NAME: PONCE, Chaimeberley R DATE: 10 – 18 -23

SUB & SEC: AMTE 116 – 3x INSTR: MR. Angelo Miguel

Cabral
ASSIGNMENT # 1 RATING:
 ASSIGNMENT # 1 MIDTERM

The proper functioning of each valve in an engine requires precise timing for when they open and close. For
instance, intake valves need to open just before the piston reaches the top of its stroke, and exhaust valves should
remain open even after the piston has passed this point. This means that there's a moment when both intake and
exhaust valves are simultaneously open, typically occurring as the exhaust stroke ends and the intake stroke
begins. This overlap of valve timing is crucial for improving the engine's efficiency and reducing the temperature
inside the cylinder. The timing of these valve actions is managed by the valve-operating system and is known as
valve timing.

A part of the camshaft lobe responsible for gently initiating the valve's movement is known as a ramp or step.
These ramps are carefully shaped on both sides of the cam lobe to allow the rocker arm to make gradual contact
with the valve tip, thereby reducing the abrupt force that would otherwise occur.

The valve operating system comprises a camshaft or cam ring with lobes that interact with a cam roller or cam
follower. The cam follower, in turn, exerts force on a push rod and ball socket, setting the rocker arm in motion,
ultimately leading to the valve opening.

Springs, which slide onto the valve stems and are secured in place by a valve-spring retaining washer and stem
key, serve the dual purpose of closing the valves and pushing the valve mechanism in the opposite direction.

Radial engines use cam rings to control valve operation, with the number of rings determined by the cylinder
rows. In single-row radial engines, a single ring with two cam tracks manages intake and exhaust valves. The cam
ring is a circular piece of steel with lobes on its outer surface, and the area where cam rollers move is known as
the cam track. As the cam ring rotates, the lobes lift the tappet, which, in turn, opens the valve via the push rod
and rocker arm.

For single-row engines, the cam ring is usually located between the propeller reduction gearing and the front of
the power section, while twin-row engines have a second cam ring for rear valves, positioned between the rear end
of the power section and the supercharger section.

The cam ring is concentric with the crankshaft and is driven by it at a slower speed through an intermediate gear
assembly. The cam ring features two sets of lobes on its outer edge, one for intake valves and the other for exhaust
valves, with varying numbers of lobes. Valve timing depends on the lobe spacing and the direction and speed of
the cam ring's rotation relative to the crankshaft. Different engine designs may drive the cam ring using teeth on
either the inside or outside. If the reduction gear meshes with outside teeth, the cam turns in the same direction as
the crankshaft; if driven from the inside, it rotates in the opposite direction.

The valve mechanism in an opposed engine is controlled by a camshaft, which is turned by a gear connected to the
crankshaft, always running at half the crankshaft's speed.

A light spring raises the hydraulic plunger, eliminating any play in the valve linkage. When the plunger moves, it
opens a check valve, allowing oil from the engine's lubrication system to fill a pressure chamber. As the camshaft
turns, it pushes the hydraulic lifter outward, closing the check valve and creating a cushion of oil in the pressure
chamber. This system compensates for any changes in the valve mechanism's length while the engine is running.
After the valve closes, more oil flows in, preparing for the next cycle.