تكييف الهواء المركزي

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
٢١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٢
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
? ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
Introduction
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (80 % ) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Space Air Diffusion

Introduction
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E ± 1°C F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
E  ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬ (0.13 − 0.18 m s ) EResidual Velocity)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0.25-0.4 m/s)
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Space Air Diffusion
W
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Air Jets)W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Room Air Motion) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  (0.25 m s )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(Buoyancy Effects)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(8-10) (Air Changes Per Hour) (ACH)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE (0.08 m s )F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  (Air Diffusion patterns) W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (Throw) ‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K E‫א‬
 (Terminal velocity) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
(Residual velocity) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (Drop)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Temperature differential) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Spread) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Location) ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫اﻟﻤﺪى‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ هﻨﺎ‬
(0.4-1.0 m/s)
‫اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻤﺨﺮج‬
‫هﻮاء أوﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺮج‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ هﻨﺎ‬
(0.13-0.18 m/s)
‫اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J١F
 
  (Types of air supply devices) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 (Grilles & Registers)  ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (Ceiling diffusers) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
(Slot diffusers) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (Plenum ceilings) ‫א‬ J
 (Grilles & Registers) : ‫א‬‫א‬ J١

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣ J١F‫א‬
 
 
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ٢٦٢‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫هﻮاء‬
‫ﺑﺎرد‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺳ ﺎآﻨﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺴ ﺨﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻬ ﻮاء‬

‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﻮزﻳﻌًﺎ ﺟﻴ ﺪًا ﻟﻠﻬ ﻮاء‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ اﻟﺴﻘﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﻮزﻳﻌ ًﺎ ﺟﻴ ﺪًا ﻟﻠﻬ ﻮاء‬
‫دﻓﻊ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻣﻦ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﻓ ﺬة ﻳﻌﻄ ﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻌًﺎ ﺟﻴﺪًا ﻟﻠﻬ ﻮاء اﻟﺴ ﺎﺧﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﻖ ﻋﻨ ﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪WE٢ J١F‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Applications W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (Ceiling diffusers) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬
 (Applications) W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (Slot diffusers) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 KE٥ J١FK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  (Plenum ceilings)  W‫א‬ J٤

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Return plenum ceilings)
 KE٦ J١F‫א‬K(Plenum ceilings)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (0.08 m s )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
(Register)WEF (Grille)WEF
 WE٣ J١F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  
(Square diffuser)WEF (Round diffuser)‫א‬WEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J١F
   
(Plenum ceiling)WE٦ J١F  (Slot diffuser)WE٥ J١F
 
(Return air devices) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOutlets ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Selection of Supply Devices)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Perimeter Type)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Throw)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (high side) (Wall Outlet Type)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Overhead Ceiling Oulet or High Sidewall Diffusers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
(Selection of Return Devices)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١ J١F ‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(m/s)‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
4  ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
3-4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
2-3  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
1-2  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
1-2  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬(Throw)‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
NC (db)‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
20-25 ‫א‬ K١
30-40 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
30-40 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
30-40  ‫א‬  K٤
25-35  E‫א‬F‫ א‬ K٥
25-35  ‫א‬‫א‬  K٦
25-35  ‫ א‬ K٧
20-30  ‫ א‬ K٨
30-40  ‫א‬  K٩
30-40  ‫ א‬K١٠
30-40  ‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
35-45  ‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
35-45  ‫ א‬K١٣
40-65  ‫ א‬K١٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J١F
 W
 WE١F
‫א‬K (1500 L S )  (15 × 9 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (3 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
NC = 40 db ‫א‬‫א‬
 K (7.5 × 4.5 m) ‫א‬

  L S  = 1500 4 =  375 E‫א‬LF‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
7.5 = T
2
 3.75 m = 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬ (30 cm ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

L S = 392 , T = 5.2 m , SP = 25 Pa , NC = 33 db
 WE٢F
‫א‬ (6 × 4.5 m ) 
(150 L S ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (3.4 m) ‫א‬‫א‬K 6 m ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 9o C ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 , NC = 35 db ‫א‬‫א‬
 = T  4.5 m  E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (150 L S )   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ (30 × 10 cm)
 
L
S
= 155 , T = 4.9 m , θ = o 45 , NC = 32 db
 WE٣F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ (0.7 m s )‫א‬ 
3
 K
 W‫א‬
4m
s
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  0.18 m 2 = 0.7 Face area =

4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٠١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  4 m s ‫א‬‫א‬ 720 L S ‫א‬ 600 × 30 cm  90 × 20 cm
  NC = 43 db
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬
(cm) (m/s) 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
(L/s)‫א‬ 47 55 60 67 75 82 87 95 110 122 135
(Pa)‫א‬‫א‬ 17.5 22.5 30 37.5 45 52.5 62.5 72.5 92.5 117.5 145
12.5 (m) ‫א‬ 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.4 3.1 3.7 4.4
(dB)‫א‬ 18 22 25 28 31 34 36 37 41 44 46
(L/s)‫א‬ 67 77 87 97 107 117 127 137 157 177 195
(Pa)‫א‬‫א‬ 17.5 22.5 27.5 35 40 50 60 67.5 90 112.5 140
(m) ‫א‬ 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.7 4.4 4.6
15
(dB)‫א‬ 18 22 26 29 31 34 36 37 41 44 46
(L/s)‫א‬ 122 140 157 175 192 210 227 245 280 315 350
(Pa)‫א‬‫א‬ 15 20 25 32.5 40 47.5 55 62.5 82.5 105 130

20 (m) ‫א‬ 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.6 5.5 6.1
(dB)‫א‬ 19 23 29 30 33 35 37 39 43 46 49
382
(L/s)‫א‬ 190 217 245 272 300 327 355 435 490 545
(Pa)‫א‬‫א‬ 55
12.5 17.5 22.5 27.5 32.5 40 47.5 70 90 110
25 (m) ‫א‬ 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.6 5.2
5.5
6.1 6.7 7.9
(dB)‫א‬ 21 25 29 32 34 37 39
41
44 48 51
550
(L/s)‫א‬ 275 315 352 392 432 470 510 630 705 785
(Pa)‫א‬‫א‬ 47.5
12.5 15 20 25 30 35 42.5 62.5 80 97.5
30 (m) ‫א‬ 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.8 6.1
6.4
7.6 8.2 9.1
(dB)‫א‬ 23 26 30 33 36 38 41
43
47 50 53
1235
(L/s)‫א‬ 620 705 795 885 970 1060 1150 1415 1590 1765
(Pa)‫א‬‫א‬ 30
7.5 10 12.5 15 20 22.5 27.5 40 50 62.5
45 (m) ‫א‬ 6.7 7.6 7.9 8.5 9.1 9.8 10.1
10.4
11.6 13.1 14
(dB)‫א‬ 26 30 32 35 38 41 43
45
49 52 54
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
2200
(L/s)‫א‬ 1100 1255 1415 1570 1730 1885 2040 2515 2830 3140
(Pa)‫א‬‫א‬ 42.5
10 15 17.5 22.5 25 30 37.5 55 70 87.5
60 (m) ‫א‬ 9.2 10 10.6 11.3 11.6 12.2 12.8
13.7
15.5 17.4 19.2
(dB)‫א‬ 28 32 35 38 40 43 45
47
51 55 58
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J١F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6
(m/s)
‫א‬ 0o 2.5 4.25 7.0 9.5 13.0 17.25 26.75 39.0
‫א‬‫א‬
(cm) 22.5o 2.75 4.75 7.75 10.75 14.5 19.5 30.0 43.75
(Pa)
45o 4.5 7.25 11.75 16.0 22.0 29.25 45.25 65.75
L/s 28 35 45 55 62 72 90 107
NC (dB) - - - 10 15 19 25 31
20×10
17.5×12.5 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.8 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.9
15×15 0o 3.1 3.7 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.5 5.8 6.4
Throw (m)
22.5o 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.7 4.0
45o
L/s 32 45 55 65 77 87 110 132

NC (db) -
25×10 4.3 5.2 5.8 6.4 7.0 7.3 8.2 8.8

0o
20×12.5 Throw (m) 3.4 4.3 4.6 5.2 5.5 5.8 6.7 7.0
17.5×15 22.5o 2.1 2.7 3.1 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.6 4.9
45o
L/s 40 52 65 77 90 105 130 155

NC (dB) - - - 11 16 20 26 32
30×10
25×12.5 4.9 5.8 6.4 7.0 7.3 7.9 8.8 9.8
20×15 0o 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.5 5.8 6.4 7.0 7.9
Throw (m)
22.5o 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.6 4.9
45o
L/s 50 67 85 102 120 135 170 205
NC (dB) - - - 12 17 21 27 33
40×10
30×12.5 5.5 6.4 7.3 7.9 8.5 9.1 10.1 11.3
25×15 0o 4.3 5.2 5.8 6.4 6.7 7.3 7.9 9.1
Throw (m)
22.5o 2.7 3.4 3.4 4.0 4.3 4.6 5.2 5.5
45o
L/s 57 77 97 117 137 155 195 235
NC (dB) - - - 13 18 22 28 34
45×10
35×12.5 5.8 7.0 7.6 8.5 9.1 9.8 11.0 12.2
30×15 0o 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.9 8.8 9.8
Throw (m)
22.5o 3.1 3.4 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.5 6.1
45o
 K (0.25 m/s) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J١F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
 ‫א‬ (m/s)
(cm) ‫ א‬‫א‬
2.75
(Pa) ‫א‬ 8.25 13.75 22.0 31.5 42.5 55.0
40×10 L/s 35 50 67 85 102 120 135

25×15 - - 13 20 25 30 33
30×12.5 NC (dB)
45×10 30×15 L/s 40 57 77 97 117 137 155
35×12.5 20×20 NC (dB) - - 14 21 26 31 34
50×10 35×15 L/s 45 70 92 115 137 160 165
40×12.5 25×20 NC (dB) - - 15 22 27 32 35
60×10 40×15 L/s 52 77 105 130 155 182 207

45×12.5 NC (dB) - - 16 23 28 33 36
70×10 45×15 L/s 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

25×25 - - 17 24 29 34 37
50×12.5 30×20 NC (dB)
75×10 50×15 L/s 70 102 137 172 207 242 275
30×25 - - 17 24 29 34 37
60×12.5 35×20 NC (dB)
90×10 55×15 L/s 80 122 162 202 242 282 325
35×25 - 10 18 25 30 35 38
70×12.5 40×20 NC (dB)
110×10 65×15 40×25 L/s 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
75×12.5 42×20 30×30 NC (dB) - 11 19 26 31 36 39
120×10 75×15 35×30 L/s 107 160 215 262 320 375 427
90×12.5 45×25 NC (dB) - 12 20 27 32 37 40
85×15 50×25 35×35 L/s 117 177 235 295 355 412 472
60×20 40×30 NC (dB) - 13 21 28 33 38 41
150×10 90×15 L/s 135 200 267 335 402 470 535
120×12.5 45×30 NC (dB) - 13 21 28 33 38 41
40×35
180×15 60×25 45×35 L/s 160 240 320 400 480 560 640
75×20 55×30 40×40 NC (dB) - 14 22 29 34 39 42
150×12.5 90×20 60×30 L/s 180 270 360 450 540 630 720
120×15 75×25 50×35 NC (dB) - 15 23 30 35 40 43
180×12.5 100×20 75×30 L/s 207 312 415 520 625 730 830
150×15 90×25 60×35 NC (dB) - 16 24 31 36 41 44
180×15 80×30 60×40 L/s 245 367 490 610 735 860 980
120×20 90×25 50×45 NC (dB) - 17 25 32 37 42 45
90×30 65×40 55×50 L/s 277 417 555 695 835 975 1110
75×35 60×45 NC (dB) - 18 26 33 38 43 46
150×20 100×30 75×40 L/s 310 467 620 780 935 1090 1245
120×25 90×35 65×45 NC (dB) - 19 27 34 39 44 47
180×20 120×30 75×45 L/s 360 540 720 900 1085 1265 1445
150×25 90×40 60×60 NC (dB) - 20 28 35 40 45 48
8 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(NC) ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J١F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F،E١F‫א‬  J١
K (10 × 10 m) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1 m3 )‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(4000 L S )  (30 × 30 m) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(700 L S )‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
  J٥
 
4.8 m
‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﺳﻘﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﺣﺎﺋﻄﻲ ﻋﻠﻮي‬
  4.2 m
E٧ J١F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (125 L S )‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Air Distribution Systems

Introduction
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K (Fittings)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
(Volume Control Dmpers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Design Velocity) W‫א‬ K١
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
  (6 − 11m s )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (> 12 m s )‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
  (10 − 12 m s )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (12 − 25 m s )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
  (7 − 9 m s )‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
(9 − 11m s )‫א‬ J
(System Balance) W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Constant Volume Systems)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (VAV Systems)‫א‬
(Critical Path) W K٣
KEF‫א‬‫א‬
(Air Leakage)W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
(Fire Damper)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٩F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KKK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ + ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 pTo = p so + p do ,  P o = pTo × Q&
   W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W pTo
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬: p so
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬: p do
 
 (Duct Design Methods) W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Velocity Method) W‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  
 K(Splitter Dampers)
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Equal Friction Method)W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Balanced-Capacity Method)W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬(Balanced-Pressure Loss Method) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
(Static Regain Method) W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Take-Offs & Outlets)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Duct Design Procedures) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KW‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 (Aspect ratio)W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‘‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٢F،E١ J٢F ‫א‬
120
118
116
114
112
110
‫اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
(%) 108
106
104
102
100
2.1 4.1 6.1 8.
10.1 12.1 14.1
1
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬WE١ J٢F
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
‫اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ‬

(%) 110
100
90
80
70
60
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1
 
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬WE٢ J٢F
 
 
 (Pressure Loss in Duct Fittings) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
(Equivalent Length Method) W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Loss Coefficient Method) W‫א‬ J٢

 (C ) ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
∆pT (Fitting ) = ρV 2 × C (Pa ) = 0.6CV 2 Pa
2
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 W
  ∆pT = (Pa ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  = C  L × f (Darcy friction factor ) ‫א‬
D
  V = (m s )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ρ ⎛⎜ kg ⎞⎟ =  ‫א‬‫א‬
3
⎝ m ⎠
1.2 kg
m3
=    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ (C ) ‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 (Elbows)WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ (C ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 
D V
R
90o
 ‫א‬ (90o ) (pleated) WE٣ J٢F

 
R/D 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
C 0.71 0.33 0.22 0.15 0.13 0.12
E٣ J٢F‫א‬WE١ J٢F

 
 
Q
D
45 o
 ‫א‬ (45o ) R
= 1.5 (pleated) WE٤ J٢F
D
 
D(mm) 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
C 0.34 0.26 0.21 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.15
E٤ J٢F‫א‬WE٢ J٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
D D
R R
‫( ﻗﻄﻊ‬4) ‫( ﻗﻄﻊ‬3)
‫( ﻗﻄﻊ‬5)
 ‫א‬ (3,4,5 pieces)  (90o ) WE٥ J٢F

 
C
R/D
‫א‬ 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0
5 - 0.46 0.33 0.24 0.19
4 - 0.50 0.37 0.27 0.24
3 0.98 0.54 0.42 0.34 0.33
E٥ J٢F‫א‬WE٣ J٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
Q
θ
W A
V
 
  (mitered)  WE٦ J٢F
 
 
C
 (θ )o
0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5
H/W
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0
20 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05
30 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11
45 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.24
60 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.52 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.38
75 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.67 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.57
90 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.10 0.98 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.83
E٦ J٢F‫א‬WE٤ J٢F
 
 
V
W
H
θ
R
   (90o ) (pleated) WE٧ J٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
C
R/W H/W
0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0
0.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2
0.75 0.57 0.52 0.48 0.44 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.44
1.0 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.27 0.21
1.5 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17
2.0 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15
E٧ J٢F‫א‬WE٥ J٢F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ (C ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Vc Vs
Ac As
Qb
Ab

 WE٨ J٢F
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 cb 
C
Qb/Qc
Ab/Ac 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.8 0.95 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 1.1 1.2 1.4
0.7 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.98 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.6 0.96 0.97 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.0
0.5 0.97 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5
0.4 0.99 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.4 - -
0.3 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.3 - - - - -
0.2 1.3 1.9 2.9 - - - - - -
0.1 2.1 - - - - - - - -
 
 ‫א‬
Vs/Vc 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
C 0.35 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.02 0 
 E٨ J٢F‫א‬WE٦ J٢F
 
 
Qc Qs
Ac As
Qb
Ab
 E٩ J٢F
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
cb 
C
Qb/Qc
Ab/Ac 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.1 1.2 0.62 0.80 1.28 1.99 2.92 4.07 5.44 7.02
0.2 4.1 1.2 0.72 0.62 0.66 0.80 1.01 1.28 1.6
0.3 8.99 2.4 1.2 0.81 0.66 0.62 0.64 0.7 0.8
0.4 15.89 4.1 1.94 1.2 0.88 0.72 0.64 0.62 0.63
0.5 24.8 6.29 2.91 1.74 1.2 0.92 0.77 0.68 0.63
0.6 35.73 8.99 4.1 2.4 1.62 1.2 0.96 0.81 0.72
0.7 48.67 12.19 5.51 3.19 2.12 1.55 1.2 0.99 0.85
0.8 63.63 15.89 7.14 4.1 2.7 1.94 1.49 1.2 1.01
0.9 80.6 20.1 8.99 5.13 3.36 2.4 1.83 1.46 1.2
 
 ‫א‬
C
Qs/Qc
As/Ac 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.1 0.13 0.16
0.2 0.2 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.28
0.3 0.9 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.15 01.6 0.2
0.4 2.88 0.2 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.34
0.5 6.25 0.37 0.17 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15
0.6 11.88 0.9 0.2 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15
0.7 11.62 1.71 0.33 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.14
0.8 26.88 2.88 0.5 0.2 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14
0.9 36.45 4.46 0.9 0.3 0.19 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 
 E٩ J٢F‫א‬WE٧ J٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
A1 Ao
θ
 ‫א‬(Converging transition)‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٢F

 
 
 
C
A1/A0 θ , deg
10 15-40 50-60 90 120 150 180
2 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.26
4 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.17 0.27 0.35 0.41
6 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.18 0.28 0.36 0.42
10 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.19 0.29 0.37 0.43
E١٠ J٢F‫א‬WE٨ J٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
A0 D θ A1
 ‫א‬(Diverging transition)‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J٢F

 
C
θ , deg
Re A1/A0 16 20 30 45 60 90 120 180
0.5×105 2 0.23 0.19 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30
4 0.23 0.30 0.46 0.61 0.68 0.64 0.63 0.62
6 0.27 0.33 0.48 0.66 0.77 0.74 0.73 0.72
10 0.29 0.38 0.59 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.84 0.83
≥ 16 0.31 0.38 0.60 0.84 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88
2×105 2 0.07 0.12 0.23 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26
4 0.15 0.18 0.36 0.55 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.57
6 0.19 0.28 0.44 0.90 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.69
10 0.20 0.24 0.43 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.81
≥ 16 0.21 0.28 0.52 0.76 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87
≥ 6×105 2 0.05 0.07 0.12 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
4 0.17 0.24 0.38 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.58 0.57
6 0.16 0.29 0.46 .060 0.69 0.71 0.70 0.70
10 0.21 0.33 0.52 0.60 0.76 0.83 .084 0.83
≥ 16 0.21 0.34 0.56 0.72 0.79 0.85 0.87 0.89
 E١١ J٢F‫א‬WE٩ J٢F
 W
 WRe
0.55×105 DVZRe
 EmF‫א‬‫ א‬: D
     Em/sF‫א‬‫א‬WV
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬ (C ) ‫א‬‫א‬
Qs
As
∅=90o
R = 1.0 Hb
W
θ Qb
R Ab
Qc Wb
Ac
 ‫א‬(Wye) ‫א‬WE١٢ J٢F

 
 cb
C
Ab/As Ab/Ac Qs/Qc
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.25 0.25 0.55 0.5 0.6 0.85 1.2 1.8 3.1 4.4 6.0
0.33 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.0 2.8 3.8 5.0
0.5 0.5 0.62 0.48 0.4 0.4 0.48 0.6 0.78 1.1 1.5
0.67 0.5 0.52 0.4 0.32 0.3 0.34 0.44 0.62 0.92 1.4
1.0 0.5 0.44 0.38 0.38 0.41 0.52 0.68 0.92 1.2 1.6
1.0 1.0 0.67 0.55 0.46 0.37 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.3 0.37
1.33 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.51 0.42 0.34 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.29
2.0 1.0 0.6 0.52 0.43 0.33 0.24 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.21
 ‫א‬
C
Ab/As Ab/Ac Qs/Qc
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.25 0.25 -.01 -.03 -.01 0.05 0.13 0.21 0.29 0.38 0.46
0.33 0.25 0.08 0 -.02 -.01 0.02 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.34
0.5 0.5 -.03 -.06 -.05 0 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.27 0.35
0.67 0.5 0.04 -.02 -.04 -.03 -.01 0.04 0.12 0.23 0.37
1.0 0.5 0.72 0.48 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.18 0.30
1.0 1.0 -.02 -.04 -.04 -.01 0.06 0.13 0.22 0.30 0.38
1.33 1.0 0.10 0 0.01 -.03 -.01 0.03 0.10 0.20 0.30
2.0 1.0 0.62 0.38 0.23 0.13 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.20 
 E١٢ J٢F‫א‬WE١٠ J٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
A1
 (Diverging transition)‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣ J٢F

 
 
θ ,deg
A1/A
16 20 30 45 60 90 120 180
2 0.18 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.30
4 0.36 0.43 0.50 0.56 0.61 0.63 0.63 0.63
6 0.42 0.47 0.58 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.76 0.75
≥10 0.42 0.49 0.59 0.70 0.80 0.87 0.85 0.86
E١٣ J٢F‫א‬WE١١ J٢F
 
‫א‬(pa) ‫א‬ 
 1.25-25 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 25-90  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 50-90  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
50-100  ‫ א‬K٤
10-100  ‫א‬ K٥
25-50  ‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
25  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 250-400  ‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢ J٢F
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE١F
 (200 × 300 mm)  E١٤ J٢F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ R = 400 mm ‫א‬  (90o ) ‫א‬‫א‬
(
 K 0.7 m3
s
)‫א‬
V
W = 200 mm
H = 300 mm
90 o
R = 400 mm
 E١٤ J٢F
 W‫א‬
 WE٥ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
400 H 300
R
W
= = 2.0 , = = 1.5
200 W 200
∴ C = 0.14
Q 0.7
V= = = 11.7 m
A 0.3 × 0.2 s
∴ ∆p T = 0.6 × 0.14 ×(11.7 )2 = 11.5 Pa

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE٢F
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ (6 m s ) E١٥ J٢F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
3
 K‫א‬
 
V2
V1
30o
A1 = 0.8 m2
A2 = 1.6 m 2
 
 E١٥ J٢F
 W‫א‬E٩ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
6 A1 1.6
  V1 = Q = = 7.5 m
s
,  θ = 30o , = = 2.0
A 0.8 A 0.8
4A 4 × 0 .8
R e = 0.55 × 10 5 DV , D = = =1m
π π
∴ R e = 0.55 × 10 5 ×1 × 7.5 = 4.125 × 10 5
C = 0.23
 ∴ ∆ p T = 0 . 6 × 0 . 23 × (7 . 5 )2 = 7 . 76 Pa = (0 . 78 mm . w )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE٣F
Qc As
Ac QS
Ab
Qb
 E١٦ J٢F
 
 W‫א‬،E١٦ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(
  Qc =2m
3
s
), (A c = 0.25 m 2 )
 
(
  Qb = 0 .5 m
3
s
), (A b = 0 .1 m 2 )
 
  (V s =7 m
s
)
 
 θ = 30°
 K ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 EWyeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ 1 .5 ⎞ ⎛A 0 .1 ⎞ ⎛A 0 .1 ⎞
  ⎜⎜ Q s = = 0.75 ⎟⎟ , ⎜⎜ b = = 0.5 ⎟⎟ , ⎜⎜ b = = 0.4 ⎟⎟
⎝ Qc 2 ⎠ ⎝ A s 0 .2 ⎠ ⎝ Ac 0.25 ⎠
⎛ ⎞
  ⎜⎜ A s =
Qs
⎟⎟ ، (Q = Q c −Q b ) 
⎝ Vs ⎠
s
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ∴C = 0.22
 ‫א‬E٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
  ⎛⎜⎜Ac
= 1 . 25
⎞
⎟⎟
⎝ As ⎠
 ∴C = 0 .05
 ∴ ∆ p T = 0 . 6 × 0 . 22 × (8 )2 + 0 . 6 × 0 . 05 × (7 )2 = 9 . 9 Pa = (0 . 99 mm . w )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Equal Friction Method)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (0.8 − 1.2 Pa ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬    ‫א‬   •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E (1.0) ‫א‬F (W H )
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
K
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٨ J٢F،E١٧ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(Take-off)‫א‬
E١٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
E١٧ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
   
WE١٨ J١F WE١٧ J٢F

 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE٤F
(0.4 m3/s)
E
7m
A 7m B 5m C 5m D
‫ﻣﺮوﺣﺔ‬
(1.2 m3/s) (0.8 m3/s)
7m
F G
(0.4 m3/s) (0.4 m3/s)
 
 E١٩ J٢F
E , F & G ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E١٩ J٢F‫א‬

 K (0.4 m s )
3
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬ (A-G) ,(A-E),(A-F)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 R D = 1.0 ،D ‫א‬ J
  ( C = 1.0) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ρ = 1.2 kg
m3
‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (1.0 Pa m ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(IHVE) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Institute of Heating Ventilating Engineers)
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬ (1.0 Pa m ) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢ J٢F،E٢١ J٢F‫א‬
 (1.0 Pa m ) E٢١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 m ( s) (cm)  m ( s) 3
6.8 47.5 1.2 A-B K١

6.2 42 0.8 B-C K٢
5.2 32 0.4 C-D-G K٣
5.2 32 0.4 BF K٤
5.2  32 0.4 CE K٥
 
 A-G‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 WD‫א‬W 
 R
D
= 1.0 ،  J٣

  (C = 0.42 )
 WC-D‫א‬B-C ‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬(Branch take-off)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WB-C‫א‬
 KE٩ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EF
As
Ac
(
= 0 .42
0 .475
) = 0 .8
2
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Qs
= 0.8 = 0.7
Qc 1.2
  C = 0.13
 EF 
 Ab
Ac
(
= 0 .32
0 .475
) = 0 .4
2
  Qb Q = 0.4
1.2
= 0.3
c
  C = 1.94
 WC-D‫א‬
 
As
Ac
= 032 ( 0.0.42
) = 0.6 2
Qs
= 0.4 = 0.5
Qc 0.8
  C = 0.14
 EF 
 A b
Ac
(
= 0 . 32
0 .42
) = 0 .6
2
  Qb Q = 0.4
0.8
= 0.5
c
  C = 1.62
 
‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬W  
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 A-G‫א‬EF
∴ ∆pT ( A − G ) = 1.0 × 24 + 0.6 ×V ( A − B )× C (B − C ) + 0.6 ×V (B − C )× C (C − D )
2 2
+ 0.6 ×V (C − G ) × C (D ) + 0.6 ×V (C − G ) × C (G )
2 2
 
= 24 + 0.6 × 0.13 ×(6.8) +0.6 × 0.14 ×(6.2) +0.6 × 0.42(5.2) +0.6 × 1.0 ×(5.2)2
2 2 2
  = 24 + 3 . 6 + 3 . 23 + 6 . 8 + 16 . 2 = 53 . 8 Pa
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Le ) (‫א‬‫)א‬ = 24 + 3 . 6 + 3 . 23 + 6 . 8 + 16 . 2 = 53 . 8 m
‫א‬‫א‬K (24 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬

  (Le(Fittings ) = 53.8 − 24 = 29.8 m) 
 A-E‫א‬EF
∴ ∆pT ( A − E ) = 1.0 × 19 + 0.6 ×V ( A − B ) × C (B − C ) + 0.6 ×V (C − E ) × C (C − E )
2 2
  + 0.6 ×V 2 (C − E ) × C (E )
  = 19 + 0.6 × 0.13 ×(6.8)2 +0.6 × 1.94 ×(5.2)2 +0.6 × 1.0 ×(5.2)2
 = 19 + 3 . 6 + 31 . 47 + 16 . 2 = 70 . 3 Pa
(Le ) (‫א‬‫)א‬ = 19 + 3 . 6 + 31 . 47 + 16 . 2 = 70 . 3 m
 A-F‫א‬EF
∴ ∆pT ( A − F ) = 1.0 × 14 + 0.6 ×V (B − F ) × C (B − F ) + 0.6 ×V (C − F ) × C (F )
2 2
  = 14 + 0.6 × 1.62 ×(5.2)2 +0.6 × 1.0 ×(5.2)2

 = 14 + 26 . 28 + 16 . 2 = 56 . 5 Pa
(Le ) (‫א‬‫)א‬ = 14 + 26 . 28 + 16 . 2 = 56 . 5 m
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  (1.0 Pa m)E٤F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 
 (Pa ) (∆pT )  ‫א‬ ( )
m s (cm)  m s 
3
( )
‫א‬L‫א‬
    (m) (Le )
7 7 6.8 47.5 1.2 A-B K١
 5 
 5  
 6.2 42 0.8  B-C K٢
3.6 3.6 J   J   J  J‫א‬
 12
 
 12
 
 5.2 32 0.4  C-G K٣
3.23 3.23  J   J   J  –‫א‬
   
 6.8
 
 6.8 
 J   J   J  
16.2 16.2 J J   J  J
 7  
 7  
 5.2 32 0.4  C-E K٤
 31.47  31.47  J   J   J   J‫א‬
   
 16.2  16.2  J   J   J   J

 7  
 7  
 5.2 32 0.4  B-F K٥
 26.28  26.28  J   J   J   J‫א‬
   
16.2 16.2  J   J   J  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٠‫א‬F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
 
2.4 m3/s 1.6 m3/s 0.8 m3/s

10.5 m A 6m B 6m
3m
0.8m3/s 0.8 m3/s 0.8 m3/s
7.5 m 1 7 13
(0.66 m3/s)
6m
2 8 14
(0.52m3/s)
3 9 15
(0.38 m3/s)
4 10 16
(0.24m3/s)
5 11 17
(0.1 m3/s) (0.1 m3/s) (0.1 m3/s)
6 12 18
 
 E٢٠ J٢F
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٢F‫א‬

 W
(2.4 m s )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
-
‫א‬ (0.1 m s )‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،  (18) 
3
-
 (0.14 m s )
3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K (38 Pa ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ R
W
= 1.5 ‫א‬ -
KE١٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
KE١٣ J٢F‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬EF
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
(m/s)
‫א‬
3 K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K٢
5  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K٣
6  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
4 K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
7.5
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
9 K٦
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
12.5 K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣ J٢F
 (‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫)א‬
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 WE١٣ J٢F‫א‬(ASHRAE)
V = 7.5 m
s
 W‫א‬
  A=Q
V
= 2 .4
7 .5
= 0.32 m 2
 (2.4 m s )‫א‬ E٢٢ J٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

3
 W‫א‬ (7.5 m
s
) ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   (W = 640 , H = 500 mm )    (640 × 500 mm ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬ (658 mm )
∆p = 0.975 Pa
m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D = 1 .3
(ab )0.625
(a + b )0.25
 K‫א‬‫א‬ (a, b) 
‫א‬‫א‬ ∆p = 0.975 Pa
m
‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
(m s )   (m 2 )   (m 3 )
(W × H ) (mm )
7.5 640×500 0.32 2.4 To A K١
6.8 625×375 0.234 1.6 A-B K٢
5.7 560×250 0.14 0.8 B-13 K٣
5.4 540×225 0.122 0.66 13-14 K٤
5.0 525×200 0.11 0.52 14-15 K٥
4.7 400×200 0.08 0.38 15-16 K٦
4.1 400×150 0.06 0.24 16-17 K٧
3.3 200×150 0.03 0.1 17-18 K٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

(m s )   (m 2 )   (m 3 )
(W × H ) (mm )
7.5 565×565 0.32 2.4 To A K١
6.8 565×414 0.234 1.6 A-B K٢
5.7 565×248 0.14 0.8 B-13 K٣
5.4 492×248 0.122 0.66 13-14 K٤
5.0 444×248 0.11 0.52 14-15 K٥
4.7 323×248 0.08 0.38 15-16 K٦
4.1 242×248 0.06 0.24 16-17 K٧
3.3 121×248 0.03 0.1 17-18 K٨
‫א‬ (2.27 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 KB-18 ‫א‬B-12 , A-6 ‫א‬EF
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K    B-18  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ، E18  B F  ‫א‬ EA  ‫א‬ F   (C) ‫א‬
 KE١٣ J١F
 WEA‫א‬F
  RW = 1 .5 , A = 565 × 565 mm 2
H = 565 = 1.0
W 565
  C = 0.17
 WE13BF
  RW = 1 .5 , A = 565 × 248 mm 2
H = 248 = 0.44
W 565
  C = 0.2
 W(To A-B-18) ‫א‬‫א‬
∴ ∆p T ( A − B − 18) = 0.975 × 63 + 0.6 ×V (To A) × C ( A) + 0.6 ×V (B − 13) × C (B − 13)
2 2
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  = 61.425 + 0.6 × 0.17(7.5)2 +0.6 × 0.2 ×(5.7 )2

= 61.425 + 5.738 + 3.899
  = 71 . 1 Pa (7 . 1 mm . w )
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫ = א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ∴ p s (Fan) = 71.1 + 38 = 109.06 Pa
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  0.75 × 0.5ρ [V 2 (Initial ) −V 2 (Final )]
 W
 V (Initial ) =‫א‬
   V (Final )  =‫א‬
 ρ = ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬=
 ∴ p s (Fan) = 109.06 − 0.75 × 0.6[(7.5)2 −(3.3)2 ]
= 109.06 − 19.74 = 88.65 Pa (8.87 mm. w)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EF
  P o = pTo × Q& = (88 .65 + 0.6 V 2 ) × 2.4 = [88.65 + 0.6 (7.5) 2 ] × 2.4 = ( 88.65 + 33.75) × 2.4 
  = 293.76 watts ≈ 0.3 kW

 W‫א‬‫א‬η Fan = 0.7 ‫א‬
PFo
 PFin = = 0.42 kW = 0.56HP
ηFan
 
 (Return air systems)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (80%)  (0.65 Pa ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
100
12
16
18
23
14
20
52
32
36
9.0
29
40
46
60
10
26
Ve m/s
loc )
(
it y
m )
te r (m
m e
D ia 600
0
190
0
0
55
190
0 0 500
18
17 0 0 45 0
10 0
16 0
5
1 00 0 4 00
140
130
0 3 50
0 0
12
11 0 0 300
AIR QUANTITY IN m 3 /SEC
2 50
0
100
950
90 0 2 25
850
800 200
75 0 )
70 0 r (mm
1
650 ete 175
D ia m
600
1 50
1 25
100
0.1
75
50
Ve m/s
lo )
(
c it 1 . 5
y
1.0
2.5
2. 0
5. 0
4.5
3. 5
3. 0
7. 0
4. 0
9. 0
6.0
8.0
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
PRESSURE DROP PER METER LENGTH IN N/m2 FOR AIR DENSITY 1.2 kg/m3
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١ J٢F
 E (Pa m) ‫א‬ J m ( s )‫א‬F
3
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
DUCT SIZE
(mm X mm)
100
100
800 X 800
800 X 700
700 X 700
60
800 X 600
52
700 X 600
46
700 X 500
40
36
V e (m / s
600 X 500
32
lo c )
29
700 X 400
ity
26
600 X 400
23
20
18 700 X 300
16
400 X 400
14
10
10 500 X 300
12
600 X 250
10
9.0
500 X 250
600 X 200
500 X 200
300 X 250
250 X 250
A IR Q U A N T IT Y IN m 3 /S E C
300 X 200
400 X 150
200 X 200
250 X 150
200 X 150
11 250 X 100
150 X 100
10
0.1
0.1
.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
V e (m / s
2.5
lo c )
2.0
ity
1.5
1.0
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.1 11 10
10 100
100
PRESSURE DROP PER METER LENGTH IN N/m2 FOR AIR DENSITY 1.2 kg/m3
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢ J٢F
 E (Pa m) ‫א‬ J m ( s )‫א‬F
3
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 (Duct insulation) W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(Vapor barrier) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Fiber glass) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
(Aluminum foil) ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٣ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٤ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 
 ‫א‬WE٢٣ J٢F
 
 
 ‫א‬WE٢٤ J٢F
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
‫א‬‫א‬K (2500 L S ) ‫א‬ (60 × 36 cm ) ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬K (24 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (475 Pa ) ، (525 Pa ) ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (90o )  (T )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬
 K (b) (7.5 m s ) ‫א‬، (10 m s ) (c ) ‫א‬
(Ab/Ac)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (0.6)
 
  K٣
(30×20 cm) A B (30×15 cm) 
1000 L/S
500 L/S
 E٢٥ J٢F
 
‫א‬KE٢٥ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (B )  ( A) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (0.75) ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٦ J٢F‫ א‬K٤

‫א‬ (30 cm ) ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
6m 600 L/S
400 L/S F E H
10 m 10 m
15 m B 3m C 10 m
‫ﻣﺮوﺣﺔ‬ A D
6 m/s
3m
G
  500 L/S
 E٢٦ J٢F
 
K٥
A B C D
9 m/s
750 L/S 750 L/S 900 L/S
 E٢٧ J٢F
 
‫א‬E٢٧ J٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  K٦
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K (25Pa )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
250 L/S 250 L/S 200 L/S 250 L/S
15 m 15 m 12 m
C D E F
18 m
A B
G H I
24 m 18 m 18 m
200 L/S 150 L/S 250 L/S


 E٢٨ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Water Distribution Systems

Introduction
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٠ W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Water Distribution Systems
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ (Open-Loop System) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬      K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K (Closed-Loop System)
‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬،E‫א‬F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (Cooling Tower)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KKK
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬ (Boiler)‫א‬ (Chiller) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K (1.2 m s )E ≤ 50 mm ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K (500 Pa m) ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
.(Quiet System)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (Reverse Return System) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

 K ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Specifications of Piping Materials) W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F (Steel) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬‫א‬F (Wrought iron) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬‫א‬F(Copper)‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(ASTM) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(American Society of Testing Materials)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (20, 30, 40, 80)  (Schedule Number) ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (Schedule Number 40) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  K(Medium grade black steel) (BS 1387)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ،     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
    R12,R22,
 ‫א‬ R500
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  
  
 
     

     
 
،     
 ،    
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F 
‫א‬ (mm) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EmmF‫א‬‫א‬

(kg/m)
0.121 12.4 10
0.366 16.1 15
0.585 27.3 25
1.018 36.0 32
1.378 41.9 40
2.206 53.0 50
3.706 68.7 65
5.113 80.7 80
6.813 93.15 90
8.673 105.1 100
13.259 129.95 125
18.961 155.4 150
(BS 1387)(Schedule 40) ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F
10o C ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L‫א‬ K , L, M‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Pipe Selection)W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬   J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  F      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬E‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Nominal size)‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
(Expansion of piping)
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬
 
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  °C ‫א‬‫א‬

0 0 0
0.3 0.46 25
0.64 0.95 50
0.97 1.43 75
1.3 1.92 100
2.1 2.4 125
2.0 2.92 150
2.34 3.4 175
2.75 3.94 200
3.13 4.46 225
3.51 7.52 250
mm
m
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Expansion Loops & Offsets) J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١ J٣F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 (Expansion Joints)  J٢
 W‫א‬
(Slip type) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
(Bellows type) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬
(Flexible Hose) ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
(Piping Supports & Anchors)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬   (Hangers)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٤ J٣F ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬(Roll-type)‫א‬‫א‬K
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬

 (loop)WEF(offset) WE‫א‬F
WE١ J٣F
 
   
(Bellows type)‫א‬‫א‬WEF   (Slip type)‫א‬‫א‬WEF
 (Expansion joints)WE٢ J٣F
 
 
 (Flexible hose)‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٣F
 
(Vibration of piping) :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
(Vibration isolators) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥ J٣F‫א‬(Spring hangers)EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFWE٥ J٣F
W‫א‬
(Pipe Insulation)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
(Vaporbarriers) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Aluminum foil)‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K
 (Polyurethane)
W‫א‬‫א‬
(Fittings & Joining Methods For Piping)
‫א‬،(Nipples)‫א‬،(Tees)‫ א‬، (Elbows)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Flanges)‫א‬،(Bushing) ‫א‬‫א‬،(Couplings)‫א‬،(Unions)
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    KE٦ J٣F ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K (90°) ‫א‬ (45°) ‫א‬
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Tees)‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (50 − 80 mm ) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
     
(Nipple)WEF (Tee)WEF (Elbow 45o) 45oWEF (Elbow 90o)90oWEF
 
   
(Flanged T)WEF ‫א‬‫א‬WEF  (Coupling) WEF (Union)WEF
(Bushing)
(Pipe fittings)‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٣F
 
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬
(Valves Types & Construction)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Stopping Flow) W‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Gate valves‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (Regulating Flow Rate) W‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،(Plug valves) ‫א‬   ،(Angle valves) ‫א‬‫א‬  ،(Globe valves) ‫א‬
 K(Butterfly valves)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Needle valves)‫א‬

(Limiting Flow Direction) W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
(Check valves).‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬        ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ (Valve Construction)
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .
(Disc or Wedge) W‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Stem) W‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
(Rising Stem With Outside Screw)  W J١
       ‫א‬  E٧ J٣F ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬  
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 (Rising Stem With Inside Screw) W‫א‬ J٢
 E٩ J٣) ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 (Bonnet) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Non-Rising Stem With Inside Screw) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬E٨ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
[Sliding Stem (Quick Opening)] : E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬E١١ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬(Hand wheel)‫א‬
 (Packing Nut & Stuffing) W‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Seal) ‫א‬
 (Packing)(Stuffing)‫א‬
 (Bonnet) W‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬
(Valve materials)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Gate Valves)
   ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬    
 W‫א‬
(Solid Wedge Disc) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
KE٨ J٣F،E٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Split Wedge Disc) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٣F ‫א‬
(Flexible Wedge Disc) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E١٣ J٣F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
(Parallel Disc) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E١٤ J٣F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Globe , Angle & "Y" Valves : "Y"
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ "Y" ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K"Y"E١٥ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F‫א‬E١٠ J٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Plug Disc)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٠ J٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Narrow Seat) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 (Needle Valves) W‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
(Composition Disc) W‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١٩ J٣F،E١٨ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬
(Plug Cock)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (Balancing) ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
    ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   
 K‫א‬E١٧ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Check Valves) W‫א‬
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K (Lift check) ‫א‬(Swing check)‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE١٩ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬  F  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
 "Y" ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﻳﺪوﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺎق ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬ (‫)ﻻﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﺎق‬
(‫)ﻗﻼووظ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻠﺒﺔ ﺣﺸﻮ‬ (‫)ﻻﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬
‫ﻏﻄﺎء اﻟﺼﻤﺎم‬
‫ﻗﺮص اﺳﻔﻴﻨﻲ ﺻﻠﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎت ﻣﺸﻔﻬﺔ‬
 ‫א‬WE٧ J٣F
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﻳﺪوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺒﺔ ﺣﺸﻮ‬

(‫)ﻻﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬
(‫)ﻻﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬
‫ﺳﺎق ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬

‫ﻏﻄﺎء اﻟﺼﻤﺎم‬ (‫)ﻗﻼووظ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺮص اﺳﻔﻴﻨﻲ ﺻﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎت ﻗﻼووظ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٣F
‫ﺳﺎق ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬
(‫)ﻗﻼووظ داﺧﻠﻲ‬ (‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﻳﺪوﻳﺔ )ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﺎق‬
‫ﺻﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻗﺮص ذو ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺿﻴﻘﺔ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٩ J٣F
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﻳﺪوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺎق ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬

(‫)ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﺎق‬ (‫)ﻗﻼووظ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻗﺮص ﺳﺪادي‬
 
 ‫א‬WE١٠ J٣F
‫ﺳﺎق ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻖ‬
 ‫א‬WE١١ J٣F
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫ﺳﺎق ﺻﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﻳﺪوﻳﺔ‬

(‫)ﻗﻼووظ داﺧﻠﻲ‬ (‫)ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﺎق‬
‫ﺻﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺣﺸﻮ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺟﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺮص اﺳﻔﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
 ‫א‬WE١٢ J٣F
(‫)ﻻ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﺎق‬
(‫)ﻗﻼووظ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺒﺔ ﺣﺸﻮ‬
‫ﻗﺮص اﺳﻔﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺮن‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﺎم‬
 ‫א‬WE١٣ J٣F
- ٨٣ -
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ٢٦٢‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫)ﻻ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﺎق(‬
‫ﺟﻠﺒﺔ ﺣﺸﻮ‬
‫ﻏﻄﺎء اﻟﺼﻤﺎم‬ ‫)ﻗﻼووظ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ(‬
‫أﻗﺮاص ﻣﺘﻮازﻳﺔ‬
‫اﺳﻔﻴﻦ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫‪WE١٤ J٣F‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬
‫)ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﺎق(‬
‫ﺻﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺣﺸﻮ‬
‫ﺳﺎق ﺻﺎﻋﺪة‬
‫)ﻗﻼووظ داﺧﻠﻲ(‬
‫ﻗﺮص ﻣﺮآﺐ‬
‫‪ " Y"WE١٥ J٣F‬‬
‫‪- ٨٤ -‬‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﻳﺪوﻳﺔ )ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎق ﺻﺎﻋﺪة‬

‫)رﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﺎق‬ (‫)ﻗﻼووظ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺣﺸﻮ‬
‫ﻗﺮص اﺑﺮة‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻗﻼووظ‬
‫א‬WE١٦ J٣F
 ‫א‬WE١٧ J٣F
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬WE١٨ J٣F
 
 
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻗﻼووظ‬
 
 WE١٩ J٣F
 
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬
(Expansion Tanks)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
(Open Expansion Tank) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٢٠ J٣F ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ (AB)‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   (AC)  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(AC)‫ א‬ (2) ، (1) ‫א‬EStrainers)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Closed Expansion Tank) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   E   ‫א‬ F    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K(Compression tank) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢١ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ (Air vents)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    J٣
 KE٤ J٣F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬ (% ) ‫א‬  (°C ) ‫א‬‫א‬

0.6 35
1.2 50
1.8 65
2.8 80
3.5 95
4.5 105
5.6 120
6.8 135
8.3 150
9.8 165
11.5 180
13 195
15 205
‫א‬E٤ J٣F
 
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫ﺧﺰان ﺗﻤﺪد‬ B
A C (2)
(1)
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
 ‫א‬WE٢٠ J٣F
 
‫ﺻﻤﺎم‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺪاد‬
‫زﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﺑﻴﺎن‬
‫ﺻﻤﺎم‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺑﻲ‬
 ‫א‬WE٢١ J٣F
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬
(Pressure Drop in Pipe Fittings)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ [Equivalent length (E.L)]
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١F
‫א‬‫א‬ (100 mm ) ‫א‬، (90o ) ‫א‬
 K ⎛⎜ 22.3 kg ⎞⎟ ‫א‬
⎝ s⎠
 W‫א‬
 WE٥ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E.L = 3.3 m
  (100 mm )  ⎛⎜ 22.3 kg s ⎞⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬
⎝ ⎠
= 550 Pa  ∆p m
∴ ∆ p = 550 × 3 . 3 = 1 . 8 × 10 3 Pa (0 . 18 m .w )
‫א‬   (mm ) ‫א‬‫א‬
12.5 20 25 30 40 50 65 75 100 125 150 200 250
0.24 0.27 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.7 2.0 2.4 3.4 4.0
45o
0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.4 3.3 4.0 4.9 6.7 8.0
90o
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.2 4.3 5.0
 90o
0.2 0.27 0.3 0.46 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.0 2.7 3.7
‫א‬
5.0 6.7 8.0 11.0 13.0 16.7 20.0 25.0 33.5 41.0 50.0 67.0 82.0

2.0 2.7 3.6 4.6 5.5 7.3
 ‫א‬
0.9 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.7 3.7 4.3 5.2 6.7 8.5 10.4 13.4 17.0
 J
1.8 2.4 3.0 4.3 4.9 6.1 7.6 9.0 12.2 15.2 18.3 24.4 30.5

  90o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٣F
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬
(Water Piping Sizing)
‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬    E٢٢ J٣F ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K 7.5o C ‫א‬ [Medium grade black steel (BS 1387)] ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE٢F
 (150 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ⎛⎜ 3 kg s ⎞⎟  (7.5o C )‫א‬ (50 mm )
⎝ ⎠
 W‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (50 mm ) K ⎛⎜ 3 kg s ⎞⎟ 
⎝ ⎠
440 pa = ∆p
m
∴ ∆ p = 440 × 150 = 6 . 6 × 10 3 pa (6 . 6 m .w )
 
  V = 1.3 m s W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢ J٣F
 E (Pa m) ‫א‬‫א‬ J ⎛⎜ kg s ⎞⎟ ‫א‬F
⎝ ⎠
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WE٣F
 (7.5o C )‫א‬ ‫א‬   ⎛⎜1, 10, 30 kg s ⎞⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬
⎝ ⎠
  K (75o C )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  E٢٢ J٣F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K (2.4 m s ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W (7.5o C ) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 (kg/s) (mm) (Pa)   (m/s)
1 32 380 0.95
10 80 500 1.95
30 125 360 2.3
W (75o C )‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
(kg/s) (mm) (Pa)   (m/s)
1 32 342 0.95
10 80 450 1.95
30 125 324 2.3
(10%) ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 (The Design of Water Piping)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J٢
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 (2.4 m s )‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    (500 Pa )
 K
 K (1.2 m s )‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
E٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
KEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (0.5 m s ) ‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
 
60 m
 
 E٢٣ J٢F

(BS1387)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (7.5o C )E٢٣ J٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K 60% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
 W‫א‬
‫א‬  E٢٢ J٣F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  J١
K (2.4 m s ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
(Pa/m) (m/s) (mm) (kg/s)
260 2.2 150 40 EFAB 1.
240 1.8 125 25 BC 2.
235 1.5 100 15 CD 3.
235 1.5 100 15 BE 4.
150 1.2 100 10 CD 5.
240 1.8 125 25 DE 6.
       ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
ABEF , ACDF‫א‬‫א‬ABCC/DEF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬
(Pa) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (m/s) ‫א‬ (mm)
(Pa/m) (m) (m) (kg/s)
260 240 - - 2.16 40 150   EFAB
2 1 2 - - -  EFAB
 ‫א‬
50 1 50 - - -  EFAB

9.8 2 4.9 - - -  EFAB

4.9 1 4.9 - - -  B
79742 260× 306.7 ‫א‬
240 30 - - 1.8 25 125    BC
4 1 4 - - -  C
8160 240× 34 ‫א‬
150 180 - - 1.2 10 100   CD
33.5 1 33.5 - - -   C/

6.6 2 3.3 - - -  CD

3.3 1 3.3 - - -  D
33510 150× 223.4 ‫א‬
240 30 - - 1.8 25 125   DE
4 1 4 - - -   E
8160 240× 34 ‫א‬
129572  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ABCC/DEF‫א‬‫א‬∴
 ∴ ∆p T
= 129 . 6 kPa = 1 . 296 bar
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
  12960 mm.w  (12.96 m.w)

W‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
Q × ∆p WHP
WHP = HP , BHP =
746 ηm
 W
  WHP  = EF‫א‬‫א‬
  = BHP EF‫א‬‫א‬
  Q =   (m s )

3
‫א‬
  ∆p = (Pa ) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
η m = ‫א‬‫א‬
 
6 .9 40×129572
BHP = = 11 . 6 HP & ∴WHP = = 6.9 HP 
0 .6 1000× 746
(Pumps Selection) W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ (Supply & Return Headers) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٤ J٣F‫א‬ .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (25 − 30 % ) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
   
(Headers) WEF  ‫א‬‫א‬WEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٤ J٣F
(Steam Heating Systems) W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬(Terminal Units)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(Zones)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K (1bar ) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
 W‫א‬W 
 W‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ (2.4 m s )
K‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
‫א‬  ‫א‬ K (1 L S )    ، (5.4 × 10−3 m 2 )      J١
 KL
 (40 mm ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
K (3 L S )
‫א‬  ، (12.5 m.w)            J٣
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K (25 m.wg )  
K ⎛⎜ kg cm2 ⎞⎟ ‫א‬
⎝ ⎠
 (80 mm )  ‫א‬  ،(BS1387)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬K (1.2 m s )
   J٥
‫وﺣﺪات‬
‫ﻣﺮوﺣﺔ‬-‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬
B C
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬ I H
‫ﻣﺜﻠﺞ ﻣﺎء‬
J F G

 E٢٥ J٣F
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬K(BS1387) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ⎛⎜ 0.75 kg ⎞⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎝ s⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (3 m ) 

AB 25 BC 20 CD 30 DE 20
FG 25 GH 30 HI 12 IJ 25
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 (200 mm ) ‫א‬ (Schedule 40)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  (12 m )   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ⎛⎜ 80 kg ⎞⎟
⎝ s⎠
 K (3.6 m.w) 
 
3m
‫ﺑﺮج‬
‫ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬
6m
‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎم آﺮوي‬
‫ﻣﺼﻔﺎة‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎم آﺮوي‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬ ‫رﺟﻮع‬
100 m
 E٢٦ J٣F
(BS1387) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ⎛⎜15 kg ⎞⎟ ‫א‬
⎝ s⎠
 K
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  J٨
F A 2.5 Kg/s B C
‫ﺻﻤﺎم‬
‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺑﻮاﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﻋﺪم ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬ 1.5 Kg/s
‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺑﻮاﺑﻲ‬
‫رﺟﻮع‬ ‫آﺮوي‬
30 m
100 m 60 m
 E٢٧ J٣F
 
 W‫א‬E٢٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 K (65% ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٠٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Indoor Air Quality

Introduction
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ، ، ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  (ASHRAE)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
   ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬  (80%)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (Air Contamination) W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ [American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)]‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2 − 5) 
، (21% ) ‫א‬، (78% ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  3.5%  ‫א‬  (0.03% )  ‫א‬      (0.9% )  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬      K
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 (Sources of Indoor Air Contamination) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Gaseous Contaminants) W‫א‬‫א‬K١
  (Indoor Gaseous Contaminants Sources) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Tobacco Smoke) ‫א‬ J
(Cleaning Agents) ‫א‬ J
- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
(Building Materials & Furnishings) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 (Equipment) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 (Occupants) W‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
(Outdoor Air) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
(Carbon Dioxide)W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(EPA)‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (1000 PPM )⎛⎜1.8 g m3 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
 (Radon)W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  EBasement F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬      K ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Toxicity) W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
[National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH)]
 [Radon (Rn)]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(Odors) W‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (Odor Threshold)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (50% ) ‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  (Irritation & Allergic Response)W‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬F،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،E‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٨٨‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ (20% ) ‫א‬
(Sick building syndrome)
(Damage of Materials) W‫א‬‫א‬ J
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Methods To Control Indoor Air Quality) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Source Elimination) W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
(Use of Outdoor Air) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
(Space Air Distribution) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
(Air Cleaning) W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
(Source Elimination) W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
(Use of Outdoor Air) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
(Supply Air)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Return Air)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   (Ventilation)‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (EPA)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (Ambient-Air Quality)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬    (Exfiltration)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Infiltration)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Space Air Distribution) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Displacement Ventilation)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (3 °C )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   (Localized Ventilation)‫א‬‫א‬ K
 
‫א‬‫א‬ (Task Air Conditioning Systems) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
(Air Cleaning) W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  J

 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ (HVAC Systems)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Outside Air Treatment) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (Partial Supply Air Treatment) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Full Supply Air Treatment) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
(Air Sterilization)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 (14000) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Air Filters)W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Dry Filters) EF
 (Viscous Filters) EF
(Electronic Filters) EF
 (Dry Filters)W‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   K    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (Filter Face Area) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (7 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 (7 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K (0.7 ) ‫א‬
 K  (7 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (84% ) , (95% ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (25, 50, 100 mm)  (12.5 × 62.5 cm) , (50 × 50 cm) , (40 × 62.5 cm) , (40 × 50 cm) , (25 × 50 cm)
 
 EF ،  ‫א‬ EF ،  ‫א‬ EF W  E١ J٤F ‫א‬
 K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Fine Filters) W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (0.05)  (0.3) ‫א‬‫א‬ (99.9% ) ‫א‬
 K[High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters] ‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬
(Viscous Impingement Filters) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (80%)  (65%) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (90%) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Washable Filters)W J
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Changeable Filters)W J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Self -Cleaning Filters)W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   
EF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF،EFW‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬
 (Electronic Filters) :‫א‬‫א‬EF
(Ionizing Type) ‫א‬‫א‬W  (Precipitators)‫א‬‫א‬
 (Charged Media Type) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K (13000)  (11000)
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K (90%)  (70% ) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ (300)  (240) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬EFWE٤ J٤F‫א‬
 (Filters Performance Criteria) W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬  W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 (Filter Efficiency)W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 η ( filter ) = C1−C 2 W
C1
  W
C1 = ‫א‬‫א‬
  = C2 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (95%)  (90%)
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Discoloration)‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (Resistance)W‫א‬
 (N m )
2  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(N/m2)‫א‬ (%)‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
175 37.5 40
200 62.5 60
 225 87.5  85
 250 100  95
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٤F
K‫א‬(NPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (10% ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     
 WEF  WEF  WEF
 (Dry filters) WE١ J٤)‫א‬
 
    

 K[Fine filters (HEPA)]‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬
 
  
(Self-cleaning)‫א‬‫א‬WEF  (Washable) WEF
(Viscous impingement filters)‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٤F‫א‬
 
    
(Charged media type)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF (Ionizing type)‫א‬‫א‬WEF
 (Electronic filters) WE٤ J٤F‫א‬

 
- ١١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
99
RS
OR
E
AT
LT
FI
AR
S
5%
EP
R
-9 TE
LS
L
90 FI
TIA
95
5%
-8
ER
S
80 ER
INT
EFFICHIENCY
L T
90 FI
%
- 65
60
70
TER
50 L
FI
TED
LEA IA
P ED
M
2" LL
RO
R
O
D
" PA
20 2
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
PARTICLE SIZE IN MICRONS
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٤F
- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Methods of Testing Filters) W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Weight Method) W‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Dust Spot Discoloration Method) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Di-Octyl-Phthalate Penetration Method) WDOP‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(DOP)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Scattered Light) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.  (03 − 50) ‫א‬ (0.01 − 1) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
(Filter Dust Holding Capacity)
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 
 
- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Selection of Filters) W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F،E٥ J٤F،E٤ J٤F،E٣ J٤F،E٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (N/m2) (m/s)
 W
101 0.95 20-30 0.3 (5cm)
1.5 3.3 25-30 0.15 (20cm)  
 
5.9-7.6 9.5-17.6 125-300 0.1

 
1.45 0.55 15-30 1.5   (5cm) 
2.0 0.8 30-60 1.5   (10cm)
1.0 1.0 10-30 1.5-2.5 (5cm)
 ‫א‬
1.9-3 3.6-8 75-125 2.5
 
 
2.9-5.9 12.4-21.3 37.5-75 1.5-0  ‫א‬
4.3-7.2 17.8-31.1 50-80 2-2.5  ‫א‬
2.9-3.7 10.7-14.2 7.5-30 0.18  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Face Velocity) ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٤F
K  (3000) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ (N/m2) ‫א‬ (m/s)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
  250 25 1.25-2.5 -  
 
 175 30 2.5  

   
  150 20 1.5-25    
 125 30 2.0-2.5  
 125 40 1.5-2.5  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٤F 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  (cm)‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ 30×60×20 30×60×30 60×60×20 60×60×30 ‫א‬
(L/S) ‫א‬
(Pa)
M-2A 420 480 810 940 37.4
M-15 420 480 810 940 87.2
M-100 300 410 620 800 100
M-200 210 290 430 560 100
‫א‬   (m2)‫א‬‫א‬
1.35 1.93 2.69 3.87
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٤F
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

(mm) ‫א‬‫ א‬ (%)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  (Pa)
@1.8m/s
(%) (kg/1000(L/S))
25 20-50  5-10 0.16-0.32 20
45 50-75  5-15 0.26-0.8 35
64 60-80  5-20 0.4-1.2 50
100 70-85 10-25 0.53-1.7 80
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٤F
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (HEPA Filters)‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬[Activated carbon(Charcoal)]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Potassium PermanganateF‫א‬ (Activated Alumina) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (50% ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (0.7%) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ،‫א‬     
 K‫א‬
 
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE١F
‫א‬K (75%)  (ASHRAE)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE1000 L S ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K (40 pa )  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٦ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
  (75%) = ‫א‬
= (40 Pa )  ‫א‬‫א‬
  45 mm  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (1.8 m s )  (35 Pa ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 
1000 × 10 −3
Face area (‫א‬‫א‬) = = 0.56 m 2
1.8
 WE٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (60 × 60 × 20) M-200 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K (380 L S )
 
 W‫א‬
∆pαV 2αQ 2
∆p′ ⎛ Q′ ⎞ 2
=⎜ ⎟ ∴
∆p ⎜⎝ Q ⎟⎠

  (60 × 60 × 20)  M-200 ‫א‬E٥ J٤F‫א‬
 
, ∆p = 100 Pa Q = 430 L
S
  Q ′ = 380 L S : ‫وﺣﻴﺚ إن‬
∴ ∆p ′ = 78 .09 Pa
- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 (Installation & Maintenance of Filters) W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 (‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (100 cm) ‫א‬ (75 cm ) ‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2 cm) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ (16) (Intake Screens) ‫א‬
(Staggered) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ("V" Banks)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
    K   ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KE٦  J٤F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E‫א‬‫א‬  F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (10%) EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2 − 3) ‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Rotation Method)
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ( Banks"V") (Staggered filter)WE٦ J٤F
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬
(Ventilation Requirements)
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Ventilation Rate Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (L s )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬K[Air changes per hour (ACH)]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Indoor Air Quality Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ⎛ 8 L ⎞   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
⎜ s ⎟⎠
⎝
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
  K ⎛ 8 L ⎞ E٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
⎜ s ⎟⎠
⎝
 (L s )  ACH ‫א‬ 
10 1.5-3  K١
8 10-20   K٢
8 20  ‫א‬ K٣
10 5 ‫א‬ K٤
10 5   K٥
10 4   K٦
13 2   K٧
10 2-4   K٨
8 0.5-1   K٩
‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٣F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K
K‫א‬
- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫ א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
KDOP ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 20 m( 3
s
) J١
K (70 Pa ) ‫א‬‫א‬ (0.6 × 0.6 × 0.3) ‫א‬ M-15
 
‫א‬K (30 × 60 × 20) ‫א‬‫א‬ M-24‫א‬‫א‬ (2800 L S )‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬   K‫א‬  (25 Pa )         ‫א‬  
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 
 K (600 L S )‫א‬‫א‬K (60 × 60 × 30) M-24 J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ (70% )    (ASHRAE)     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   J٤
‫א‬ (500 L S )‫א‬K (25 pa ) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K (0 − 5 × 10 −3 mm ) ‫א‬ (95%) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

‫א‬ ‫א‬K (60 Pa ) ‫א‬ (110 L S )‫א‬
 K (20 cm) 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬
 
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ (2 m s )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
V2
V1
60o
A1 = 0.2 m2
A2 = 0.4 m 2
C
θ , deg
Re A1/A0 16 20 30 45 60 90 120 180
0.5×105 2 0.23 0.19 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30
4 0.23 0.30 0.46 0.61 0.68 0.64 0.63 0.62
6 0.27 0.33 0.48 0.66 0.77 0.74 0.73 0.72
10 0.29 0.38 0.59 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.84 0.83
≥ 16 0.31 0.38 0.60 0.84 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88
2×105 2 0.07 0.12 0.23 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26
4 0.15 0.18 0.36 0.55 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.57
6 0.19 0.28 0.44 0.90 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.69
10 0.20 0.24 0.43 0.76 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.81
≥ 16 0.21 0.28 0.52 0.76 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87
≥ 6×105 2 0.05 0.07 0.12 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
4 0.17 0.24 0.38 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.58 0.57
6 0.16 0.29 0.46 .060 0.69 0.71 0.70 0.70
10 0.21 0.33 0.52 0.60 0.76 0.83 .084 0.83
≥ 16 0.21 0.34 0.56 0.72 0.79 0.85 0.87 0.89
 W
 WRe
0.55×105 DVZRe
 EmF‫א‬‫ א‬: D
Em/sF‫א‬‫א‬WV
- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬K (2000 L S ) (18 × 10 m) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K (3 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(NC = 35 dB ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(0.4 m3/s)
E
7m
A 7m B 5m C 5m D
(1.4 m3/s) (1.0 m3/s)
7m
F G
(0.4 m3/s) (0.6 m3/s)
‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  (0.6 m s ) G‫א‬ (0.4 m s )E, F‫א‬
3 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
EB,C‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬EF
  C = 1.0 G ‫א‬
- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  R W = 1.5 (D) ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 
 
(m/s)‫א‬ (cm)‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ⎛⎜ 2, 20, 60 kg s ⎞⎟ ‫א‬
⎝ ⎠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (7.5o C )‫א‬
‫א‬(kg/s) ‫א‬(mm) ‫א‬(Pa) (m/s)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (30 × 60 × 20)   M-100 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫؟‬‫א‬K (240 L S )
 
- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬ (8 × 6 m ) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (3.2 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬K 8 m ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 9o C ‫א‬ (230 L S )
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (W (400) × H (600) mm )  ‫א‬‫א‬EF
(
  K 0 .5 m3
s
)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R = 400 mm ‫א‬ (90 ) o
 
V
W
H
θ
C
R/W H/W
0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0
0.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2
0.75 0.57 0.52 0.48 0.44 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.44
1.0 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.27 0.21
1.5 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17
2.0 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬
 K (40 Pa ) ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  θ = 60 o ‫א‬ C-D، B-C ‫א‬

  R D = 2.0 ‫א‬
 K (0.75) ‫א‬
 
 
6m 600 L/S
600 L/S F E H
10 m 10 m
15 m B 3m C 10 m
3m
G
600 L/S
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
F A 2.5 Kg/s B C
‫ﺻﻤﺎم‬
30 m
A ‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺑﻮاﺑﻲ‬
  100 m 60 m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 K (65% ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K(Roll-type)‫א‬
 K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
(Expansion loops & offsetsF J
 (Expansion joints)  J
(Slip type) ‫א‬‫א‬G
  (Bellows type) ‫א‬‫א‬G

(Flexible hose) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
(Vibration isolators) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬
(Plug  ‫א‬   ،(Angle valvesF ‫א‬‫א‬  ،(Globe valvesF ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF
 K(Butterfly valvesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Needle valvesF‫א‬،valves)

  ‫א‬
 (Check valves).‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Disc or wedge) W‫א‬‫• א‬
(Stem) W‫• א‬
- ١٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬
  J
  ‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
   ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 (Bonnet) W‫א‬EF
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J
  J
 
‫ﺧﺰان ﺗﻤﺪد‬ B
A C (2)
(1)
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
 
- ١٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
2 A1 0.4
  V1 = Q = =10 m
s
,  θ = 60 o , = = 2 .0
A 0.2 A 0 .2
4A 4 × 0 .2
R e = 0.55 × 10 5 DV , D = = = 0 .5 m
π π
∴ R e = 0.55 × 10 5 ×0.5 × 10 = 2.75 × 10 5
  C = 0.27
∴ ∆ p T = 0 . 6 × 0 . 27 × (10 )2 = 16 . 2 Pa = (1 . 62 mm . w )
 
  NC = 35 db ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K (9 × 5 m ) ‫א‬
2000
  L S  = =  500 ‫א‬
4
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
9
= T  4.5 m = 
2
 W‫א‬ (45 cm) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F
= 620 , T = 6.7 m , SP = 7.5 Pa , NC = 26 db  L S
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬(ASHRAE)
  V = 6.0 m
s
 W‫א‬
  A=Q
V
= 1.4 = 0.23 m 2
6
‫א‬   (1.4 m s ) ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
3
 W‫א‬ (6 m
s
) ‫א‬
- ١٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  (W = 580 , H = 400 mm )  (580 × 400 mm ) ‫א‬‫א‬

∆p = 0.8 Pa
m
‫א‬‫א‬ ∆p = 0.8 Pa
m
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
(m/s) (W × H ) (cm)  (m 3 )
6.0 (580 × 400 mm ) 1.4 A-B 1.
5.5 (450 × 400 mm ) 1.0 B-C 2.
4.8 (500 × 250 mm ) 0.6 CG 3.
4.4 (360 × 250 mm ) 0.4 BF 4.
4.4 (360 × 250 mm ) 0.4 CE 5.
 
 ABCDG‫א‬
 KWED)
  RW = 1 .5 , A = 500 × 250 mm 2
H = 250 = 0.5
W 500
  C = 0.2
 
∴ ∆pT ( A − G ) = 0.8 × 24 + 0.6 ×V (C − G ) × C (D ) + 0.6 ×V (C − G ) × C (G )
2 2
 
= 19.2 + 0.6 × 0.2 ×(4.8) + 0.6 × 1.0 ×(4.8)
2 2
  = 19 . 2 + 2 . 765 + 13 . 82 = 35 . 8 Pa
 
 
- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(kg/s) ‫א‬(mm) ‫א‬(Pa) ‫א‬

‫א‬ (m/s)
2 50 215 0.9
20 125 186 1.5
60 200 118 1.67
 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
(Toxicity) W‫א‬ J
(Odors) W‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (Irritation & allergic response)W‫א‬‫א‬ J
(Damage of materials) W‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 (Dry filters)W‫א‬‫א‬EF
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  J
  J
W
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
(Fine filters) W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K[High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters] ‫א‬ (99.9% ) ‫א‬
 
(Viscous Impingement Filters) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (Washable Filters)W J
 (Changeable Filters)W J
 (Self -Cleaning Filters)W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (Electronic Filters) :‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬(Precipitators)‫א‬‫א‬
 (Ionizing type) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (Charged media type) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Weight method) W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
(Dust spot discoloration method) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Di-octyl-phthalate penetration method) WDOP‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(DOP)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E F
∆pαV 2αQ 2
∆p′ ⎛ Q′ ⎞ 2
=⎜ ⎟ ∴
∆p ⎜⎝ Q ⎟⎠

  (30 × 60 × 20)  M-100 E٦ J٤F‫א‬
 
, ∆p = 100 Pa Q = 300 L
S
(
  240 L S ) : ‫وﺣﻴﺚ إن‬
′ ⎞2
  ∆p ′ = ⎛⎜⎜ Q ⎛ 240 ⎞ 2
⎟⎟ ×∆p = ⎜ ⎟ ×100
⎝Q⎠ ⎝ 300 ⎠
 
∴ ∆ p ′ = 64 Pa
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 , NC = 35 db ‫א‬‫א‬
 = T 6 m E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (230 L S ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ (35 × 12.5 cm)  (45 × 10 cm)  (30 × 15 cm)
- ١٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
θ = o 45 , NC = 34 db 6.1 m L
S
= 235 , T =
  (35 × 35 cm)  (40 × 30 cm) ‫א‬ (230 L S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  (235 L S ) , NC = 21 dB , ∆p s = 13.75 Pa , V = 2 m
s
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
400 H 600
  R = = 1.0 , = = 1.5 
W 400 W 400
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C = 0.19
 
Q 0.5
 V = = = 2.1 m
A 0.6 × 0.4 s
 
 ∴ ∆p = 0.6 ×V 2×C = 0.6 ×(2.1)2 ×0.19 = 0.5 Pa
- ١٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF
6m 600 L/S
600 L/S F E H
10 m 10 m
15 m B 3m C 10 m
3m
G
600 L/S
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  J
 W(ASHRAE)‫א‬
V = 7.5 m
s
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  A=Q
V
= 1 .8
7 .5
= 0.24 m 2
‫א‬   (1.8 m s ) ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
3
 W‫א‬ (7.5 m s ) ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ (550 mm ) ‫א‬
∆p = 1.1 Pa
m
- ١٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ∆p = 1.1 Pa

m
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
(m s )   (m 2 )   (m 3 )
(mm )
7.5 550 0.24 1.8 A-B K٩
6.8 475 0.176 1.2 B-C K١٠
5.7 365 0.11 0.6 C-D-H K١١
5.7 365 0.11 0.6 C-E-F K١٢
5.7 365 0.11 0.6 B-G K١٣
 
 A-H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 WD‫א‬W
 R = 2.0 ، J٣ 
D
  
  (C = 0.33)
 
 WC-D‫א‬B-C ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
A = (0 .24
1 )= 1.4 , A A = (0 .176 0.1)= 1.6  θ = 60°
1
A 0 .176
0 0
W‫א‬‫א‬
(C = 0.06)
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬
 
∴ ∆p T ( A − H ) =
1.1 × 38 + 0.6 ×V
2
( A − B ) × C (B − C ) + 0.6 ×V 2 (B − C ) × C (C − D ) + 0.6 ×V 2 (C − H ) × C (D )
 
= 41.8 + 0.6 × 0.06 ×(7.5) +0.6 × 0.06 ×(6.8) +0.6 × 0.33(5.7 )2
2 2
- ١٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
= 41 . 8 + 2 . 025 + 1 . 665 + 6 . 433 = 51 . 9 Pa

 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫ = א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 
 ∴ p s (Fan) = 51.9 + 40 = 91.9 Pa
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  0.75 × 0.5ρ [V 2 (Initial ) −V 2 (Final )]
 W
 V (Initial ) =‫א‬
   V (Final )  =‫א‬
 ρ = ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬=
 
 ∴ p s (Fan ) = 91.9 − 0.75 × 0.6[(7.5)2 −(5.7 )2 ]
= 91.9 − 10.69 = 81.2 Pa (8.12 mm. w)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  Po = pTo × Q& = (81.12 + 0.6V ) ×1.8 
2
  = [81.12 + 0.6 (7.5) 2 ] × 1.8 = ( 81.12 + 33.75) × 1.8

  = 206.77 watts ≈ 0.2 kW
- ١٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F A 2.5 Kg/s B C
‫ﺻﻤﺎم‬
30 m
A ‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺑﻮاﺑﻲ‬
  100 m 60 m
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (2.4 m s ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

(Pa/m) (m/s) (mm) (kg/s)
280 1.1 50 2.5 EFAB 1.
215 0.75 40 1.0 BCE 2.
115 0.65 50 1.5 BE 3.
 
 
- ١٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
ABCEF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫( א‬m/s) ‫ א‬(mm)
(Pa) (Pa/m (m)  (m) (kg/s)
)
280 230 - - 2.16 2.5 50   EFAB
3.4 2 1.7 - - -   EFAB

0.7 1 0.7 - - -  EFAB
 ‫א‬
6.1 1 6.1 - - -  EFAB


33.4 2 16.7 - - -  EFAB

1.7 1 1.7 - - -  B
77084 280× 275.3  ‫א‬

215 150 - - 0.75 1.0 40   BCE
0.5 1 0.5 - - -   BCE
‫א‬
2.6 2 1.3 - - -   BCE

1.3 1 1.3 - - -  E
33196 215× 154.4    ‫א‬

11028  ‫א‬‫א‬
0
 ABCEF‫א‬‫א‬∴
∴ ∆ p T = 110 . 28 kPa = 1 . 1 bar
- ١٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬
  11 m .w
 K (65% ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
Q × ∆p WHP
WHP = HP , BHP =
746 ηm
 W
  WHP  = EF‫א‬‫א‬
  = BHP EF‫א‬‫א‬
  Q =   (m s )

3
‫א‬
  ∆p = (Pa ) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
η m = ‫א‬‫א‬
 
.5 × 110280
 ∴WHP = 21000 × 746
= 0.37 HP
&
0 . 37
BHP = = 0 . 56 HP
0 . 65
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٤٧ -
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
Glossary
A
ASHRAE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Aspect ratio ‫א‬‫א‬
Aluminum foil ‫א‬
ASTM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air vents ‫א‬‫א‬
Air jets  ‫א‬‫א‬
Air leakage  ‫א‬‫א‬
Air changes per hour (ACH) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air contamination ‫א‬‫א‬
Air cleaning ‫א‬‫א‬
Air filters ‫א‬‫א‬
Air sterilization ‫א‬‫א‬
Activated carbon ‫א‬‫א‬
Activated alumina  ‫א‬‫א‬
Angle valve ‫א‬
Anchors 
AEPA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air diffusion  ‫א‬‫א‬
Air diffusion patterns ‫א‬‫א‬
Air distribution systems  ‫א‬‫א‬
Air outlets ‫א‬‫א‬
Ambient air quality  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B
Basement  
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Balancing damper ‫א‬

Bellow 
Bushing ‫א‬
Butterfly valve 
Buoyancy effects  ‫א‬‫א‬
Bonnet ‫א‬
Boiler  
Branch 
Balanced-capacity method  ‫א‬‫א‬
Balanced-pressure loss method  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Balancing ‫א‬
C
Ceiling diffuser 
Converging transition ‫א‬
Copper 
Coupling 
Check valve 
Composition disc 
Compression tank ‫א‬
Constant volume system  ‫א‬
Cleaning agents 
Charged media filters ‫א‬
Changeable filters 
Central air conditioning 
Chiller 
Closed loop system  
Critical path  
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Cooling tower 

D
Design velocity  ‫א‬
Duct design ‫א‬‫א‬
Diverging transition ‫א‬
Duct insulation ‫א‬‫א‬
Duct manufacturing ‫א‬‫א‬
Disc 
Dry filter 
Discoloration ‫א‬‫א‬
Displacement ventilation  ‫א‬‫א‬
Dust spot ‫א‬
DOP ‫א‬‫א‬
Drop ‫א‬
E
Equal friction method ‫א‬‫א‬
Equivalent length ‫א‬‫א‬
Expansion joints 
Expansion loops 
Expansion tank ‫א‬
Equipment ‫א‬
Electronic filters 
Environmental protection agency (EPA)  ‫א‬
Exfiltration  ‫א‬
F
Fittings 
Fiberglass 
Flexible hose 
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Flange 
Face area ‫א‬‫א‬
Fine filters 
Filter efficiency ‫א‬
Flexible wedge disc 
Filters performance criteria ‫א‬‫א‬
Face velocity ‫א‬‫א‬
Fire damper  
Flow meter ‫א‬
G
Globe valve 
Gate valve ‫א‬
Gaseous contaminants 
Grille 
Galvanized sheet metal ‫א‬
H
HVAC ‫א‬،،
Hangers 
Hand wheel 
HEPA filters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I  
IHVE  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Irritation & allergic response ‫א‬‫א‬
Indoor air quality (I.A.Q) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Indoor air quality procedure  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ionizing type filter ‫א‬‫א‬
Installation 
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Index 
L
Location 
Localized ventilation  
Loss coefficient ‫א‬
M
Mitered elbow 
Medium grade black steel ‫א‬
N
Nominal size ‫א‬‫א‬
Nipple 
Needle valve 
Non-rising stem 
Narrow seat 
NIOSH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NC ‫א‬
O
Offset 
Odor ‫א‬
Odor threshold ‫א‬‫א‬
Occupants 
Open loop system  
P
Plenum ceiling 
Pressure drop ‫א‬
Pressure loss ‫א‬
Pleated elbow 
Polyurethane ‫א‬
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Plug valve 

Packing nut 
Plug cock ‫א‬
Precipitators 
ppm 
Preface 
Perimeter  
Pump 
Q
Quiet system 
R
Radon  ‫א‬‫א‬
Residual velocity ‫א‬‫א‬
Register 
Round diffuser ‫א‬
Room air motion  
Return air ‫א‬‫א‬
Reverse return system  ‫א‬
Roll-type ‫א‬
Regulating valve ‫א‬
Rising stem 
Resistance 
Reduction 
S
Spread ‫א‬
Slot diffuser 
Supply devices ‫א‬‫א‬
Square diffuser 
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Schedule number ‫א‬

Steel 
Slip type ‫א‬‫א‬
Spring hanger 
Stem 
Screw 
Stuffing 
Split wedge disc 
Sick building syndrome ‫א‬
Self cleaning filter ‫א‬‫א‬
Scattered lights 
Staggered 
Snap lock 
Spiral 
System balance  ‫א‬‫א‬
Spitter damper  ‫א‬
Static regain method  ‫א‬
Space air diffusion  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Source elimination  ‫א‬‫א‬
T
Terminal unit 
Transmission loads 
Terminal velocity ‫א‬‫א‬
Take-off 
Task air conditioning system  ‫א‬
Tee 
Toxicity ‫א‬
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Throw  ‫א‬
U
Use of outdoor air
V
VAV system ‫א‬
Variable control damper (V.C.D)  ‫א‬‫א‬
Vibration ‫א‬‫א‬
Vibration isolators ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vapor barrier ‫א‬
Valve 
Ventilation 
Ventilation rate procedure  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Viscous 
Viscous impingement filter ‫א‬
W
Wrought iron 
Wedge ‫א‬
Washable filter 
Water distribution system  ‫א‬
Water treatment  
Z
Zone 
 
 
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Nomenclature‫א‬
Water mass flow rate kg / s m& w  ‫א‬
mass kg m  ‫א‬
Air mass flow rateِ kg / s m& a  ‫א‬‫א‬
Air density kg / m 3 ρa  ‫א‬‫א‬
Static pressure Pa ps  ‫א‬‫א‬
Dynamic pressure Pa pd  ‫א‬‫א‬
Velocity pressure Pa pv  ‫א‬
Total pressure Pa pT  ‫א‬‫א‬
Total Pressure difference Pa ∆p T  ‫א‬‫א‬
Fan static pressure Pa FSP  ‫א‬‫א‬
Fan total pressure Pa FTP  ‫א‬‫א‬
Air pressure Pa pa  ‫א‬‫א‬
Specific heat of water kJ kgK c pw  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Coefficient of
performance - COP  ‫א‬‫א‬
Energy efficiency ratio - EER  ‫א‬
Air volume m3 Va  ‫א‬‫א‬
Dry bulb temperature °C Tdb ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wet bulb temperature °C Twb  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Relative humidity % RH  ‫א‬‫א‬
Ton of Refrigeration TR TR  ‫א‬
Internal temperature °C Ti  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Outside temperature °C To  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Supply air temperature °C TS  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Temperature difference °C ∆T  ‫א‬‫א‬
Velocity m
s V  ‫א‬
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Area m2 A  ‫א‬
Radius mm R  ‫א‬
Diameter mm D  ‫א‬
Width mm W  ‫א‬
Height mm H  ‫א‬‫א‬
Loss coefficient - C  ‫א‬
Equivalent length m E .L  ‫א‬‫א‬
Discharge (volume flow
rate) m 3 s −1 Q  ‫א‬‫א‬
efficiency - η  ‫א‬
Steady state efficiency - η ss  ‫א‬‫א‬
Thermal efficiency - η th  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Mechanical efficiency - ηm  ‫א‬‫א‬
Air change per hour hr −1 ACH  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cooling load W CL  ‫א‬
Power WATTS P  ‫א‬
Water horsepower hp WHP  ‫א‬‫א‬
Brake horsepower hp BHP  ‫א‬‫א‬
Manometric head mm.w -  ‫א‬‫א‬
Current A I  ‫א‬
Voltage V V  ‫א‬
Heating value kcal
m3
H.V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rate of fuel consumption m3
h
Q
⋅
f ‫א‬‫א‬
concentration CO 2 ppm - ‫א‬
Sound pressure level dB SPL ‫א‬
Noise criteria dB NC  ‫א‬
Throw m T  ‫א‬
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
REFERENCES
 ‫א‬ 
Carrier Air Conditioning Company, 1965 "Handbook Of Air 1.
Conditioning System Design" McGraw-Hill.
ASHRAE Handbook, 1999 "HVAC Applications" 2.
Edward G. Pita, 1998 "Air Conditioning Principles And Systems" 3.
3rd. Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Columbus, Ohio.
Edward G. Pita, 1981 "Air Conditioning Principles And Systems: 4.
An Energy Approach" 3rd. Edition, John Willey & Sons, Inc.
W. P Jones, 1997 "Air Conditioning Applications And Design" 5.
2nd Edition, John Willey & Sons, Inc. New York-Toronto.
Whitman. Johnson & Tomczyk, 2000 "Refrigeration And Air 6.
Conditioning Technology" 4th Edition, Delmar.
Althouse. Turnquist. Bracciano, 1996 "Modern Refrigeration And 7.
Air Conditioning" The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Faye & Parker, 1994 "Heating, Ventilating And Air 8.
Conditioning" Analysis & Design. 4th Edition, , John Willey &
Sons, Inc.
Shan. K. Wang, 1994 "Handbook Of Air Conditioning And 9.
Refrigeration" McGraw-Hill.
Trane Company, 1999 "Installation, Operation, Maintenance 10.
Manual"
Trane Company, 1999 "Chiller Performance Data Manual" 11.
Tomas. E. Mull "Hvac Principles And Applications Manual" 12.
McGraw-Hill.
 E J‫א‬‫א‬F١٩٨٧،K 13.
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ J‫א‬
 E J‫א‬‫א‬F١٩٨٧،K 14.
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK 15.
 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
................................................................................................................................................................ 
................................................................................................................................................................ 
١ ................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١ ............................................................................................................................................................ 
٣ .................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤ ................................................................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬
٥ ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩ ............................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠ ..........................................................................................................................KKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠ ................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٨ ......................................................................................................................................................... 
١٩ ......................................................................................................................................................... 
٢٠ .............................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠ .......................................................................................................................................................... 
٢٢ ................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢ ............................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤ .................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥ ................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٧ ............................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢ ................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٩ .................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
٥٨ ............................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠ ......................................................................................................................................................... 
٦١ ......................................................................................................................................................... 
٦٤ ............................................................................................................................‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦٤ .......................................................................................................................................................... 
٦٦ ........................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٦ .......................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٦ ................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٩ ................................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬
٧٣ ....................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٧٥ .................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
٧٥ .............................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬
٧٧ ............................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬
٨٦ ................................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬
٨٩ ......................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٩٠ .................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
٩٣ ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٩٤ .................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
٩٧ ....................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
٩٨ ......................................................................................................................................................... 
٩٩ ......................................................................................................................................................... 
١٠٢ ..................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٢ ........................................................................................................................................................ 
١٠٤ ................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٥ - ........................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٨ - .................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١١ - ......................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١١ - ....................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
١٢٤ ....................................................................................................................................................... 
١٢٧ ....................................................................................................................................................... 
١٢٨ ................................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٨..................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
١٥٦.......................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
١٥٨......................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
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تكييف الهواء المركزي

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تكييف الهواء المركزي

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(8-10) (Air Changes Per Hour) (ACH)

  (Air Diffusion patterns) W‫א‬‫א‬

 (Grilles & Registers) : ‫א‬‫א‬ J١

‫اﻟﻤﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻬ ﻮاء‬

‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ اﻟﺴﻘﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ‬

‫دﻓﻊ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻣﻦ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﻓ ﺬة ﻳﻌﻄ ﻲ‬

  (Plenum ceilings)  W‫א‬ J٤

 KE٦ J١F‫א‬K(Plenum ceilings)

(Selection of Supply Devices)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K (7.5 × 4.5 m) ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ (30 cm ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  0.18 m 2 = 0.7 Face area =

(L/s)‫א‬ 47 55 60 67 75 82 87 95 110 122 135

(L/s)‫א‬ 67 77 87 97 107 117 127 137 157 177 195

(Pa)‫א‬‫א‬ 17.5 22.5 27.5 35 40 50 60 67.5 90 112.5 140

(Pa)‫א‬‫א‬ 15 20 25 32.5 40 47.5 55 62.5 82.5 105 130

L/s 32 45 55 65 77 87 110 132

25×10 4.3 5.2 5.8 6.4 7.0 7.3 8.2 8.8

L/s 40 52 65 77 90 105 130 155

40×10 L/s 35 50 67 85 102 120 135

60×10 40×15 L/s 52 77 105 130 155 182 207

70×10 45×15 L/s 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

8 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(NC) ‫א‬

K (10 × 10 m) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1 m3 )‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢

(4000 L S )  (30 × 30 m) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣

(Equal Friction Method)W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ‬

(Loss Coefficient Method) W‫א‬ J٢

 ‫א‬ (90o ) (pleated) WE٣ J٢F

E٣ J٢F‫א‬WE١ J٢F

E٤ J٢F‫א‬WE٢ J٢F

 ‫א‬ (3,4,5 pieces)  (90o ) WE٥ J٢F

 ‫א‬(Converging transition)‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٢F

 ‫א‬(Diverging transition)‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J٢F

 ‫א‬(Wye) ‫א‬WE١٢ J٢F

 (Diverging transition)‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣ J٢F

∴ ∆p T = 0.6 × 0.14 ×(11.7 )2 = 11.5 Pa

∴ R e = 0.55 × 10 5 ×1 × 7.5 = 4.125 × 10 5

(Equal Friction Method)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WE١٨ J١F WE١٧ J٢F

E , F & G ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E١٩ J٢F‫א‬

 K‫א‬ (1.0 Pa m ) ‫א‬

 (1.0 Pa m ) E٢١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

6.8 47.5 1.2 A-B K١

‫א‬‫א‬K (24 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬

  = 14 + 0.6 × 1.62 ×(5.2)2 +0.6 × 1.0 ×(5.2)2

 16.2  16.2  J   J   J   J

16.2 16.2  J   J   J  J

2.4 m3/s 1.6 m3/s 0.8 m3/s

(0.1 m3/s) (0.1 m3/s) (0.1 m3/s)

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٢F‫א‬

 (2.4 m s )‫א‬ E٢٢ J٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

  = 61.425 + 0.6 × 0.17(7.5)2 +0.6 × 0.2 ×(5.7 )2

  = 293.76 watts ≈ 0.3 kW

 (Duct insulation) W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٦ J٢F‫ א‬K٤

750 L/S 750 L/S 900 L/S

250 L/S 250 L/S 200 L/S 250 L/S

200 L/S 150 L/S 250 L/S

‫א‬ (Reverse Return System) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦