Engine valve and valve

trains
Engine valve
 A device that can be opened or closed to allow or to stop the flow of
liquid or gas.
 Allows the IC engine cylinder to breath-in and breath-out.

 Each engine has at least two valves

 An intake valve – opens just before the intake stroke begins.
 Allows the air-fuel mixture to enter the cylinder
 A exhaust valve – opens just before the exhaust stroke begins
 Allows the burn gases to leave the cylinder

 The valve for the IC engine is usually a flat disk of metal with a long rod known
as the valve stem out one end.
 The stem is used to push down on the valve and open it, with a spring generally used
to close it when the stem is not being pushed on.
 The valves are operated by a valve train which is comprised of valves, the valve
stem, cam and cam followers.

 The engine normally operates the valves by pushing on the stems with cams and
cam followers.
 The shape and position of the cam determines the valve lift and when and how quickly
(or slowly) the valve is opened.
 The cams are normally placed on a fixed camshaft which is then geared to the crankshaft
, running at half crankshaft speed in a four-stroke engine.
 Valves and Valves Train
 Engine has two valves:
 Intake valve: open just before the intake stroke begins
 Allows A/F mixture to enter the cylinder
 Exhaust valve :valve opens just before the exhaust
stroke begins
 Burned gases can escape from the cylinder

 The valves are operated by a valve train

 Overhead camshaft with bucket tappets or rocker

arms
 Camshaft in block with pushrods
Operation of the valve
Methods of camshaft driving
 Timing gear : drive camshaft in cylinder block
 Timing chain: drive camshaft in cylinder block

 Timing chain: drive camshaft on cylinder head

 Timing belt :drive camshaft on cylinder head

Camshaft timing
 Camshaft timing is the relationship between the
camshaft and crankshaft
 Camshaft is driving by crankshaft

 Crankshaft makes two complete revolutions to complete

the four piston strokes

 This makes the engine a four cycle engine
 Word ‘cycle’ means a series of events that repeat themselves

 Two crankshaft revolution makes one revolution of the camshaft

 One revolution of camshaft open each valve once.

 1:2 gear ratio is needed to complete the rotation of the

camshaft by the crankshaft

 Therefore, the crankshaft diameter must be twice time larger

than the camshaft sprocket diameter

(i.e,2dcrankshaft=Dcamshaft)
 Valve timing
 Valve timing refers to when the valves open and close in relation to piston position.
 Figure shows a typical valve-timing diagram.
 The specifications are given as degrees for timing points before or after TDC or BDC.
 SAE recommended is to measure the timing points at 0.15 mm valve lift.
 The exhaust valve starts to open at 47 degrees before BDC on the power stroke
 The valve stays open until 21 degrees after TDC on the intake stroke.
 This gives more time for the exhaust gases to leave the cylinder.
 By the time the piston reaches 47 degrees before BDC on power stroke
 The combustion pressures dropped drastically
 Little power is lost by giving the exhaust gas this extra time to exit.
 Intake valve starts to open 12 degrees before TDC.
 It remains open for 56 degrees past BDC after the intake stroke ends
 This gives additional time for A/F mixture to flow into the cylinder.

 Exhaust vale closes 21 degrees after the intake valve opens

 This is a valve overlap of 33 degree
 Valve overlap is the number of degrees of crankshaft rotation during which both the intake
and exhaust valve open.
 Valve overlap helps scavenge or expel the remaining exhaust gases passes from the cylinder.

 Valve timing is the function of cam-lobe shape, and the relationship between valve opening
and closing and the position of crankshaft.
 Changing the relationship between the driving and driven sprockets change valve timing.
 Timing gear and sprocket are marked so they can properly aligned on reassembly
 Misalignment of the timing gear and sprocket reduce the engine performance and causes
engine overheated