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THE ADYARLIBRARYBULLETIN
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GOLDEN JUBILEE VOLUME

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ADYAR li1äFlARY
CENTENARY

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ADYA;R LI8;RAllY",";ND ;R~S~A;RQH CENT;RE,
THE THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY

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ADY AR, MtWRAS 600 020, INDIA'

H. W. BODEWITZ
PRA~A, APANA AND O'l1lER P~A.S IN
, VEDIC UTERATURE
THE interpretation ofprätta and apäna has formed a
matter or debatesince the beginning of this century.
Sometimes the problems seemed to have been solved,
but the· discussion continued; moreover the issues .were
changing all the time. . others.
In 1971 Gonda drew the conc1usion; 'There has
been a prolonged. discussionof the terms prä'(la- and
aplina- which were along ago shown to mean "expira­
don" and"inspiration": the ancient Indians hadpecu­
liarconceptions of the process and function ofbreathing
and so these translations are not complete, theapö:na­
being also thought to promote digestion' (OU Indion,
Handbuch dei OrientalistiK 1, Leiden-Cologne 1971,
p. 1ß2). He referred in C';!.note i.a. to Cala;nd'spapers
on this subject published inZDMO 55 (pp.261-265and
56 (pp.' 556-558) i.e. in 1901-1902.1
Indeed, I think that Caland has demonst1$tt~d
that prätta means' e'fhaJation when oppüsed toapäna in
the well-known couple, at least in most Vedic text,.
However ,apänamay alsodenote tbe abdominal··.:air
\
PRÄ~A, APAN'A AND OTIIER PRÄ~A-S 327
producing wind $d' ex.cretion., There is still .un­
certaiIltyabo,ut the required interpretation in Ve4 ic
literature a;nd abqut the meaning of the otherprätta-s:
Moreover the old interpretation' of prätta and apäna.
found in the Petrograd '.Dictionary of Böhtlingk. and
Roth (1852-1875), inspite ofcorrections in its concise
version. (1879-1889) and clear statementsafterwards
made byßöhtlingk, still continues to be reproduced in
aImqst-aU iater diction~ries.)2· Therefore. a· new treat­
ment ~ybe us~fu1.
, I :do not presf5nt. '~ntirely. new intt:rpretat~ons,put'
wanttostate the pr~blem!;!, a~ dearas possible, since
the-.vi~ws put ,forward. w:el'~:sQIPetimesone-sided and
questions;raist:;(i, Qy. s{)~.sc)J.61a~li,Were not· answered· by
·T~~;~rigj.ual:diseu$sio.n.; almpst ex,cI\ls~veIy focussed
on thecouple ofupp~te breaths in the respiratory
system a;nd wasespecially based on Vedic ritualisti~
text.s.' .ThejnterptetatiöD. ot- J~e' PetrogradDictionary
(pratza=in..breathing, ajiäna=out-breat:hmg) was not,
followed, by the Dutch scholaF Speyer. 3 It was ihis
cP.J1lpatriot 'Caland wbo 1irst gaye argll~I~ts for the
oppositej,nterpretation in. ~1JMG 51,55 a:nd56. 1t is
true that the concise version ofthe.mentiQnedJ;lictionary
corre.cted theoriginal rendering,.but a(terwa,rds Böht­
lingk dec1ared this c~rrectiQn to l>eaItlistake.4 CaIand's
second paper' (in, ZDMG 55}convinced Böhtlip.gk> who
stated in the same issue oft~ätjoutnal (p. 518): .' Hof­
fentlich ist die Sache nun ein.Mir alle Mal abget)J.an'.
,In 1901the American. scholar A. H.Ewing,who
 PRÄ:r;A, APÄNN ANUO'l'fIER PRÄ'I!l'A-S 329
328 THE ADYAR LIBRARY BULLETIN

had not read Caland's 'papers in ZDMG' 5land 55,~
published a long articlcentitled 'TheHindu Conception
of the Functions of Breath~A Study in; Early Hind
Psychophysics'.in JAOS 21 "(pp. 249-308},inwhich
tried to provethat aplinaeitherineanse'x:halation or'th~
breath which iSln the hinder partoI"lowerpait ofthe
(and'theWest)and ap'a in rlpänano;wshouhicome;to
meanback(wards) instead of outwardsor off."This
changeof meaningof apätza(which forthat matter
canbe more easilyexplained ort the basisofCaland's
translationofthis term) shouldhavetakenpl~ce to­
gether", with the:repl,acemen.t of, apäntJ <{Ewing~ exha.;.
, '

body' (p. 286). Thc,prätzawereinhalaHdn arid exhala­ lation,)by<udäna (Ewing: exhalation) 'in, the' mentloned
tion or (in thc coup]e pra~a"'apatia) inhalatiöri. Caland's Brähmal}.a.
reaction" (in ZDMG56) seemed'to have,'removedthe "Ewirig'sexplanation of theshifrofmea,nil'Jgorapäna
doubts of almost all scholars as to the directionöf Pfätza did n.otconVince everybody,sillcethedevelopmeli'tofthe
(outwards) landapäna (inwards)in the respiratory ÄyutvooicClassificationof theairs in- th'e body out of
system, but in fact Ewing was primatily inte{ested in the Vedic ritualistlc esoterism in tlieSatapatha Brähmatta is
role of fIle airs inside thebOdy, amcmgwhiehp1'ätza were rather hypothetical.? 'MoreovertheBrähma@l!';passage
the air above the navel (the in",and exha1ation) and presupposesan 'existingclassifitatiön"oftheaitsand there­
apäna the air below the navel. He replaced the oppo­ fore cannotserve:as~the .stlittting-poirttfot an expla..
sltionin andout byupwards ,(above) arid downwards natiol'l::Older textS otner thim. the nientioned Brähmal}.a
, (below) in agreement with some:lhdian sOurces. Since, aheady show traces of apänaused outside the respira­
pra aI1d apa'd<Ynotexpress upwards arid' downwards, tory, system. "Il1'Ewing~.sview samäna,l!Yana andudana
an explanatio:tfwas required for this interpretatioh of were secondary(as shouldappear from the ptesence6'f
prätzaand apäna. the ä after sam,vi and ud on the anälogy ofprätza,anttll
Ewing started from the animals which donot walk
apäna)8and thefivefold series ofprätza..s shou.ld not have
erect6 and connected the opposition foreside-backside
an empiricbasisandtherefore be without vaJue :'Wl:lere
witIl the bird-altar in theiÄgnicayana as describedin the
the fullseriesoccurs, it isalways symbolicaland;nothing
8atapathaBrlihmatza. Its five parts (head, tail, two wings
more than ttansliter,atlonshouldbe atternp'ted.' "(p. 304).
and middle ofthe body)are'associated with fi~e jJrä'(la..s
For scholars studyingthe ÄyurV'edä~mdits origin this
in a classiflcation based on the regions of space;,Now
point6f view is difficult'.toaccept,7,
the head bf ihiS bird-altaris direcled to the,east and
, In JAOS 39 (1919), pp..104ft'. Ewing's compa­
accoidil1g to Ewing theprätzacontaining the preposition
triot G;W. Browneven wtm'tsofar as to den)' that the
pra could not but be place@! in theforepart. Its opposite
couple prätza-apänq" should.ever have' referred . to the
number apäna -should beconnected with fbe 'backsid~
respiratory system. Heiriterpreted prätza as the breatIl
 330 TliEAPYAR. 'LIBRAltV •BD:LLETlN
in thelungsand ·apäna:asthe·airh;i thehowels or the
lower part of the body in aU contexts., The' twö terms
werenotprimarilyaction-nouns;but should denote the
air located in differentpans ofthebodY. Thefunction;
of priirza sitttated abövethe navel 'were ih~. and'
ex~halation and thatof apän4 situa~eclhe1ow then~:vel
excretion. It is not quite. clearwhat'the verbsprä~ and
apan should II\ean then in several Vedic texts. More.:
ov er, in passageslike BÄU. 1, 5; 3. apänena.· higanfikaTfl.
Jighratithe apiina.can only.denotethesense function.· Jü
Ved.ic textswhere prii(lo, and apäna are equat~d·, witli
other alternatiug 'entitiesD in-and -ex,:,halatjQn. is' Jh~
oIlly .ac~.~ptable. tr:anslati()n.
. . ,Caland'sinterpretation. was.r~gh:tlY;d(:;f~n;ded'byth-e
ll~JgiiID Sch9 lar ÜmdadroirorofCaland),P.::E,;:1)um.Ql1t
(~en'livjng in,USA) in JAOS}7 (1957),pp. 46-47'00
t:h.,{r,.~s:isof. (heiilt~p~~tll~of ;apass&~ Jro.Ullthe.
X<1##rfya. ~li'(i!;kmatla; ·:ehe ~merica'(l;j:SdlOla.:r _Edg.ertQ:Q.'
~ , ( ,
de(e;l.\1dmg. the·~felidtouslißf ;;0.( .tbaught .oLBloom­
f}eld's ,pllpil,Browna,ttaeked Pumßn~in .the.next
j~~lI:~. (J)flAOS(1J.f5~),·;p:51';;54.. One:gfhis,argrimellts
wasthat· exc~lIen t sCholars .caul d:not .come t0'agreemen t
on th~jJ1brel:\thingand -Ot!otbreathing.roles ofprntla~and
apfi,na and.thateonseqa~ntly theoppositi<)ll thQradc­
abdomi:n:al proposed·by nrOW.Jl were much more, usefuh
Dumont wrote arejoinder (JA OS . 78, pp. 54-56),' in
which- he':i.a.·{jb~erved that ,acceptance ·ofCaland's
views py Böhtlingk andotherscho-l;arsappa:r:entlyhad
escapedEdgertE;m. Jncle(:'!d kriow1ed~e of the. relevant
literatur-e was missipg with' Ewrrig, Brownas weH as
PRÄ:!;'fA, .APÄN~AND OTHER PR~A-S 3"31
Edgerto:p.'The' la~te~ dosed Ithe discussion with"a
sur-rejoinder (JAOS 78, pp. 56-57)., in ""hieh.he majIl-'
tained his interpretation.
As .mentione<i abgve, Calähd'ssuccessor Gouda
concltlded in 1971 th~tt Caland'svie~ hadhe~n accepted
by almost all scholars" adding ina note aboutDu~ont's
contributions : 'dispelling doubts of .other scholars-' .
At 'least Edgerton :maintaine.d his opinion ti1t·his
death, as appears from The Beginnings of Indiat.J. Philosophy,
London 1965, p. lQ4, n. 1'~
, .In his' The Classical' Doctrine of· In4i-an .'Med#tine'~
Delhi '1964' ( = La doctrine· classi,qu~ de Za medecine'.indien.ne·,
Paris 191:9) Jean Filliozat acceptedthc:respiratory
functions ~f präpa and apänain,' ye9.i~'li~-er:::\tu~e ~nd.the
~ranslation, ()f these'terms, ·:p:t'opos~dbY'Galand,but'.he,
also emphasiz;ed the-. regular occurrence. 'ol tl:päna .as
abdominal air inVedic
." _. .... theAtharva'ifcdaSam­
texts since " -'."
',' . "",. .
,. ~
hitä: . Rej~cting ,some of, Ewing~,s- y~e':Vs. ~ith ~«g~rd.!o
t,he fivefold .s~r:re~Qf, Plä~a-s'~n,d thet~sit~on. ef the
r~spiratory fUl)lctions to thee~retiveand oth~r fqnptions:
0fthe airs in the body, he tried. ,to )m.d s~art.ipg -,MiI;lts
(or;the ..A.:yqrv:edic cl'il$ßmeation ·of~e.jJrä,1.Ja:~ jn.Yedic
~ts: #(':;obse,rv~~:" W.4(:'!~9.~l:y, tw~.of:·t-bem . are
~l:lmed, th,eYCcQr:t'f)%p2:p.4~ither t.c!i~Spira~ion~n4:expira­
#<)Jlor. ;t~ !th~.lJreaill-,of theanti~i~-!iupedor partofthe,
~X~d',to ,14at 'ofthe posterio:,i,nferiorpart. When
tllFße,four Qr five,breath~. ( ...) are named, t4eyc;or­
J.1espond tospecialized diverse animal, spirits.whose,
(qnctions have beenspecifiedhyc1a!!sical.medicine'
(p. 187). I am u~der theiIl1Pl:~slohthatFi11ioz~t was
 332 1'HE ADVAkLl:9RARV:9l'1i:..LETJ:t(
inclined tosee more Äyurvedic prÜ!!la~S ·in Vedic Hter~
ature than some Vediststlse tode;.
In my view the presentsituafionis asfollöws.
MostschoIa:ts aeeeptprllpa andrapa:naas a'icouple of
breathsl:tnd Oaland'stranslation. Ttis' unc1earhow
far theother pl-ätta-sare cOilnededwith breathingirtthe;
Vedic texts. The cont~xts' and tllenumberofprä#ai-J'
occurring tog~ther'.ate (lecisive.·· Scholarsilke 'Filliozat
art irlclinecl" to see' everywh~re .outside thec6Uple priitta~
apdnarepresentatives of the Äyurvedic seriefof alrs'm
the body; However,Tthirik thätnofonlyprättaand
apana·got corriplete1ydifferent ·rn.eanings, bil1:'lthatthe
other ,präpa-s· mayas wellhave·· developed:'out of
respiratory funetions, at least mayhavehad'meanings
which changed incdurse .oftime.· Thetermsremalfied
thesame, the m:eanings ehanged.10 '.
Thi5meansthat theriteanings'öf the sevetalp1ii~d~s .
shottldbe established witliin'separatesystehls, therespi;.
ratory a:nd theÄ.ynrve'dic systeii:i (~ndits Ve'dic roots).
Here anexact amHysisöf the prepositioriSintheprärta..'
compouridsis required; . The: "argumentation. th.at themQst.vital function.
In therespiratory system pra 'iri .prO,rtawhehthis
term is opposed to apana, den6ies thatthre breathingis'
outward, away, forward.' This fl1riCtion~:Wpra is'föund
with several rootsalld suitstheoutbreathingaCtivity.
Monier-Williams 's English..Sanskrz't Dictionary( 1851) .i.a.
mentions pra-svas, pra~vä and pra-fnucasSanskritequi";
valents ofthe verb'to exhale'. ·Sothereareuof6rrnal
objection to the interpretation of prä(ia as tlie oütWard
breath. A 'tather oirl Biähmal}.a like the PanIJQvitpjä
PRÄJ:TÄ, APÄNA. AND Q'l'HER .1'RM:JA-S 333
ex.plicitly statesbahirhipräp,altt.(7, 6, 14).> The.reason
whysome. scholarshaye rejectedthis translation (apart
fromprfJconceive<l idea~abou;t the .coüple'präpQ"-4Jiana
aS. ,not: belongi:ogtotlie'respiratotysystem at.äll and
. ' , - .
misil1te$etationsofjn~id~ntal{pa~ages) as ··twofQld.
Ohthe one ha:t),dtney ~tguedthaia1!an4ion~<;;eoun:tof the .
'Ineanil1g of,O,P9. shm.lld~~ve.better claill1sithaJil ,prätzat0
,he· f,unc.uon,of e"hala#<!n:.;Qn the~theI'hanqth~:iclea
was •. pllt fonvard'.~hat . pr4t1.a.be·ing .the: 'mQStvitt# .a:ir
,(even',regard eda,s: tllerlifes()ul) .covJd. {lot be exha)"a;tiol'\;.
.• A.stQ tllefirst objec~iol,·lw~x1ttopbserve th,.at il+deel1
.p'(aancL.apd'bot;hcanttlean,'awary" ~ bllt~thM ip.eV.ide,nt:o]ik·
posiio'Qs pra:andapa maydf::0o1ie fqtward,~'dbl:i~~td,
whieh agrees .with.\theact~<NtQ~eS!liQf::breathipg.~l .
. ,Moreö:vet,prqcaJ'lJloj:·\e*,tf~slith~t theactiQll ofthe verb
tak.espla.Cetewards ,orinsidethe own sphere of the
subject. 'On. the contrary,' itexpresses.removal outof
the own sphete,~s;~ppears from.the..verb pra-dä, So
präpo'eithermeans outbreathing,breathingway or
f(>rw.ardbreathing (in opposition to apä'nfl).
is inhalation.andthaili.consequently theInost "ita,lp9wer
prättasQuld be .inhalation .r&ther than eJdJ.alation dOeS
,notcdnvince. ~The most. vital functiol1;:is in and
exhalation.~sa ;€ ollective term prätza. ;:maydenote this
twofold proeess. ' ·When tq,e'double:proces.s of breathing
inand out is dividedinto prä'(iaandapana, from a lexieal
. pohltof view prä'(laeontlJ1uesrtne vital power, .but this
does not implythat thetefored:tshould have .murevital
.aspectsi .andnecessarily. be .. inhalation. rather.i.than
 334 TUE ADYAR' UH.RARYBULLtETIN
'exhalatiOn Ja \pro,cess. ,whic;h for, thatmatter i~,as
inhalationY' . This intetp:retat~n ,af udäna ic;:nö.'t':ro1;1:.Q'd
-,as~..halatron:}., In, other::words, pro. in priifl(J, 'in- {J.Ird,
in most publications. The tern) is either interjJreted a'S
'md\ala:tIDil' is:,~nt}:the;same'aiS.'Pa..m. p:rii!lf.W~exhal~tion".
upbre:athing (in accordance, with thclawr·..tr.adition)
.Th'e.'combinatw:p;. with···Y.tjtilll11 'inhalation:' gaVe; to~prätJ1l
0:( asputbreathing. '. '
~breathing.~ thenew ~pecific itreaning;'-e:xhalati:on'~ . ,
Now Gnema.yapk what .is. the:meaning. ofprain the
präpodänau' m~elate..d "VedIQprose.texts. we"naw.,;:,W
gene.ral: termpiii(la ,'preathing'.. :Ewing; o.e:, }>.254
infer: .that.,udina was, identieäl with ap4n:a aileait M 1'ar
observed, ahüut p1U:c61l1poundee,w.ithJ the>root: an., •
as; the (::öuple'präpoaäf1(lu:is, concetlled..... This,was:,älsb
.fhe ;~iPedllst»]ifzittI.i that' it}addS',;~t;rtlfjst: a sligli.t l:attnsiv.e
.force', '.·This:is·too'vägu~·., ..'Ids<prererab1e- to'interpret
pra. asexpres~ing; continuitY. :See:.nelbrftc~Altbtd~
~lax,.lIane· 1888; p. 460:: 'Im~ Hinblick;auf:t~jne:;S'G1tai;r.
,begonnene Jfaf.ldltn1g: :emsteht eder . qeda.Dike. 'der Fort:.
·Setztmg·:öder.. Wiedcrh91ung (.;.. ) ;, "prami'tll:1t die V@1SCh'­
,reitende .Bewegung, des Ath~ens:tnacheit, ; a.thmen~';
Theverb pratziti 'to ,breathe'forth: On the sen~eo:f a
f~tth~Oing., ~ontinuiI'!~. attiQ.l:J)' :wa~~~.~r. entiatep'jntQ.
.'to breath~ forth (prii(l'bh )andba~~: (apf!Ttttt) ',' '. .
., The 'prefix dpal~\ maYialw' refer:to the,remova16f
something (apart from the llackward movement). In
compounds with particular roots it may express that
SOIliet.hing' is taken ~way. fromsomewhereor out of a
mass.So the inhalation may be interpreted as .the
taking' away:ofair froni' outside the body.. Compare
apakf$ and apaci.This aspectof apäniti,andapäna may
'have played a f(~le besides the 'opposition' forward
(priitui) ,.backWar,d (apäna J:l~
Theudana:m.'the Ä yurv:edic systemi$. quite different
fromudiina in' the Vedicrespiratory syst~m, In the
Saiapatha:' Brältmaf)a~ u.aiina· replaces apiina, and 'means
PRÄ~A, ~ANA AND QTl1X.R pR.1J:lA-s ::s3ä
., On ae~oQ.ri~: of :the, pa~~l~e:li~ or;l"~/ä~~ucand
:done'by:the :tr~slatQr 'ofthistexd,p the Satred,BoQ"s. qf
Jhe.,Eltsi, Eggeling,wh0;however~ ttal'lslatedudäna in th.e
triad:Präfltl,:aplJilq:atidudMlit ,(SB. 1,4.3; 3) witb ~upwatO
bl~äthing~. " A .. Mhlard;'Tfoü;ElIlgrrlQs :su,: liJs ~'(J)J1lt
Chlpmins I, Päris.194-9,.165 b:prefers.this,ttälaslatipll.also
in ·the ,couple prii.tlo.danaa; 'thE>:ughhe .accept~ ..Galandrs
interpretation ofth€·paraUtH\cciitJpoundpriitzäpiinpu.
. 'An opposition as deal- asbehveen ptaand apais
not:found in the' case of präflaand, udiina. T;here is 00
spatial antithesis 'betwe~n pra and ud. . Just like:apäthe
,prefix udmayalso indicate that somet;hing is:rernoved.
Now, rernoval may irnply giving upand:sending away
or appropriation 'frorn sornebody or>somewhere.' The
context and the root with which ud is cornpounded; are
decisive, The EngJish verb 'to exhaJe' is translated
by Monier-Williams in his ElIglish-Sanskrit DictioTlCJry
i.a.by ud-:ir and ut-kfiP. On the other hand uc-ci and
apa-ci, ut-krs and apa-krs. dendte the .same ('to gather,
colIect' and 'to take out, up,. away'). The udiina might
.denotethe taking away.of air from outside the body
and äs $uch there is hardly a diffetence with apiilla.
, Theprefixes pra und ud may be no usual spatial

336 THE ADYAR LIaRARY ijULLETIN
oppositein compounds, but· weshpuld consideI'
actual situation of the processof breathing which
placeby way ofmouth and nQstrils. Inhalatiollespccla~7
Iy by way of the nose, butin theirnpression of ......"''''1"
also by way ofthe mouth,is an Tlpward process~
pare English'to sniffu:r>' (ör: 'ln'), which also t~l\:;'U.l~
inhale'. The upward movement of theair through.
nose and of the, hreath during inhaJatitm,by mOU~.'l
may~e~pla~ the replacement of apana by.udana.
isasimilar confusion about the.exactnatllre 'bf UCf/I.flJl.l5j~
butthe 1 0pposition ofuqchväsaandni#vasa may ..............:I:,;"j
that ucchviisa meahsinhalation. Thereading
some passages has to be replacedby nil;tSviifii.
Willlams's English-Sanskrit Dictionary mentions nisvas
the equivalent of English 'to inhale'and nil;tSvasas
of the many translations of 'to exhale'. Thc situauul~
isnot quite dear. On the one hand niSvasp1ay; @e
compared with avän, thesynonym ofapän. On the
hand niSväsa may denotethe sigh whichjl) a dowllward
exhalation (opposed to ucchväsa) rather than inhalation.
Theequation of udäna with Ful1Moen in SB. 11,
2, 4, 5 ('Bince .man i~ filled as it wereby udäna') preves
that udiina is .inhalation rather thanexhalation ör
upbr eathing,16 .
, There -is sufficient evidence for respirato;ry functions
of prä,{w, apäna and udanaand (heir exact significatio;ns
. a sfar as their occurrence incouples is concemed.. The
situ~tion of 7(Yäna and samäna is more clifficuh. O.(le
might expectthatonaccountofthecontrasting function
ofthe two prefixes these two terms would form a regular
~••___ ..·",_',""-" -
"'''·''~''''''''·_'ts",~ "'~"',k- _ _ ~~_~~
PR~~A, .APÄNA ,;AND OTHEltPRÄ~A-S 3:37
couplein Vedic texts. rfliis jsnot tbe: case.. "l, am
U'nderthe impressio;nd:at 7(Yänaoriginally 'w.a s: ratbei
i;ndependellt fromsamänaand thatitJormeda third. item
(afterprätzti and.apä'l1;aludana)~ inthe respiratory system.
lris.c(mne~ted with >prärut and apänaand.regarded.
as SOlllethÜlg in betwe~'.(1.thes.e.twQ. . Theprobkm iso
thatit is Qftennot ckarwhe.ther prä1J,a .arid apüna
refer to'the.:respiratory.system.in thiscaseor .to the
Äyurvedic system. . . . .
According toEwing. 7(Yanadenotes theinterval
betwee;n respjratiol1s in Vedic texts (0.0., p. ··303).'. ·He
".," "
trahslates it 'breathing apart'. Filliozat, o;c., p;,180
critidzes this interpretation artdobserves: . 'lt is' th~ir
permanent intermediaryjn so~atic spaces'rather than
beingthe öccasiopal in,terval between expiration and
inspiration. Thesimultaneous' menti~n of thethree
ismore cornplete . as the enumeration of organicbreaths
thanthat of präpa and apäna'.· The fact that Yajur:~
vedic Sa:rphitä-suse the rnentioned threeprätla-s as
weIl as the wdl-known fivefold series in the formulas of
parallel passagesseerns to supporthisview: 'This
proves thatthe enumerations .of three. pr five. breaths
are absQlutely equivale'n.t andthat there is noground
fot seekingto identify the·threebreathswith thephases
of respiration, which oneshouldnot be ternpted to
establish when there are five of them.' (p. 183)., He
conc1udes (p.l87).that everyserie s of more than two
präpa-sbe]ongs to' the system oforganic airß specifiedhy
classlcalmedidne.
Often vy.äna is analysed asthe air. diffused (vi..)
22
398 THE ADYAR LIBRARY BULLE1'IN ' PRÄliA, APÄN'A AND OTHERPRÄ:!~A-S
through the body rather than something which lS In
between (vi-) the other two prii1Ja-s. Since life depends
on the working up of respiration in the interior of the
body, the difference of opinion between Ewing and
Filliozat does not seem to be serious as far asvyäna itself"
is concerned .. The' main difference lies the interpre..
tation ,of apäna in the triad. According of Filliozat this
should mean, 'air in the lower part of thebody'.
Unfortunately there are not many passages which
clearly show that either th<,; respiratory orthe organic
(Ajrurvedlc) pr{i1Ja-s are meant, whenprä1Ja and apäna'
occur together with vyiina (and other prätza-s). Ewing
especiallydiscussesOhU.l, 3, 3-5, where vyäna is described
as the sarpdhi between präp,a and apäna, which in myview
indeed can only be interpreted as exhalation and in­
halation onaccountofthe context~ The vyänais ~quated
with väc and then the conclusion is drawn. that pe6ple
spe~k without exhalation and inhalation, (tasmiid apräpann
anapäna.n viicam abhivyäharati) .. I think that theUpani~ad'
gives an ad hoc 'etymology' of vyäna arid does not ex­
plain vi as 'inbetween' or 'in different directions',
but as 'without'. Speech is vy-äna, because it i8 wlthout
breathing. Other strenuous efforts are also said to be
performed without in-and ex-halatlon ,(OhU. 1, 3, 5)
and then again the vyiina is connected with, this
phenomenon.
, Brown and Edgerton do not discuss this passage
and in his book Oll Indian medicine Fillioz.at (p. 180)
on]y rejects Ewing's interpretation of prätla.and apäna in
Oh U .. l, 3,.3. (it should be breath of the upper and of the
339.
10wer part), but he does not analyse the passage. In
1933, however he extensively discussed this Upani~adic
passage in RevuePhilasophique OXVI, p. 426-428. .His
interpretation, in which he tried to use the information
of SUSruta, is a sad failure: . 'Tout le passagesignifierait
done: on ne mange (fonetion du präI}.a) nin'expulse
d'excreta (fonction de l'apäna) quand on parle,entonne,
chante, court etc.... ' (p. 428). Tt is entirelyobvious
that prä1Ja and apiina in this passage belong tot:4erespira­
tory system and that consequently vyäna depends on it.16
PB. 20, 16,6 observes th"at the three.:day rite hasno
repetitions. It is thitherward directed just aspeople
breathe out thitherward. Then the qJlestion is asked
whether this rite isthreefold.or one. The answer is
that it i8 one, since prii1Ja, aplma, and 't!Yiina are one and the
same.. It is quite clear that the processof breathing
rather than a threefold system oforganic airs in the
body is meant here.
In AiA. 5, I, 4 the priest pushes .tbe swing forward
with the words 'Swing forward like outbreathing (prä1Ja)',
he swings it crosswise with the words 'Swing crosswise
like thevyäna' 'andback to himself (abhyätmam) with the
words'Swing like inbreathing'. This can ollly rCfer to
respiration and vyäna obviously forms the stage between
. .
inhalation and exhalation.
Accordingto PB. 7,3, 8, three metres are Out- and
in-breathing (Gäyatri =outbreathing, Brhati =vyäna,
Tri~tubh =inbreathing) . Tbjs is done for the continuity
of prii1)a al1d apäna, as the textstates. Again, theprocess
of respiration is denoted and vyäna belongs to it.1 7
340 THE ADYAR LlBRARY . BULLET:IN
The vyäna is noto.nlythe link·· betweeriprä~a'
apäM (the sarpdhi tnenti.öned by eh U. 1~3, 3);. it
k.eeps them apart,Le. re~lates thealternatiollof
respiration. Theinhalation andtheexhalation ::>,uuuJ.\4'
not. becomemixed.up. l'heusual t~rm for
thiscare aboutdi~tinction, vidhrti, isfound KS.272:1
12 f.: 'vyänena imau pr(1)äpilr~u. vidhrtaupri.n ·capratyan.ca
k~yetenäyam ürdhvautkr~tinet.ar() ~ vlin sa1flkrämati 7J'IIiimfm.
eVa madhyatodadhätiprii~äjJänayor vitlhrtyai. Th.e.,pa::>:I(;I,M\i
isra:th~robscure,:. At firstsightit.might refer tOjhe
Ayurvedic,organic:air;. "However~if:is iIlcdnceivable
thatvylina ofth e med.ical.theoryshouldkeep .apart the
air in the upper part ofthe body fromtheabdominal air]
Moreover prän.andPratyan are mQstlyassociated wlthex...
halation and inh(j.lation. Even prä'(lQ: and udiina in the
8atapatha .Brähmatja are described as moving forward and
backward: sOJam {vliyu~) puru~c 'ntal} ,praviftal} präti ca
pratyan cil täv imrlu prä~Qdiinau(SB. J, 1,3, 2). There.. '
fore I interpret prärza. andaplinaas respira rion'here .. Now
theaction ofprä~a is ütdhva utkrämati and. of .apäna the
reverse (aväti sa1flkrämati). A late paraDel is found in
MaiU.2, 6, atho, .10 'yam ürdhvam it.tkrämaty e~a vavasa
priirza~.athayo 'yaritaväii sat'{lkrämatye~a väva so'pänal;..
This passage has.beenmterpreted as referring 'to theair
in the upper and in the lower parts of the body. How~
ever, the text does not describe the ,geographyof airs,
btlt the processes~ In utkiämati thedirecrion isnot only
upwards but also outwards. 'In the division of the airs
in the bodythe air, in the upper part,thepräpa, r~presents '
the respiratory system in general (i.e. exhalation 3:S weH
PRÄljA, APÄN'A AND'OTHER PRÄ~A-S 34-1'
asinhalation). It iSnot exc1usively connetted..'with an
upwarda:nd:outward move.mel)t .. Thätürdhvamutkramä
denot,es·theleaving ofthebodyis.provedn,y'MaiU.2, 2
athaya:e~occkviisä'IJti#ambk.anenordhvam .uikränto (; ..)e.yaätma,
where the'life-soul.(prä'(tar disappearsässoörfas·the in:.
hej,1a, t;on (ucchviis4) or 'respiration inge1l'eralstops.18 ,'In
MäiD; theinwardanßdownwardapana i!inhalatiol'ialld
byextensionthe.air:;in thelowerpartPfthebod)\ "i:rlfhe
nientiönedpassage~of KS. ther~~picitioniSidistussea~
EV'idently '1:he.~äntz';doesnot prevep.t tlie 'PfäpiJ fron!
moving 'outandthe apa'IJafrbm rn()vihgin(allddowri)~
The subjects·ayam'anditaratefer.in. this order to apä11lt
andpräpa. Th,e air",h~ch jsd~stined tomove inshöttld
not be ptished outJrY'the4ir;wnich' is destinedtomove
out, the airwbicllisdesfin-ed. to. move out snottldhdt be
forced bythe incömingair tokeep circulating (saTrtkrä­
m~ti) downwards. The regri1atjon C)f the alternating
process isthe functionofthevyäna. Itformsthebreak
betweenthetWo movementsofthe eternalplay oE the '
airs19 01' winds..Therefore ~ci~vB. 2,2, 23 rather
mystedously 'calll;> the l!Yänanikri{iita'interruption inthe
playillg' (cf.nikri(lo marutam; name ofa Sanian)'..' The
trahsItion fromth eair functioning bCtweenth e pro­
ceSses ,of inhalation_ andexhalation. to air' diffused
threHlgh thc body is Iiot great.
I have tried' tö show that even outside the couple
präpa:.apana there are prättas'inVedic literature. which
belong to the respirat~ry system: vyäna functioning be­
tween prapa andapäna,and udäna replädng apiina.
In the trladpräpa, apäna, udäiu~ thesituation is different.
342 THE ADYAR LIBRARY. BULLETIN
,
Either apäna or udiina have got different meanings: In
the fourfold seriesprär,za, apäna (or: udäna), 1{)'äna and
samäna, the ÄyQrvedicrather than the respiratory system
may be assumed. There is an opposition between 1{)'äna
(air spread through the body) and samiina (congested
air). The contexts, however, mostly give not informa­
tion on the exact nature of these prär,za-s. 20 In the fivefold
series there is an opposition between1{)'iina andsamäna (in
the middleöf the body) , betweenpriir,zaand apiina andbe­
tween u~äna and apäna. The udäruJ here is upwards and
the apäna downwards, the prär,za is forwards and the
apäna backwards (both associated with air Ieaving the
J>ody ?). In the n.on-respiratory system prär,za is mQstly
interpreted as ",ir in the upper part of the body and
apäna as airin the lowerpart. I doubt the correctness of
this analysis in the case of the fivefold series, since udäna
belongs to the tipper part as weIl and samäna ,may be
regarded as belonging to the· lower part. The apäna
has to beinterpreted as the· continuation of the in­
breathing to the backside of the body or' as the air
which moves off backwards (versus prär,za forwards).
Now the problem is that the fivefold series is already
found in old Vedic texts, whereas rather late Vedic
texts still have apäna (incornbination with prär,za and
even 'Yith more prär,za-s) meaning 'inspiration.' Hard
and fast rules about the application of the one or the
othersystem of priir,za';'s (as proposed by Filliozat) cannot
be drawn up. The contexts have to, decide and often
uo choice is possible.. In many Vedic texts the respira­
tory system remained playing arole. The origin of the
PRA.:t:fA, APÄNAAND OTHER PRÄ.:t:fA-s 343
system of the organic airs (as found in medkal texts)
may perhaps be found in the tradition of thc Atharva­
veda" which has more medical pretensions than the
other Vedas.
The term p"är,za does not only mean exhalation or
thoracic air. It also denotes breath in general and the
breath oflife. As life-soul or soul ingeneralit is located
in the heart in Vedic literature. 21 This does not mean
that it is thoracic as in the medical system. The seat of
the soul, whatever its exact naturemay be, is the heart22
(whatever that term may imply in old Indian texts).
As vital principle itis more essential than other vital
powers in manandconsequently all of them (manas,
c'ak~us, srotram, väc) are called präva-s.
This other fivefold.series of prätza-s partly consists of
senses. Now there are also five senses. Sometimes the
five priitzas are the five senses .rather than the five vital
powers. This explains the fact thatprärza sometimes has
to be intcrprete.d as smelL Insteadofusing the more ad­
equate term ghrärza, the tradition al classifications retarn
prär,za. 23 Similarly väc (speech/tongue) may represent
taste in the fivefold series of the senses. 24 This priitza
'smell' is located in the nose and has no relation with
the specific meaning 'exhalation'. Actually smdl is
produced by inhalation (through the no~e )'. This may
have induced some Vedic authors to prefer apiina to:
prär,za in this connection. 25 Thisexplains. the occurrence
of both terms with the function of smell. 26 '
The followingmeanings of theprär,za-s are fourid in
Vedic literature:
 344 THE ADYARLIBRARY Bl!TLLETIN PRA~A, APÄNA ANDOTliERPRÄ.~A-S 345
präv.a _. respiration;
Paris 1932; V.S. Apte,Sanskrit-EnglishDictionary, Poona1957-1959
breath;
(revised and enlargeded.); Li Mylius, Wörterbuch Sanskrit-Deutsch,
.lifebreath,.life-soul; Leipzig 1975.
3 j.S. Speyer, Specimen literarium inauguralede ceremonia apud lnt:los,
exhalation;
quaevocatur Jätakarma, the~is, Leiden 1872,p. 66. Eggeling inhis
thoraeie air; . translationof theSqtapatha Brähmat)a (1882-I9()()) andDeussen in
smell. his translation of the Upan.i~ads( 1897} sometim.es liad. the eorrect
apana _... inhalation;.
interpreta dort, buftheywere na.t consistent.
abdominal air;
" See Caland, ZJ)MG 55" p. 262.
flatulence; .
Ii In a,note correcti<?n on p. 255, where 'the hüerpretations(>f

smell.
leading transl~tOl:sofYedic texts and sllrveyed,;h~remar19>,:'Add·
udÖ{la ,-.inhala tio~; .
upbreathing, air risingupwards ill the
upper partof thebody
l!yäna -breath between inhalation and ex­
halation; air dHfused in the body
samäna-·the oppositeof. the diffilsed": l!Yäna, air
congestedin the bdly; Le. thc air be­
tweellprapa 'respiratiol1~ (or 'expiration')
and apäna'flatulence and exctetion'.
. NOTES
1 ~ee,howev~r., also Caland,ZDM(J 51, p. 133-134 ('Die
rituelle~aft des neatmens'). A Minard, TroisEnigmes sur les Cent.
Ckemins I, Paris 1949, 77 a, erroneously attributes the traditional;
wrongiIiterpretation to Caland's first paper, whereactuaUy prät)a
is explicitly stated to be exhalation.
2 See e.g.C.•Cappeller,Sanskrit-Wörterhuch, Strassburg 1/187;
M.Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English . Dictionary, Oxford 1899;
A.A. MacdoneIl, A Bractical .Sansknt Dictionary, Lond.on 1929;
N. Stchoupak, L. Nitti and L. Renou,· Dictionnaire Sanskrit-Fran;ais,
now: Caland, ZDMGLY. 261 ff..: Böhtlingk,ibid.518'.
6 See also Galand -ZDNlG55,p., 264 'vordem Nabk(beim
aufrecht . gehendenM~nsch~n:als() oberhalb eIes Nabels} befindet
~ich der prä1,1a,. hinter dem Nabel . {beim Men~chen wieC\er: un­
terhalb des Nabets)derapäna' (translation ofTS. 3,4, 1, 3...4). This
according to C~land'lletondarJ:,a~velopmentwa~ a:lteac1yfound
in this .Qld)"ajurvedic Sarp.hitä.· ln the ritual Sütra,.s prat)a and
4Pii:na, however, Inostly stillrefer to ex- and inhalation.
7 See e.g. J. Filliozat, The Clas:sical Doctrineoj 1nt:liari Met:licine,
belhi 1964 (=La t:loctrine classiquede la m!decineint:lienne, Paris 1949),
p. 174-175; 184-185. .
8 Fi1liozat, Revuelihilosophique 1933, p. 421 analyses samäna
as sam~-ana which daes not· convmce.
D BQdewit~, Jaiminlya Brähmat)a I, 1-65, Leid~n. 1913, p.24Ö f .
1°.0Idenberg, Die WeltanscAau'ungderBräkma~a- Texte,Gottingen
1919, p. 66-67: '".ncht die., Lehre selbst steht fest, wohl aber die
Schlagworte, ind.enen sie sich zusanu:pC';nfasst; die bedeuten' für· &ip
einen etwas andres als für den andern'(formulated with regard to
the theory of the prät)a-s). .
... 11 This isdenoted in the text bYP4räilc-arpiinc (SB. 8, 5,.2, 7),
pra-ii SB. 1,4, 1, 5) and especially präiic-pratyäi'ic (SB. 1, 1,.3~ ·2and
passim). Nowhere (apart from commentaries) inhalation is expli­
dtly described as inwards. .
12 Brown, o.c., p. 105 remarked: 'Apart ftom these breath­
words I knowof no instancc in composition where apa is translated
 346 .THE ADYAR LlBR!\RY BVLLETIN
"in"'. Indeed, apadoes not mean 'in' in general, 'but it is cOIf~
ceivable that the action of inhalatior.r can be express~d by a verb
or noun compounded with apa for which there are only 'English
equivalents compounded with 'in', That apa in apäna does not
only refei: tQ the backward position of thls air in the Äyurvediy
system in .comparison .with the forward position of prli1}a likewise .
situated within the body appears fromPD. 7, 6, 14 .. bahir hi präClo .. '.
antar hy aplinall .. for outside i8 the outbreathing ... for inside is the
inbreathing' (tr. Oaland).
13 According to Böht,1ingk, ZDMG 55, pp. 518 'apana ist
der dem Luftraum wieder ent-(apa»-zogene Aushauchi, i.e. a
"Rückhauch'. I do not support this interpretation which: would.
imply that inhalation should be the recovery oftheexhaled.'air.
. . 14 On, udälja replacirig apäna and' meaning inhalation in the
Säilkkäyana BrähmaCla, see Caland, AO X, p. 313. . .
15 See also SB. 1, 4, 1, 5,whereprätza is pra (cf. pra-dä) and
udäna ä (cf. ä-dii). . senses, hut the lifebreath.
16 SB. 12; 9, 1, IOeven states that all the prätza-sare' based on
. in- and ex-halation: sarve prätzäl) prätzodänayor eva pratiithitäb.
17 SB. 8, 5,2, 7 associates the piling ofthe bricks at the Agnj­
cayana with pr(1)as. The order is prä1}a, vyäna, udiina-; udä~a,' lDIäna
präf)a; prä'{l{l, lDIänaudäna~ This toand from movement is called
arvänc and paräiic and the text explains that this is donebecause the
.breathings are backward and forward. In these triads '!Yäna un·
doubtedly belongs to the respiratory system and udiina is identical
with aplina in other texts ..
18 J.A.B. van Buitenen, The MaiträyaClfya Upan~ad, The' Hague
1962 traIislates 'He who with the reliance on thebreath goes out
upward (... ) he ~s the self' and remarks in anote:' on account of
orte's reliance onordinary breath'. In my interpretation aVQ­
stambkana means stopping rather thanreliance,. '
19 Minard, Trois Enigmes H, Paris 1956, 450 translates vyäna
m Ob U. 1, 3, 3 by 'soufHe susllcnsif' andspeaks in a note about
the assimilation' of 'phonation' and 'pause respiratoire'.
20 According to l;)a<;lvB. 2, 2, 24 the samäna isnow nirukta,
now anirukta. Probably this refers to the fact that the air in the
bowels is sometimes heard.In the fivefoldseries the apäniz mostly
PRA~A, APANA AND OTHER PR~A-S 347
:isair connectedwithexcretion rather than abdominal air. In the
same context (2, 2, 21) theapänd is called gho#n 'making sound',
which points at flatulence rather than 'a soft artictilation' (trans­
lation W. B. Bellee).
III See TB. 3, 10,8, 5; SankhÄ 11,6; MaiU. 6,.2 ~(see trans­
lation van Buitenen, o ..c., p. 39). In the Upani~ads prä~a isfre­
quently identified .with brahman.and ätman and as such implicitly
regarded as staying .in the heart.
22 Gortda, The Vision oftke Vedic Boets, The Hague 1963, ;p. 276ff.
28 JB.l, 269 prätzena surabhi cäsurabhi ca vijlinäti; SB 10, '.5,2,15
na prä'(tena'gandkarp vijänäti; JUB. 4. 26,4prä1pmagandhän vedetiveda;
Kau$U. 3,4- präClena sarvän gandhänäpnoti; OhU; 1,2:.2 tasmätteno­
bhayam jighrati surabki ca durgandhi ca (referring to. the näsikya Jiräf)a);
BÄU. 1, 3, 4 (on the prätza) sa yal) sa plipmli yad evedam apratirüparp
jighrati sa eva sapäpmli.The 'prätza in themouth (JUB) 2, 10, 19:
mukhya : BAU; 1, 3, 7: äsanya OhU. 1, 2, 7: mukkya is not one ofthe
24 jB. 1, 269 väcä ivädu cäsvädu ca vijäniiti; SB. 8, 5, 4, 1 sarveiäm
angliniirp väcaivännasya rasarp vijänäti; 10,5,2, 15 na väclinnasya rasa1jl
vijäniiti; JUB. 4. 26. 3 väcä rasänvedeti veda.
25 JUB. 1, 60, 5 tasmäd bahu kirp. ca kirp. cäpänena jighrati. Surabhi
cainena jighrati durgandhi ca; 2, I, 19 na päpa'fll gandham apäniti; 2,
.3,9 tasmät paryätto 'pänab surabhi ca hy enenajighrati dur gandhi ca; 2,
10, 21, na päparp. gandham apän.iti;BAU. S,2, 2, apänena .hi
gandhän jighrati.
26 Ewing, o.c., p. 297 ff. gives a·differentexplanation in con­
nection with his interpretaion of apäna and apliniti. ~ In his view
(inspired by notes of Oert~I on jUB.) päparp, gandham apliniti refers
tothe evil smell which one exhales. Now the problem is that JUB.
2, 10, 17 states sayad eva prätzena [päpam] präCliti sa eva sa päparp,. The
parallel BÄU. 1,3,4 (see n. 23 above) as well as JUB. 2, 1, 16 sa
yad eväplinena päparp. gandham apäniti sa eva sa pliparp., however, indicate
that prätziti as well as aplinitistandfor jighrati. Since the sense­
funytion is called prii'{l{l jUB. 2, 10,17 the verb became assimilated
to präCliti. Further on (JUB~ 2, 10,21) the more correct verb
apäniti is used (na päparp. gandham apäniti). So prä'(ta as well as
apäna may denote smell and the verb replacingjighrati is apäniti.
 348 THE ADYAR LIBRARY BULLETIN
,
Ewingeven wanted tOCQnnect tbc evilodöurof tbementinned
passages with the flatulence comingfrom {or associatedwnh}
apiina. Tbe fact tbat tbese.evilodours arepercehredbytbe nose.
sbould bave caused tbe replacement of ghrätza ornifsikjai/rätla hy
apiina, nowmeaningnas<l-tbteath~activlty (ra,thet thari.outbreatbingj '
Ewing's usuaI rendering.of this term)and. especially smell.
- Tbe relt;vantpassages in}UB., ObU:iandBAu.,shouldalSß
bave formed tbe ()rlgln of the misconceptiono(apänaasirihalation
(instea4MeXhalatiP'n) . Intbese pa.ssageuhtfivevitall'9wers and
ANiANQNYMOUSTR*CTONlNllERxtA:NCE
an additiohalsuperior one'are treate<i, ,Tbe:fivea:i:e'mana91.calqus~ . mOMBEN~A.L
Srolram,' .viic and; Priit)a. A6tually n1iiD.ber· five, ./Jrät)O is divided i~tö
tW() hems; thepritziJin tbe.nose{aIsocalled aPä7iq) and the original THE followi~g
isan edition of a shori, anonymous
fimction .of prii1j,(J, -tl}e lifebrealh-·. (also·.·called·tbe· prä1J4 inthe
i

mPl,lthh tbc sixtp ite1]:i.

lt is dear that thefifth item, th~ prii1)a inthenose or tbeapana!
is.tbesubstitute of prii1JQ. 'llfebreath' in the:nvefold' serH!sof .tbe
senses . .This cbange 0 f meaning or funetion of priit)a can ~ also be
observed.()utside tb:e. mentioned passages. ··Satbete is 'no need
toassume with Ewing'thattheoccurreneeofaPäna in these very
passage!! together with sense·.functionsshollId,bave.. Gausedihe
sO:..called,n:nsinterpretati6nof'apliniJ "as 'inhalation' .;(lJ. th,ese
series,bqth p'rdtla.andapäna, wben con:n{;lc't~dw:ith tbenos.e;'have
no relation with tue :respiratorysystem, 'but rHert<:rs:me1L(whicn:
in practice mdeed is produced by··inbilatitUl.·· tbrollgh .tbenose}.
Tbere is no reference to evil odours coming from moutb or ailUs
(as assumed by Oerteland Ewing) as the opposition between
eviland fragrant odpurs in tbese.passages proves, for thatmatter;
tracton the law öfillheritance in BengaL It isa versi,.
fied summary of tIie initialchapters. ofSrikr.~l}~tarkä­
laIikara's Dayadkikara/r,~ainasarrtgraha (ltencepks};cor­
responding to. pagesl;'2gjnLa~sh11liNaiaya~ Serma's
editiQA 09alclltta18Z8):anr.l. pages 1-61; (GhapU~rs! '1 and
2)of f:W. Wynch's trarislatiQn{2ndedition; Serampore
L878jofthistext. Eventhough the contents,there­
fore,~re Dotvery original,the text beafstestimony to
the intensestudY',in ~elolsof·Beogal,orthetopic of
inheritance, initiated by Jimütav~hana, .and further
developed by a host ofscholarsincludingRaghuDaIida:na
andKrsnatarkähl.Iikäta. '. "<.

Th~ edition is··based on a·single lllanuscrlpt, in

.
Bengali characters,preserved·. at Calcutta; Sanskrit
College (Smrti, nOt 1585). The texto~.inheritance,
•• , .J...
•••• • >

whiCh covers two completeJolios-.thre(e: tim.e.se. ight

, " , ',' " ,_,',' ',-, , I

lmes, once six_-ls' followed byfiye and onehalffolios,

equally in verse, on the subject Ö(iil~uca. :;r;he manu~
script, composedof yellow,.;~()Ut1try;.madepap~r,is worn
out and the corners are<torn·off. .. . Ina number of p]aces