4419. The Cutting Edge Co 82, meri: Basic Reliability Models 4.17. The Notso Reliable Company must decide between two AC motors for use in a new ‘household appliance. Motor A has a CFR of 0.000011 failure per operating hour, Motor B has a hazard rate function given by 2 x (2) Specify completely the failure distrib (©) Compare the MTTF of the two motors. preferred’ (©) The company thirds of the ‘motor B. ‘basis ofthis comparison, which is yr wasranty on its appliances. IF he motor is operated two- Which motor would the company prefer in order to reduce its 4.18. Derive a general express tween two points in time, to manufacture a new lathe cutting tol. This tool has lifetime that standard deviation of 12.0 (cutting) hours. The ‘mean ofthe distribution is determined by the length of time the material is hardened and its hardening temperature, Ia reliability of 0.9 i desired over 100 hr of use, find ‘an AC motor manufactured by the Toole N. Di Company has atime to anormal with an MTTF found to be 3600 operating hours anda shape to analysis, whatean you say ‘maintenance replacement policy? 2-month warranty is available. Compute the probability ofa failure occurring ‘daring the frst yea. ‘You got by your fist year without a failure. You can now extend your warranty for satis 12 mon. Wt is a poe ofS cmd yr en at your VCR did not fail th (8) The fist-year warranty Compute the expected vs ‘compare with the warrant prchased, (©) Suppose the second-year warranty can only be purchased if the first-year warranty ‘has been purchased. On the basis ofthe probability of a failure occurring over the first two Years and the tot cost of the two warranties, decide whether both should be purchased CHAPTER 5 Reliability of Systems based on different fail- law may be applied applying the rules of probability according t0 - rents ‘within the system, compute a system reliability. This is the topic of this chapter. SL SERIAL CONFIGURATION fail. The seties relationship is represented by the reliability block diagram of Fig. 5.1 384 pert: Basic Reliability Models HE Higuens Lt "J~ Reliability block diagram for components in series. Since reliability i a probability, a system reliability R, may be determined from the component reliabilities inthe following way.” E, = the event that component 1 Ez = the event that component 2 Then PE) = Ry and P(E) = Re where R, = the reliability of component 1 Ry = the ‘Therefore Ry ponents are ‘change the reliability of ) assuming that the two com- of one component does not important for all components to have a high especially if te tans a large number of components (see Table 5. ‘each component has a constant failure rate of A, the system reliability is given by RA) = [] Rr = | expan) = on(- > at) = exp(-Aet) (5.2) then (3.3) and) = ox ~ Sk Ned ILE a a The functional form of Eg (5.4) indicate tha the sem dos ot exhibit Web type failures although every component has a Weibull failure ‘istribution, "To simplify the notation, the argument of K() will ceasonally be dropped. When this ie she cae, tis ‘understood thet all reliabilities ae to be evaluated forthe sume point in ime courren 5: Reliability of Systems 85 Serially related system reliability ee eee ‘Number of components Component reliability 10 100 (0900 03487 0266 x 10-* 0950 0.5987 0.00892 0990 09044 03660 0999 09800 _as048 EXAMPLE 5.1, Consider a four-component system of which the components are inde- pendent snd istributod with CFR. If R,(100) = 0.95 isthe specified relia ‘ity, in the individual component MTTF. Sotution R,(100) = 610% = 68H w 195 ~1na9s o a= 0095 — 000128 1 and MITF = apyag - 78125 In general, for CFR components 1 1 MITR, = a 63) °° Shak” ST UMTTF, where MTF; = mean time to failure of the ith component. EXAMPLE S.2. A systemis comprised of four serially related components each having @ ‘Weibull time to faite distribution with parameters as shown inthe accompanying table. Seale ‘Shape ‘Component parameter parameter 1 100 120 2 150 oar 3 510 180 4 T0 1.00 t) = exp. and, for example, R(10) 52 PARALLEL CONFIGURATION ‘Two or more components ae in parallel, or redundant, configuration if all units must fail forthe system to fail If one or more units operate, the system continues to oper~ ate, Parallel units are represented by the block diagram of Fig. 5.2.86. pan: Basie Reliability Models 1 FIGURE 52. Reliability block diagram for components in parallel. System reliabilit somponents is found by taking 1 minus the probs the probability that at east ‘one component does iponents, consider R= Pt UE) = 1- PES NES) (ES) = 1-0 Ra) Generalizing, 66) lure probability of the most reliable ting ofall CFR components, ~eny on where A = the failure rate of the ith component. EXAMPLE 5.3. For a two-component EXAMPLE 6.4. Two parallel, identical, and independent components have CFR. I itis 1000) = 0.95, find the component and system MTTF. Solution. We have R,(1000) = 2e 0 ~ ¢-200 = 0.95, Then by tral and errr, A R000) Ooor ‘0600 ooo ager Ooos = ogas 0.0002 0967 cuarren 5: Relisility of Systems 87 ‘Therefore MTTF = 1/0.000253 = 3952 and MTTF, = 2/0,000253 = 1u@{0.000253)) = $928.9. 53 COMBINED SERIES-PARALLEL SYSTEMS. Systems typically contain components in both serial and parallel relations je, Fig. 5.3. R; represents the reliability of the ith compot Since Rp and Re are in parallel with one another and in series with Re, Ry = [= (1~ BoM RoR) IER, = Ry = 0.90, Rs = Re = 0.98, and Ry = Rs = 0.99, then 10.98) = 0.9702 and Ry = [1 ~ (1 ~ 0.97021 ~ 0.9801)](0.98) = 0.9794 5.3.1 High-Level versus Low-Level Redundancy ‘System redundancy may be obtained in two ways. Each component compris- ing the system may have one or more parallel components, or the entire system may be pl parallel with one or more identical systems. The first case is referred to redundancy, and the second is referred to as high-level redundancy. ‘As an example, consider a simple system comprised of two serial components, ‘A and B. Figure 5.4 shows the system having low-level redundancy, and Fig. 5.5 ‘depicts high-level redundancy. If it is assumed that both components have the FIGURE $3 ‘A system comprised of components in @ ‘combined series and parallel relationship.88 muert: Basic Reliability Models : le ‘Two components in low-level redundancy. R, the system reliability for the case of low-level redundancy is Rug = 1-0 2R? + RY = OR? - Rt By comparing the two rei shown that the reliability of the low- level redundancy is greater than the reliability of the high-level redundancy. That is, Rise ~ Righ = QR — RY? — OR? ~ Ry ~ RP -RO-R) = R-4R+ RP -24 RY = 2K — 28+ 1) = 2R(R-1)? 20 ‘with the equality obtained when R = 1. In general this equation will be true if the ‘components’ reliabilities are mutually independent and independent of the configu- ration in which they are placed. Intuitively tis result can also be argued on the basis of the observation that both fail if either both componen level redundant system may ‘on separate paths. Therefore, paths me A fails and one B fails, provided they fail level redundant system has addtional filure EXAMPLE 5.5, A radio set consists of three major components: a power supply, a r= ceiver, and an amplifier, having reliabilities of 0.8, 09, and .85, respectively. Compute system reliabilities for both high-Jevel and ow-level redundancy for systems with two Parallel components, {ae a ‘Two components in high-Jevel redundancy ‘couren 5: Reliability of Systems 89 5.3.2 k-out-of-n Redundancy ‘A generalization of m parallel components occurs when a requirement exists for k ‘out of m identical and independent components to function for the system to func i k = 1, complete redundancy occurs, and if k =m, then constant probability of success, then in PU) = ( isthe probability of exactly x components operating. This is tv since () is the mumber of ways (rrangemes obtained from components. R 6.8) of achieving orbit. Solution Re Sle or-a0s* = 4(097)'(0.03) + 0.97 = 0.9948, Exponential failures If the failure distribution is exponential, Ro = (ee ear Eile Jamonville and Lesso [1969] have shown that in this case the MTTF ean be ex- Pressed as MITE = [" Runde = + (510) 6 require an 8-minate = 0.97 and single-engine MTTF MTF, = 2626590 rar Basic Reliability Models carves 5: Reis Systems 91 1, then the MTTF computed by Eq, ( 3 systemt consisting of n identical and con: ‘mean time to failure of : TABLES ilure rate components, Enumeration for system in Fig. 5.6(2) AB © DE System Probability : ‘osesa0 533 Complex Configurations, See on6ss0 For certain systems, the component configuration is such thatthe system reliability 0030780, cannot be simply decomposed into series and parallel relati For example, 0030780, the system shown in Fig. 5 proach. The 0.146065 probiem with this network not permit cused 0. Bint o |, $25 Structure function (optional). Conse Poca tee eer am=08} —{ao=os}t ind the system reliability using the strcture function. 1 minimal path sets and minimal cut sts. ind the lower- and uppet-bound reliabilities using the minimal sets in (). ‘5.26 Structure function (optional). Consider the network shown below, —[Rarnoss D)= 098} ind the system reliability using the structure lemtfy the minimal path sets and minimal ct ses. ind the lower- and upper-bound relinbltes using the minimal sets in ().