mixed uses
plane
permeable space
education
140
imagine a new city here
[view towards the tracey towers and the new skyline from the south bank of the reservoir]
the green spaces constitute singular entities and at the same time belong to a broader
network_more important is the fact that they act as mediators between the reservoir
and the grand concourse, thus extending the city to the waterfront and bringing the
open space to the city
141
Alpa Nawre
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
280
240
CHANGING AXES: 200
160
Re-thinking Space 120
80
40
The project looks at the site through

0
the two-dimensional plane of sections

-40
and builds a model for mapping informa-

-80
Perception
tion on these surfaces. It is a different
280
way of looking at, mapping and designing
240
the site in a series of vertical planes
so that the space between the sections
200
becomes expandable or collapsible.

160
120
Information about the site is mapped in

80
four categories: perception, program,

40
ecology and history. Perception notes

0
information about perspective and views,

-40
Program
drop in land in relation to the datum
-80
280
of the Grand Concourse and underpasses 240
at the intersections. Program notes the 200
land-uses, metro exit/ entry points and 160
bus-stops. Ecology looks at the soil 120
characteristics and history maps the cut 80
and fill based on earlier topographic 40
maps. 0
-40
For the purpose of this exercise, the -80 Ecology

sections are taken along major roads 280
intersecting the grand Concourse. Al- 240
ternatively, a typology can be set up 200
depicting various conditions. Combining 160
information on one section from the dif- 120
ferent categories gives the conditions 80
and their interactions in one plane. 40
Combining information in one category 0
through the different sections sums the -40
site. -80
History
01 + 02 +03 + 04 + 05 + 06 + 07 + 08 + 09 + 10 + 11 + 12
144
Alpa Nawre ANALYSIS
280
240
200
160
120
80
40
-40
-80
280
240
MM MM M 200
MM MM 160
120
M M
80
M M
40
-40
-80
280
240
200
160
120
80
40
-40
-80
280
240
200
160
120
80
40
-40
-80
145
200
160
120
80
Elements 2009 : The Bronx’s Grand Concourse 40
-40
07
-80
I - 95, Cross-Bronx Expressway
200 200
160 M M 160
120 120
80 80
40 40
0 0
066
-40 -40
-80 -80
170th E. Street
240 240
200 200
160 M M 160
120 120
80 80
40 40
0 0
055
-40 -40
-80 -80
167th E. Street
200
160
120
80
40
-40
4 -80
165th E. Street
240 240
200 200
160 160
120 120
80 80
40 40
0 0
-40 -40
-80 -80
3 161st E. Street
320 320
280 280
240 240
200 200
160 160
120 120
M M
80 80
40 40
0 0
2
-40 -40
-80 -80
149th E. Street
160 120
80 80
M M
40 40
0 0
-40 -40
-80 -80
138th E. Street
Perception + Program + Ecology + History
146
Alpa Nawre ANALYSIS
280
240
200
160
120
80
40
12 -40
0
-80
E. Mosholu Parkway S
240
200
M M
160
120
80
40
11 0
-40
-80
200th E. Street
280 280
240 240
200
M 200
160 160
120 120
80 80
10 40
0
40
-40 -40
-80 -80
194th E. Street
240 240
200 200
M M
160 160
120 120
80 80
40 40
9
0 0
-40 -40
-80 -80
183rd E. Street
200 200
160 M M 160
120 120
80 80
40 40
0 0
088
-40 -40
-80 -80
Tremont Ave.
240
200
160
120
80
40
-40
07
7
-80
I - 95, Cross-Bronx Expressway
200 200
160 M M 160
120 120
80 80
40 40
0 0
06
-40 -40
-80 -80
170th E. Street
240 147
240
200 200
160 M M 160
120 120
Program Flows Material
Healing Forgotten Wounds:

the Cross-Bronx Expressway
Between 1957 and 1968, construction of

federal highways undertaken in America
left about 330,000 urban housing units
and countless communities destroyed in
its wake. Many interstates, like the
I-95, in urban areas were often de-
pressed, leaving long gaping cuts. Heal-
ing forgotten wounds: the Cross-Bronx
Expressway addresses this infrastructural
negative space in Bronx, NY and reclaims
it to develop a productive linear land-
scape park over the Interstate that once
again sparks a dialogue between the two
sides of the highway cut. This project
explores the versatility of landscape
to shape a surface and an urbanism that
heals, connects, revitalizes, and is si-
multaneously productive and fun!
To develop this surface, the project

zooms in to a section of I-95 between the
Martin Luther King Blvd. and Macomb’s
Road, though the design can be set up
to work as a model for the entire In-
terstate. To implement the vision, the Manhattan
Bronx
project addresses programs through flows
and materials. Interstate-95
Program: Agricultural terraces + Univer-

sity, Recreation, Residential and Com-
mercial.
Flows: People and Water
Material: Earth and Architecture
148
Alpa Nawre PROPOSAL
I-95
Terrace Agriculture
Garden Terrace
Existing Commercial Public Parking Residential Existing
Buildings Buildings
Existing City
fabric
1400 ft.
Residential Residential
Agriculture
d
Agriculture
Roa
Blvd er
King in Luth
b’s
.
com
Residential
t
Mar
Ma
Recreation
Recreation Commercial
University
Commercial
University
Commercial
Existing City
fabric
149
Full Sun
Light Shade
Medium Shade
Full Sun
Light Shade
Medium Shade
150
Alpa Nawre PROPOSAL
151
152
Ice - skating
Jan
Snowballing
Feb
Winter
Ice - carving
Mar
Spring Planting Festival
Apr
Spring
Films at Dusk
Memorial Day Concert
May
Farmer’s Markets
Hip-Hop Festival
Jun
Latin Jazz Festival
Summer
Independence Day Concert
Jul
Rock-Climbing
Aug
Caribbean Bronx Festival
Bronx Arts Festival
Sep
Fall
Fall Harvest Festival
Culinary Competition
Oct
Bronx Ethnic Day

Nov
Winter
Winter Harvest Festival

Dec
Alpa Nawre PROPOSAL
01am 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 pm
Restaurants/
Retail
Agriculture
Office/ Public
Housing
University
Recreation/
Festivals
153
Mark Elliott Upton
poverty map of US
30-56.9%
below poverty line
Cross Bronx Expressway us census 2000
Livability and Infrastructure effects of cross bronx on socio-economic conditions along:
5-19.9% 20-29.9%
The Grand Concourse stretches across
the Bronx, connecting Manhattan (to the
South) to Van Cortlandt Park (to the
north). The Cross Bronx Expressway bi-
sects the Grand Concourse at approximate-
ly the Grand Concourse’s center point.
The Cross-Bronx Expressway will be the
focus of this analysis and proposal.
In the 2000 US Census, the Bronx was
one of the more impoverished areas in the
US with 30-56.9% of the population at or
below the poverty line. Along the Cross-
Bronx Expressway corridor, a concentra-
tion of impoverished areas are shown in
the diagram to the right, which indicate
the reduced land value adjacent to the
Cross-Bronx, as it is one of the less
desirable areas to live in the Bronx.
The Bronx is also contending with a lack
of affordable housing with an increase
in the homeless population. The lack of
affordable housing arose from the build-
ing boom earlier in the decade. Today,
the Bronx has not recovered the afford-
able housing stock pecentage it once held history of cross-bronx construction phasing
prior to the boom.
1948-1955 1953-1959
The Cross Bronx Expressway, a vi-
sion of Robert Moses in 1945, provided
an east/west connection from New Jersey
to I-95 a major north/south highway that
connects Queens to the south and Con-
necticut to the north.
section 1-2 section 3

156
Mark Elliott Upton ANALYSIS
% income to housing cost nyc metro physical characteristics
60-100%
income to housing cost
a_1
a_2
a_3
nodal
60-100%
40-60%
25-40%
10-25%
us census 2000
node a_3 and segment b_3 (please see below for node and segment designation)
30-39.9% 40-100%
city fabric with phasing
topography - east/west cut
the cross-bronx corridor_concept diagram

1959-1963
completion of links and bridges proposed phasing

157
procedure_node a_3
site aerial
major deegan expressway sedgewick avenue undercliff avenue
harlem river major deegan expressway
node a_3 node a_3 site analysis

Livability and Infrastructure region
When constructed, it cut through dense

urban fabric and is arguably the cause
for creating inequitable outcomes adja- river neighborhood (a) neig
cent its route.

The project was constructed in three
distinct phases, which included section
1-2, section 3 and finally the con-
struction of bridges at each end of the
expressway. This historical analysis of +0-+35 +35-+70 +70-
the Cross-Bronx expressway provides a
phasing approach to design, which will be
used to facilitate a redefinition of the
Cross-Bronx, and those it serves.
This project will focus on node a_3 as parks network
parks
shown in the prposed phasing diagram on
the previous page. This project is to
provide services and housing that would
borough
address the lack of affordable housing river neighborhood (a) neig
and space for new jobs. The project will

also connect to regional infrastructure
for those seeking jobs outside the Bronx,
reducing the need for extraneous commut-
ing. The intention of this project is
to provide an equitable solution to an +0-+35 +35-+70 +70-
inequitable living environment created by transportation and utility

multi-family buildings
an aging infrastructure.
vacant land
one-two family buildings
industrial and manufacturing
parking facilities
node a_3 does come with physical land use public facilities and institutions
open space and outdoor recreation
mixed use residential and commercial
region to Poughkeepsie, amtrac regional hub
complexity as the area changes in eleva-

tion approximately 140’. This project
line
will address the change in elevation

on
huds
while considering park links, land use

as it relates to its physical elevation
and mobility. Each of these issues are
river neighborhood (a) neig
addressed through the procedure to the
right.
grand central station

+0-+35 +35-+70 +70-
mobility
158
Mark Elliott Upton ANALYSIS
elevational cuts @ node a_3 major deegan expressway

3d diagram of procedural layers
exposing land use by layer +0-+35
sedgewick avenue
+35-+70
undercliff avenue
+70-+105
city
edward l. grant expressway
+105-+140
neighborhood
(b)
neighborhood
(a)
+0-+140
river
river neighborhood (a) neighborhood (b) city
+0-+35 +35-+70 +70-+105 +105-+140
node a_3 compilation and concept
ghborhood (b) city
-+105 +105-+140 +0-+140
ghborhood (b) city
-+105 +105-+140 +0-+140
ghborhood (b) city
-+105 +105-+140 +0-+140
159
node a_3 phasing
phasing
phase I phase II phase III
+0-+35 +35-+70 +70-+105 +105-+140
Cross-Bronx Expressway
node a_3 node a_3 concept diagram
Livability and Infrastructure
Project phasing also occurs along proposed link to parkway
these vertically zoned areas within node higher density along

river to provide
a_3. Each extension of the city toward economic stimulus to
waterfront
the waterfront provides living condi- potential built areas
based on low density and
tions that address the complexity of city null and open land use
large scale land use
services and use that each level create. diagram
concentration areas
For example, the river level addresses
the river and its connection to the city
through a series of parks connections,
the neighborhood levels are to provide
services within the local environment,
and the city level provides services
and housing to the larger city context.
Phasing for these extensions will be car- higher density residential
storm water remediation

ried out in order of the lowest to high- (large development plan)
parks link to high bridge
est elevation. regional bus stop for
regional business use
Park links are provided that connect
node a_3 phasing massing
the bronx to the waterfront, and across
to harlem. This is done through utiliz-
ing existing infrastructure as well as
reclaiming null or unused land that is
accompanying the rail line adjacent to high bridge
the harlem river. high bridge park
Phase I_study area will be shown in proposed parks link
more detail to establish some means for

roberto clemente state park
livability within node a_3 identifying (recreation center)
connections to transit infrastructure and

developing spaces for affordable housing
and jobs. The project will also address
pedestrian links to the waterfront by parks_concept massing
briding over the Major Deegan Expressway.
Park links will use this bridging in or-
der to provide connections to existing
phase III
phase I
phase II
built_concept massing
160
Mark Elliott Upton PROPOSAL
type study
urban edge_phasing diagram
roberto clemente park
proposed pedestrian
link from roberto clemente park
to harlem
proposed city and river edge
proposed pedestrian impovement
along edward l. grat highway
landscape improvement along
proposed city and river edge
+0-+140
regional mass transit link
(hudson line)
high bridge
(existing pedestrian link to
high bridge park)
phase I_morph phase II_morph phase III_morph
node a_3 urban edge_site plan node a_3 urban edge_parks/phasing
infrastructure
roberto clemente state park

(recreation center)
pedestrian links to boulevard

phase II deck over major deegan expwy for
event area
park intervention, phase II transit connection (bus and regional
(tree path) train)
loop road extension to connect to
sedgewick avenue
pedestrian connection to
programming
edward l. grant highway
phase I_study area
regional connection to hudson

line
washington bridge
waterfront trails @ bridge
locations
storm water catchment basin restoration areas, restaurant,
for remediation walking/biking trails, arts
spaces, and exhibit areas
park system continued @ train adaptive management

network
george washington bridge
phase III
adaptation
high bridge park
high bridge
+0-+140
roberto clemente park and high

bridge park
water run-off remediation for the c.b.
trail modification between exist.
parks in non-infrastructural areas for
flexibility
easy adaptation
161
phase I_node a_3
axonometric perspectives
community center
view toward northwest
phase I_node a_3 phase I_massing

existing parking structure
neighborhood plaza
undercliff ave
river plaza
proposed parks link

to bronx
bronx river terrace
sedgewick avenue
river park (proposed)

on-ramp to major deegan
on-ramp to major deegan
major deegan expressway
regional train line
river park (proposed)
162
PROPOSAL
residential tower
residential bar
bridge over major deegan
city site entry
view toward northeast
phase I_node a_3_system phase I_node a_3_use diagram

residential community commercial transit service
tower b
residential towers tower a

_22 stories_132 units
tower b
_26 stories_156 units
tower a
total units @ 288
25% affordable units @ 72
cores to parking and public space _typical tower level

levels
towers
core to public space
mid level units

_3-5 stories_156 units
community facility
_5000 sf
_low rise residential
residential bars
core to mass transit

lower residential bars
residential entry
community facilities (community

community facility
services)
_4000 sf
mid level units
_3-5 stories_156 units
professional offices commercial
_3 stories_120000 sf
neighborhood retail _mixed use
community and commercial
parks / city link (plaza)
community facility
regional tain platform and bus _2000 sf
stop (hudson line) entry to residential
_6000 sf
commercial
_75000 sf
neighborhood retail
mass transit and public space _community_commercial
sedgewick avenue (neighborhood

auto connection)
parking structures
parking structure 1
750 parking spaces
major deegan expressway (regional parking structure 2

auto connection) 250 parking spaces
rail line (regional connection mass transit link

with link to manhattan)
_service_transit
service/parking
163
phase I_node a_3 proposed project perspectives
river to city
river
phase I_node a_3 city links to river_sections

parks through a series of parks infra-
structure, program, and brownfield adap-
tation. city
connect
Phase I_study area provides a platform
for establishing community and tran-
sit services within one facility. This harlem river rail maj. sedgewick ave.
example of ‘multiplied grounds’ intends section_a
deegan
to bolster jobs through the creation of

commercial needs at different scales and
provide accessibility to transporta-
tion, connecting those in need of work to plazas city
connect
a larger/regional context. Affordable

housing is also a part of this project,
which must maintain a certain percentage section_b
harlem river rail maj.
deegan
sedgewick ave.
of required affordable housing to al-

low the air-rights over the Major Deegan
and the rail line with assistance from
the city in re-shaping the waterfront by plazas
city
minimizing the rail infrastructure in connect
place.
This project addresses the inequitable harlem river rail maj. sedgewick ave.
deegan
outcome from the implementation of an in- section_c
frastructure that meant to serve a larger
public. Today, these projects must both
serve the larger context, while address-
ing the needs of local communities. The
use of ‘multiplied grounds’ provides the
means necessary to establish the connec-
tion between the community to larger/re-
gional contexts, providing more equitable
urban spaces.
164
PROPOSAL
plaza city
perspective from city city to river
city
plaza
river
165
Andrea Pavia
October 9, 2009
Goals
This line of inquiry investigates the relationship between the
mobility
October 9, of the larger ethnic groups that have been populating
2009
the Borough in the last century, and the physical character of the
Borough neighborhoods.
Method of Work
The investigation occurs in four phases:
01-Constructing the Generative Matrix

Mapping Ethnic Territories The first phase of the investigation generates a matrix diagram to
in the Bronx Borough illustrate the relationship between the location and the density of
the different racial-ethnic groups within the Bronx Borough in the
last 100 years.
- The matrix is constructed using data from the US Census Bu-

One of the most distinct characteristic
of the Bronx Borough through its history reau and The Bronx Data Center at Lehman College.
has been the multi-ethnic composition of - Four major groups are identified for the analysis.
its population. - The definition of racial-ethnic groups refers to the US Census
Bureau definition from the year 2000.
Different groups have been moving in and
out of the area leaving their diverse so- - The unit used for the density analysis is the urban block with 10
cial imprinting, and participating in the or more inhabitants.
shaping of the “DNA” of the Borough. - If 51% or more of the inhabitants of the single block belong to
at the present time this process is still
the same group, the block is assigned to that group.
underway.
This line of inquiry investigates the re-

lationship between movements, locations,
and densities of these ethnic groups,
and speculate on their relation with the
contemporary physical attributes of the
Borough.
00-Defining The Physical Limits Of The Investigation:
The Bronx Borough Built Form Evolution 1776-2008
ANDREA PAVIA - 1/8 pages

168
Andrea Pavia ANALYSIS
02-Discovering New Territories - At the neighborhood scale by identifying key study areas for
Based on the finding from the matrix diagram the investigation each of the territories, and investigating their physical attributes
leads to the production of two maps for each group showing: and their use by the inhabitants. In particularly looking at:
A) Building typologies, maintenance and reuse;
Cores: areas occupied by the same group for 3 generations B) Use of public realm, open spaces;
or more; Peripheries: areas occupied by the same group for 1 c) Social event;
generation or less. D) Memories (street names, demolitions, special events).
The resulting combination of all the Cores maps generates a 04-Evaluating New Territories
new map called: Map of the Stable Territories; By comparing the findings from the exploration the research
The resulting of all the Peripheries maps generates a new map will seek to answer main issues such as: What is the relation
called: Map of the Unstable Territories. between the social-cultural mix and the built environment? Is
the social mix a pre-condition to better living conditions, or an
03-Exploring New Territories impediment to these? Does ethnic and social segregation signifi-
Those maps identify two new landscapes within the urban envi- cantly affect the built environment, or is it the result of it?
ronment. The last part of the exercise seeks to investigate their
qualities and characteristics by collecting material evidence at
two scales:
- At the large scale by confronting those new territories with

relevant Borough indicators:
A) Economic (real estate value map);
B) Mobility (public transportation map);
C) Identity (tourist map);
D) Safety (criminality index map).
169
> The matrix has been constructed for the most part using data from the US Census Bureau and The Bronx Data Center at Lehman College.
> Four major groups have been identified for the analysis.
> The definition of racial-ethnic groups refers to the US Census Bureau definitions from 2000.
Elements 2009 : The Bronx’s Grand Concourse > The unit used for the density analysis is the urban block having 10 or more inhabitants in it.
> If 51% or more of the inhabitants of the singe block belonged to the same group, the block has been assigned as belonging to that group.
Non-Hispanic Whites
193,650
A person having origins in any of the
original peoples of Europe, the Middle
East, or North Africa. It includes people
who indicate their race as ‘White’ or
report entries such as Irish, German,
Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner,
Arab, or Polish.
es
01-Constructing the Generative

Matrix
ANDREA
The first phase of the investigation PAVIA - 3/8 pages
gen-
erates a matrix diagram to illustrate the
relationship between the location and the
density of the different racial-ethnic
groups within the Bronx Borough in the
last 100 years.
- The matrix is constructed using data

from the US Census Bureau and The Bronx
Data Center at Lehman College.
- Four major groups are identified for
the analysis.
- The definition of racial-ethnic groups
refers to the US Census Bureau definition
from the year 2000.
- The unit used for the density analy-
sis is the urban block with 10 or more
inhabitants.
- If 51% or more of the inhabitants of
the single block belong to the same
group, the block is assigned to that
group.
170
No Absolute Majority Hispanic/Latinos Blacks or

Non-Hispanic
77,295 644,700 African Americans

Includes all other persons not included Respondents providing write-in entries 416,330
in ‘White’, ‘Hispanic/Latinos’, and such as multiracial, mixed, interracial, Black or African American. A person
ANDREA PAVIAor
‘Black or African American’ categories. a Hispanic/Latino
- 3/8 pages group (for exam- having origins in any of the black racial
ple, Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban) groups of Africa. It includes people who
in the ‘Some other race’ write-in space indicate their race as ‘Black, African
are included in this category. Am., or Negro’, or provide written
entries such as African American,
Afro American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or
Haitian.
171
Based on the findings from the matrix diagram the investigation leads to the production of two maps for each group showing
Cores: areas occupied by the same group for 3 generations or more.

Peripheries: areas occupied by the same group for 1 generation or less.
02-Discovering New Territories

Based on the finding from the matrix
diagram the investigation leads to the
production of two maps for each group
showing:
Cores: areas occupied by the same group

for 3 generations or more; Peripheries:
areas occupied by the same group for 1
generation or less.
Based on the findings from the matrix diagram the investigation leads to the production of two maps for each group showing:
The resulting combination of all the
Cores
Cores: areasmaps
occupied generates
by the same group fora3 generations
new map called:
or more.
Map of areas
Peripheries: theoccupied
Stable Territories;
by the same group for 1 generation or less.
The resulting of all the Peripheries maps
generates a new map called: Map of the
Unstable Territories.
03-Exploring New Territories

Those maps identify two new landscapes
within the urban environment. The last
part of the exercise seeks to investi-
gate their qualities and characteristics
by collecting material evidence at two
scales:
- At the large scale by confronting those

new territories with relevant Borough
indicators:
A) Economic (real estate value map);
B) Mobility (public transportation map);
C) Identity (tourist map);
D) Safety (criminality index map).
- At the neighborhood level by identi-

fying key study areas for each of the
territories, and by investigating their
physical attributes and their use by the
inhabitants. In particularly looking at:
A) Building typologies, maintenance and
reuse;
B) Use of public realm, open spaces;
ANDREA
c) PAVIAevent;
Social - 5/8 pages
D) Memories (street names, demolitions, 02-Discovering New Territories: Maps of Cores and Peripheries
special events).
172
The resulting combination of all the cores generates a new map called: Map of the Stable Territories.
The resulting combination of all the peripheries generates a new map called: Map of the Unstable Territories. Andrea Pavia ANALYSIS
02-Discovering New Territories: Map of the Stable Territories and Map of the Unstable Territories

eks to
ecting
ories
areas
cal
ents)
03-Exploring New Territories: Collecting Material Evidence ANDREA PAVIA - 8/8 pages
173
The Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95): Today
The Cross Bronx

Expressway
History/Functioning
The Cross Bronx Expressway is a major Facts Freeway System in the Bronx Borough
freeway in the New York City borough of
the Bronx, conceived by Robert Moses and
built between 1948 and 1963. It carries
traffic on Interstate 95 through the The Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95): Construction Phases
city, and serves as a portion of Inter-
state 295 towards Long Island; a portion
is also designated U.S. Route 1.
Problems
During the site analysis the team (A.
Nawre, A. Pavia, and M. Upton) identi-
fied major issues afflicting the area of
study, between the Grand Concourse and
the Cross Bronx Expressway. Among those:
persistent laceration of the fabric of
the neighborhoods crossed by the Express-
way; land-uses that are unresponsive to
the large infrastructure; a weak East/
West public transit connection through
the Borough; inaccessible and discon-
nected open spaces; a chronic economic
under-development and social segrega-
tion; lack of catalytic programs in the
area; increasing traffic congestion on
the Expressway; Pollution and resources
mismanagement. The Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95): Problems/Goals - The Operative Matrix
Goals
The team identified major goals on which
the broad strategy for the area is de-
veloped: provide catalyst spaces for the
regeneration of the neighborhoods, and
new centralities for the Borough; create
a strong East-West transit connection;
reconnect the river fronts to the city;
provide economic engines to drive diver-
sified growth; enhance the quality of
life in the neighborhoods; diversify mo-
bility options for the inhabitants at the
neighborhood and at the regional scale;
mitigate pollution and the environmental
impact of the freeway.
174
Sequence Of Nodes, Underpasses, And Bridges Subway Lines and Railways Crossed Program Crossed
Land-Use
Earnings
Opportunity Areas
Early Strategy
The Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95): Functioning and Geographic Impact
175
Open Space Connector Proposed Light-Rail Line Proposed Node and Segments Proposed
Project Site
The Cross Bronx:

Bridging the Gaps
A Broad Strategy:
The Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95) As Spine For The Regeneration Of The Borough
The proposed plan aims to resolve the
physical and social divide created by the
Cross Bronx Expressway between the fabric
of the Southern and the Northern portion
of the Borough.
This divide is overcome by transforming

the space of the Expressway into a multi-
layer, multi-use infrastructure, able to
connect (or re-connect), the different
neighborhood’s fragments, and becoming a
major spine for the internal East-West
mobility of the Borough.
The plan seeks to be the trigger for a

larger process of requalification and
A New Architectural Typology:
upgrading of the broader area. Reconnecting The Fragments -
Preliminary Sketches
Cross Bronx - Existing Condition
Cross Bronx - Proposed
Reestablishing East Tremont:

Covering Portions Of The Cross Bronx
Will Allowed For The Reestablishment
Of The Historic Neighborhoods
176
Student Andrea Pavia PROPOSAL
Reestablishing East Tremont Neighborhood:

Open Space + Public
Proposed Strategy
Cro
ss B
ron
xE
xpre
ssw
ay
Cross Bronx Expressw

ay
Land Use - The New Architectural Typologies Re-Connect Fragmented Land Uses
Patterns And Introduces New Community Services
Land Use Proposed
Open Space + Public

Open Space + Private
Mobility - New Mobility Exchange Nodes (Car/Subway/Light-Rail/Bike/Pedestrian) Are

Created At The Intersection Of The Proposed Light-Rail Line And The Subway System,
Mobility Proposed
Above The Cross Bronx
Open Space + Private

Node + Context
Open Space - A Linear Green System Accommodates The East-West Light Rail
Line, Bike Route, And Pedestrian Path, Provides A Buffer Between The Existing
Uses And The Cross Bronx, And Linkages To The Existing Green Spaces
Open Space System Proposed
Layering System
Open Space Character - Each Of The Open Spaces Between The Exchange Nodes Is
Thought To Have A Distinct Character To Enhance The Crossing Experience
Open Space Character - Proposed

Project Site
Comunity Nodes - Exchange Nodes Are Thought Also As ‘Community Nodes’; offering A
Mix Of Public And Private Services And Uses At The Lover Levels, And New Residential East Tremont Neighborhood: New Community Node Layering System
Units (Affordable + Market Rate) On The Higher Levels
Intra-Community nodes
177
Private Uses - Commercial/Civic
Subway Line 4
Residential
Public Uses - Commercial/Civic
City Grid
Grand Concourse
Subway Lines B-D
Light Rail Line B
The Cross Bronx: Green Boulevard
Bridging the Gaps Parking
The project provides a space of mediation East Tremont Community Node: Layering System
(or re-mediation) between the regional
scale of the infrastructural piece and
the neighborhood crossed. It is also the
opportunity to move the barycentre of
community activities closer to the area,
by locating civic programs, as well as
commercial, and residential uses, on the
newly identified infrastructural node.
A new architectural typology is intro-
duced to be the physical medium for the
strategy.
East Tremont Community Node:

Aerial Views And Courtyard Sequence
178
Andrea Pavia PROPOSAL
East Tremont Neighborhood Community Node: Illustrative Plan and Longitudinal Section
Ground Level Housing Typical Level (180 DU @ 1,000 sf) Below Grade Parking
Transit Stop
Transit Stop
Light-rail Line
Open Space - Ground Level Open Space - Housing Typical Level Open Space - Roof Level
179
Paola Aguirre
URBAN DECODING
An Alternative Reading of New
York City
The city is a puzzle. It is integrated by
pieces which have been placed or built
defined with different social, technical
or historical background. Each piece is
unique, but several of them share physi-
cal characteristics: proportion, connec-
tion, orientation, and geometrical func-
tion. When several pieces have either one
or all this characteristics in common, we
call it a “pattern”. Nevertheless, a pat-
tern could also be manifested by the lack
of having anything in common.
New York is not an exception. The metro-

politan area of New York includes Man-
hattan, Queens, Brooklyn and The Bronx,
which happens to be our focus area in
this exercise. This mapping analysis fo-
cuses in defining the block patterns with
which the city is integrated, and it is
intended to decode the city through its
urban patterns.
This exercise about de-fragmentation of

New York in its pieces departs from the
following questions:
Which patterns are dominant?
How do these patterns geometrically work
and how they collaborate with others?
What are the possible degrees of satu-
ration of the patterns and what other
components can determine its function or
configuration?
How their different gradients interact
with other factors of the context?
What is the physical relationship of the
pattern and the physical form of the
block?
What is (or should be) the role of The
Grand Concourse within the patterns that
are among it?
182
Paola Aguirre ANALYSIS
decode
1. to translate (data or o
a message) from a code or
a pattern into the original
language or form. / 2. to
extract meaning from
(spoken or written symbols)
pattern
1. the combination of
qualities, attributes,
tendencies, etc., forming
a consistent or character-
istic arrangement. / 2. an
example, instance, sample
or specimen. / 3. the repeti-
tion of a unit in rythim and/or
geometry.
183
Surface transformation study
revealed that although the surface
has expanded, not necessarily has
enabled access to the water
Shoreline mapping:
1890, 1900, 1916, 2009
Continuity study pointed infra-

structure as the major driver of
the connection between Manhat-
tan and the Bronx. Consequently,
both boroughs are connected
through the large-scale infrastruc-
ture, but lack of effective medium
scale spaces for continuity.
North-South Continuity
East-West Continuity
184
Paola Aguirre ANALYSIS
Identitication of program concentrations
Juxtaposition of current conditions:

Program + Access + Density
Major strategy intentions
185
Double Connection
The South Bronx and the Two
Harlems
North Manhattan and the South Bronx could
share more than a physical interface.
They could have a more reciprocal rela-
tion that could contribute to enhance the
dynamics between these two sites. Never-
theless, this relationship must not nec-
essarily be direct and/or physical, but
can be more in terms of sharing certain
characteristics of its urban components
and some elements of reference.
The project departs from the current

condition of having prominent physical
barriers between the South Bronx and both
the waterfront and the neighborhood on
the other side of the Harlem canal: the
footprint of large-scale infrastructure
(expressway and railroad) and the water
canal, respectively.
The main strategy is to connect the

Southeast Bronx and the two Harlems, the
waterfront and the neighborhood. In order
to allow this connection, a new pattern
of organization will be introduced, which
is associated with the geometry that
evokes the proportion of the Manhattan
block through different urban elements,
but without replacing the current layout.
Thus, the main strategy of the proj-

ect introduces two main physical opera-
tions. Firstly, through new openings in
the existing fabric and buildings, and
secondly, through the addition of new
volumes to emphazise a visual relation-
ship between the two sides of the Harlem
River.
186
Paola Aguirre PROPOSAL
Ultimate Phase: Consolidation of Neighborhood

and Waterfront Connection
187
188
189
Study of stable and flexible buildings
Buildings identified as object of intervention
Samples of stable (left) and flexible (right) buildings
The approach to the site required a study of the

existing structures in order to establish a new
relationship between the existing neighborhood and
the waterfront.
The proposed network of open spaces required the

adaptation of existing structures in order to increase
the permeability in the east-west direction. In addi-
tion, the lines of the extended grid will include the
existing open spaces.
190
191
193
194
195
196
197
198
199

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BX

Student Name ANALYSIS cial, storage yards

THE BRONX’S GRAND CONCOURSE

for creative solutions

Re-thinking Space 120 120

TokyoTokyo TokyoTHE BRONX: GLOBAL COUNTY

ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN 2009: THE BRONX’S GRAND CONCOURSE 240

so that The the Bronx spacehas between

ne drop The in landdiagram in relation

of the Grand Concourse and of underpasses

Y1=B1*Acar/Bcar = B1*(Hcar*Bcarf/Bcar) = B1*((X2-X3)*Bcarf)/Bcar

Y1=B1*Acar/Bcar = B1*(Hcar*Bcarf/Bcar) = B1*((X2-X3)*Bcarf)/Bcar

Y1=B1*Acar/Bcar = B1*(Hcar*Bcarf/Bcar) = B1*((X2-X3)*Bcarf)/Bcar

Y2= X1– Y1- Y3= x1- (B1*((X2-X3)*Bcarf)/Bcar) - Bsf*X1

Y2= X1– Y1- Y3= x1- (B1*((X2-X3)*Bcarf)/Bcar) - Bsf*X1

and fill the bronx

F(X1,X2,X3)= Y1(X2,X3)+Y2(X1,X2,X3) +Y3(X1)

F(X1,X2,X3)= Y1(X2,X3)+Y2(X1,X2,X3) +Y3(X1)

F(X1,X2,X3)= Y1(X2,X3)+Y2(X1,X2,X3) +Y3(X1)

For the purpose of this exercise, the Ecology

RAFI SEGAL tendencies, etc., forming

publica consistent caror character-

private plain public private car plain

or specimen. / 3. the repeti-

2 Graphic Standards Manual

t tion of a unit in rythim and/or

The city is a puzzle. It is integrated by 2. Berms

Studio Seciton Instructors:

Moshen Mostafavi, Dean + Alexander and Victoria Wiley Professor of Design

Ian Michael Klein, T.A.

Paul Cote, GIS Specialist

Sergio Bessa, Director of Programs, The Bronx Museum

Harvard University Graduate School of Design is a leading center for educa-

Section 1: Anita Berrizbeitia / 013/ Laura Janka Zires / 013/ Victor

Section 2: Felipe Correa (coordinator) / 061/ Jonathan Scelsa / 063/

Section 3: Rafi Segal / 117/ Christopher A. Roach / 119/ Constantine

While the “traditional” city at the turn of the

The Elements of Urban Design focuses on four main

The Centennial of the Grand Boulevard and Concourse

The Grand Boulevard and Concourse, designed by

3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,00

Y1=B1*Acar/Bcar = B1*(Hcar*Bcarf/Bcar) = B1*((X2-X3)*Bcarf)/Bcar

Y2= X1– Y1- Y3= x1- (B1*((X2-X3)*Bcarf)/Bcar) - Bsf*X1

F(X1,X2,X3)= Y1(X2,X3)+Y2(X1,X2,X3) +Y3(X1)

1,000,000 500,000 0 500,000 commuters

627,860 4,019,393 94,027 145,299 817,407 40,244

National Highway System

commuting time (one way)

National Highway System

New York City Department of City Planning

2008 MTA New York City Travel Survey-Summary Selected Results

2007 Census Fact Finder

Bronx County (NY) August 2009 Demographics Working Commuters

The Best Places to Work in New York Area,

What a dollar spent on food paid for in 2000

Busi irs et)

19¢ 38¢ 8¢ 3.5¢ 4¢ 4¢ 3.5¢

Farm value Marketing bill

Profiling Food Consumption in America

“U.S. sales of organic food and b

“The population of the borough

has a number of demographic housing

Economists have two interests in “We must ensure that all

sports and recreation

Y1=B1Acar/Bcar = B1(HcarBcarf/Bcar) = B1((X2-X3)*Bcarf)/Bcar

Y1=B1Acar/Bcar = B1(HcarBcarf/Bcar) = B1((X2-X3)*Bcarf)/Bcar

Y1=B1Acar/Bcar = B1(HcarBcarf/Bcar) = B1((X2-X3)*Bcarf)/Bcar

Y2= X1– Y1- Y3= x1- (B1((X2-X3)Bcarf)/Bcar) - Bsf*X1

Y2= X1– Y1- Y3= x1- (B1((X2-X3)Bcarf)/Bcar) - Bsf*X1

Y1=B1Acar/Bcar = B1(HcarBcarf/Bcar) = B1((X2-X3)*Bcarf)/Bcar

Y2= X1– Y1- Y3= x1- (B1((X2-X3)Bcarf)/Bcar) - Bsf*X1