Reference Material:

Layers of the model: Application, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical

20 = 1 21 = 2 22 = 4 23 = 8 24 = 16 25 = 32 26 = 64 27 = 128 28 = 256
9 10 11 12 13 14
2 = 512 2 = 1024 2 = 2048 2 = 4096 2 = 8192 2 = 16384

IP Addresses:
Class A addresses: 1 to 126 8 bits netid, 24 bits hostid
Class B addresses: 128 to 191 16 bits netid, 16 bits hostid
Class C addresses: 192 to 223 24 bits netid, 8 bits hosted

Establishing TCP Connection: SYN, SYN+ACK, ACK

Closing a TCP Connection: FIN, ACK, FIN+ACK, ACK

IPv4 header selected fields [header, without options, is 20 bytes long]

HLEN [length of header in 4 byte units]
Total Length [total bytes in header and data]
Protocol
Time to Live
Source and Destination IP Addresses
Identification
More Fragments 0 = false 1 = true
Offset [in 8 byte units]

IPv6 base header selected fields: [header is 40 bytes long]

Payload length [bytes in datagram except for base header]
Next header
Source and Destination IP Addresses

UDP header selected fields: [header is 8 bytes long]

Source and Destination ports
Message length (2 bytes) [bytes in entire datagram, include header]