Technocratz

IP ADDRESSES
 What is an IP address . . . . .


A 32-bit decimal number that is written as 4
numbers between 1 and 255.
 8 bits or 1 byte each,each separated from
the other by a decimal point.
 5 classes of IP addresses.
 CLASSES OF IP ADDRESSES


Countless IP addresses.
 Each IP address reveals a lot of secrets about the network,
it is a part of.
 Divided into different classes on the basis of the structure
of the network they represent.
 CLASSES(Contd...)

CLASS RANGE
A 0.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
E 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
WHAT DO CLASSS MEAN ? ? ?

A FIRST 8 BITS FOR NETWORK ID AND THE LAST 24

BITS FOR HOST ID.

B FIRST 16 BITS FOR NETWORK ID AND THE LAST 16

BITS FOR HOST ID

C FIRST 24 BITS FOR NETWORK ID AND THE LAST 8

BITS FOR HOST ID

D A 32-BIT MULTICAST GROUP.

E NOT IN USE.
 WHY NOT 127. . .


AN IP Address that belongs to the class C addressing
system and has a network ID equal to 127 is referred to as
a “ Special Address.”

Known as the “ loopback interface.”

It allows clients and servers on the same system to
communicate with each other.

Almost all the systems call the loopback address with a
special name localhost.
 The most commonly used loopback address is 127.0.0.1 .
 IP ADDRESSES & US......

Traditionally, many ISPs use class B networks(i.e. They use

systems that use the class B addressing standard). If your ISP
does likewise,then each time you log in to it, the first two
octets of your IP address will not change,whereas the last two
octets probably will. Even if only the last octet changes,while
the remaining three remain constant,it is likely that the ISP
uses class B addressing. In such cases, a concept called “Sub-
netting” comes into play.
 PORT NUMBERS

Every system connected to the Internet has a number of ports open on it.
Ports are basically virtual doors that allow the inflow and outflow of data
packets.
Typically,each time a client establishes a new connection over the network,a
randomly chosen port number gets opened.
Similarly, each time a service is enabled on a server, it automatically opens a
predefined port numbers and listens for any client who might want to establish
a connection.

Typically port numbers are of 3 different types :

I. Well-known Port Numbers

II. Registered Port Numbers
III. Dynamic/private Port Numbers