IP ADDRESS

AND CLASSES OF IP ADDRESSING

Network?
Internet?
Protocol?
IP Address:

• unique identifying number of a device on the Internet.

• uniquely identifies the source and destination of data transmitted

over the internet.
Two types of Internet Protocol versions:

 IPV4- currently used

 IPV6- improved with added features, upcoming

replacement for IPV4
IPV4:

. . .
11000011 11000011 01011100 10100001

Binary notation: 32 bits divided by decimal point into 4 parts of 8 bits each, hence octet.

11000011 . 11000011 . 01011100 . 10100001

192.195.92.161

Dotted-Decimal
Notation
IPV4:

 32 bits address that uniquely universally identifies the connection of a device to the internet.
 Separated into four 8 bit octets(hence 8 *4= 32 bits), each octet have a value ranging from 0 to
255
 The address is logically separated into 2 distinct components:
 Network ID
 Host ID
 Hence, 2^32=4.3 billion addresses, known as address space.
 IPV4 addressing:
 Classful addressing:
To make efficient use of 32-bit address space IPV4 defined several address classes and associated address formats.

Classes Class Range Network and Host Uses

Identifier Format
Class A 0 0-127(for 1st 8 bits), 1 leading bit, Very Large Networks
1.0.0.0-127.255.255.255 Net bits=7 bits
Host bits=24 bits
Class B 10 128-191(for 1st 8 bits), 2 leading bit, Medium Networks
128.0.0.0-191.255.255.255 Net bits=14 bits
Host bits=16 bits
Class C 110 192-223 (for 1st 8 bits), 3 leading bit, Small networks
Net bits=21 bits
192.0.0.0-223.255.255.255
Host bits=8 bits
Class D 1110 224-239 (for 1st 8 bits), Multicasting
224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255
Class E 1111 240-255 (for 1st 8 bits), Reserved for future use
240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255
Network Addresses and Host Addresses
Subnetting:

 Subnetting means dividing or separating the single network called subnets into
multiple networks to reduce load.
Example: Class B has approximately 65000 hosts and managing them is difficult,
a single broadcast can slow down the network.

Advantage:
 Reduce traffic
 Increases Performance
 Easier to manage the smaller networks
Subnet Mask for Classful Address
Special IP Addresses:
Any packets sent to the loopback
address is looped back to the
sender
A network address is an IP address
where all host ids are set to 255.
Any data sent to this address will be A network address is an IP address
sent to all hosts of the network. where all host ids are set to 0
Number of networks and hosts per
subnet:

Number of networks:
=2^n-2
n is the number of unmasked bits (0’s)

1st address

last address

Number of networks:
=2^n
n is the number of masked bits(1’s)
IPV4 addressing:
Classless Inter-Domain Routing(CIDR):
 To reduce IP address wastage, to manage them more efficiently, CIDR was introduced.
 This retains the concept of a netlD and a hostlD but removes the rigid structure and allows the split
between the netlD and the hostlD to be varied to suit individual need.
 Represented as A.B.C.D/n
 n is the network prefix, used to identify the number of bits used to identify a network.
 Example: 192.9.205.22/18:
first 18 bits are network bits
therefore, 32-18=14 bits are for host ids
hence, (2^18 )networks
((2^14)-2) hosts per network.
IPV6:
 128 bit addressing, hence huge address space (2^128 addresses)
 IPV4 has approximately 4 billion addresses, which is not enough and hence IPV6
is promising.
 The addresses are written in a colon hexadecimal notation.
 Very complex
 The code is broken into 8 parts of 16-bits with each of these represented by four
hexadecimal characters.