IP ADDRESSING

and
SUBNETTING

Author: Engr. Emerson R. Reblando

 IP Address vs. Network Address vs Broadcast Address

IP Address (Internet Protocol Network address - is first address

address) - is a numerical label in the network and an identifier
Broadcast address – is the last
such as 192.168.1.1 that is for a node or host on a
address in the network, and is telecommunications network.
connected to a computer
used to transmit to all devices Network addresses are
network that uses the Internet
connected to a multiple-access designed to be unique
Protocol for communication.
communications network. A identifiers across the network,
An IP address serves two main
message sent to a broadcast although some networks allow
functions: network interface
address may be received by all for local, private addresses, or
identification and location
network-attached hosts. locally administered addresses
addressing.
that may not be unique.
 IP Address vs. Network Address vs Broadcast Address

IP Address
House Address

Network Address
114 BPThai- Street
Street Name / Address
105 BPThai- Street
223 BPthai- Street
Broadcast Address
Barangay Address

BPThai- Street
 NUMBER SYSTEM
• Decimal
The decimal numeral system (also called the base-ten positional numeral
system ) is the standard system for denoting integer and
non-integer numbers.
An individual bit has a value from 0 to 9
• Binary
The digital representation of text and data · Bit, or binary digit, the basic
unit of information in computers
An individual bit has a value of either 0 or 1

• Hexadecimal
In mathematics and computing, the hexadecimal (also base-16 or simply hex)
numeral system is a positional numeral system that represents numbers
using a radix (base) of 16
 Conversion

192.168.1.1
8bits

YES = 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
NO = 0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
 DECIMAL YETO BINARY

Examples

204 YES = 1
11 0 0 11 0 0
NO = 0
175 1 0 1 0 1 1 11
168 10 1 0 10 00

132 10 0 0 0 1 00

59 0 0 1 1 1 0 11
 Binary to YEDecimal

Examples

11001100 128 +64 +8 +4 = 204 Add up all one !

10101000
128 +32 +8 =168
10000100 128 +4 = 132
00111011 32 +16 +8 +2 +1 =59
10101010
128 +32 +8 +2=170
 2 VERSION OF IP ADDRESS

• IPv4 Address
• IPv6 Address
 IPv4 Structure

IPv4 addresses are 32-bit

192.168.1.1
numbers that are typically
displayed in dotted decimal
notation. A 32-bit address
contains two primary parts: 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits
the network prefix and the
host number. All hosts
within a single network
share the same network 1ST OCTET 2ND OCTET 3RD OCTET 4TH OCTET
address. Each host also has
an address that uniquely NETWORK ADDRESS?
identifies it. BROADCAST ADDRESS?
 IP Address Classes
NETWORK ADDRESS?
FIRST OCTET RULE BROADCAST ADDRESS?

CLASSES RANGES N = Network Slot CLASS C

H = Host Slot
Class A 0 - 127 N H H H
201.45.60.81
Class B 128 - 191 N N H H
Class C 192 - 223 N N N H
Class D&E 224 - 255 NETWORK ADDRESSS
N N N H
SPECIAL PURPOSE N = Copy H = 0
BROADCAST ADDRESS
MULTICAST ADDRESS N = Copy H= 255
NETWORK ADDRESSS 201 . 45 . 60 . 0
BROADCAST ADDRESS
201 . 45 . 60 . 255
 IP Address Classes

EXAMPLES:

IP ADDRESS CLASSES NETWORK ADDRESS BROADCAST ADDRESS

172.16.31.245 CLASS B 172.16.0.0 172.16.255.255

50.12.6.145 CLASS A 50.0.0.0 50.255.255.255

10.1.0.125 CLASS A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
192.16.12.25 CLASS C 192.16.12.0 192.168.12.255

191.1.10.255 CLASS B 191.1.0.0 191.1.255.255

 IP Address Classes- SUBNET MASK
CLASSES RANGES N = Network Slot SUBNET MASK SUBNET MASK
H = Host Slot (Long Format) CIDR (Slash)
A subnet mask is a
32-bit number created
Class A 1 - 127 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 /8 by setting host bits to
Class B 128 - 191 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 /16 all 0s and setting
network bits to all 1s.
Class C 192 - 223 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 /24
In this way, the subnet
Class D&E 224 -255 Special Purpose mask separates the IP
SUBNET MASK
address into the
N= 255 , H =0
SUBNET MASK - Point the network bits network and host
addresses. The “255”
192.168.1.1 = 11000000 . 10101000 . 00000001. 00000001
address is always
Add all one! assigned to a broadcast
1111 1111 . 11111111 . 11111111 0 address, and the “0”
address is always
assigned to a network
255. 255 . 255. 0 address.
 Classes of IP Address
# of Zeroes Remaining in Subnet Mask 2 Classes of IP Address
# of IP address = 2 -2
1. Classful Address
CLASSES N = Network Slot #IP address #IP address - Strictly follows IP
H = Host Slot address classes
Class A N.H.H.H 24
2 -2 16 777 214 2. Classless Address
- Does not follows IP
Class B N.N.H.H 16 65 534
2 -2 address classes
8 - Subnetted
Class C N.N.N.H 254
2 -2

IANA – Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

X 50.0.0.0/8 200 host 16MILLION+
SAYANG!!
Y 150.10.0.0/16 100 host 65 434
 WAYS TO CONSERVE IP ADDRESS

1. Private and Public IP address

🡪 Reserved Private Network Ranges Public IP addresses are Private IP addresses
used when interacting operate with a local
CLASS A 🡪 10.0.0.0/8 with the internet network.
CLASS B 🡪 172.16.0.0/16 – 172.31.0.0/16
CLASS C 🡪 192.168.0.0/24 – 192.168.255.0/24

IP Address Private / Public

10.1.20.10 Private IP Address
172.15.32.10 Public IP Address
192. 168.10.255 Private IP Address

2. Subnetting
 SUBNETTING

Subnetting is the process of designating

some high-order bits from the host
part as part of the network prefix and
adjusting the subnet mask
appropriately. This divides a network
into smaller subnets.
Alter the value of subnet mask to fit the
requirements
 SUBNETTING
IANA

ICANN RIR Regional Internet Registry

Internet Corporation for Assigned

Names and Number American Registry for
ARIN
Internet Numbers

Asia Pacific Network

APNIC
Information Centre
Domain Name Registration African Network
AFRINIC
Information Centre
Association of Public IP Addresses
its Domain Name Latin America & Caribbean
LACNIC
Network Information Centre

Reseaux IP Europeens Network

RIPE NCC
Coordination Centre
 SUBNETTING

APNIC 49.0.0.0 /8

49.100.64.0/19
1000 Networks PLDT

100 IP Company X 49.100.64.128/25

 SUBNETTING

• Subnetting by Network Requirements

• Subnetting by Host Requirements
 Subnetting by Network Requirements
192.168.50.0/24 🡪 Subnet into 10 Networks
Step 1 : How many networks required? 🡪 10 networks
Step 2 : How many bits ? 🡪 4 bits

🡪 to get the number of bits, convert the required network into binary, then omit the leading zeroes
10 network convert to binary
10 = 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 🡪 4 bits

50 networks 6 bits
20 networks 5 bits
6 networks 3 bits
100 networks 7 bits
 Subnetting by Network Requirements
192.168.50.0/24 🡪 Subnet into 10 Networks
Step 1 : How many networks required? 🡪 10 networks
Step 2 : How many bits ? 🡪 4 bits
Step 3: Get New Subnet Mask (NSM) 🡪 /28 Long Format 🡪 255.255.255.240

NSM = Bits required + Old Subnet mask

NSM = 4 + 24 = /28

Long Format 🡪 convert the NSM to binary

/28 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000

255 255 255 240

Add all one!
/26 255.255.255.192
/30 255.255.255.252
/17 255.255.192.0
 Subnetting by Network Requirements
192.168.50.0/24 🡪 Subnet into 10 Networks
Step 1 : How many networks required? 🡪 10 networks
Step 2 : How many bits ? 🡪 4 bits
Step 3: Get New Subnet Mask (NSM) 🡪 /28 Long Format 🡪 255.255.255.240
Step 4: Get increment 🡪 16
Depends on the new subnet mask
Pinaka huling bit (1) sa kanan
/28 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000

Binary value ng last bit sa kanan is the increment

/30 4
/26 64
/13 8
/18 64
/29 8
 Subnetting by Network Requirements
192.168.50.0/24 🡪 Subnet into 10 Networks
Step 1 : How many networks required? 🡪 10 networks
Step 2 : How many bits ? 🡪 4 bits
Step 3: Get New Subnet Mask (NSM) 🡪 /28 Long Format 🡪 255.255.255.240
Step 4: Get increment 🡪 16
Step 5.1: Copy classful Network address 🡪192.168.50.0
5.2 Add increment to octet where subnet mask stops 🡪192.168.50.16

Long Format 🡪 255.255.255.240 Example: 255.255.240.0 255.240.0.0 255.0.0.0

Range: 192.168.50.0 - 192.168.50.15

3rd Octet 2nd Octet 1st Octet
192.168.50.16 - 192.168.50.31
192.168.50.32 - 192.168.50.47 192.168.50.0/24 🡪 192.168.50.0 – 192.168.50.255
192.168.50.48 - 192.168.50.63
Usable range
192.168.50.1 – 192.168.50.254
 Subnetting by Network Requirements
192.168.50.0/24 🡪 Subnet into 10 Networks
Step 1 : How many networks required? 🡪 10 networks
Step 2 : How many bits ? 🡪 4 bits
Step 3: Get New Subnet Mask (NSM) 🡪 /28 Long Format 🡪 255.255.255.240
Step 4: Get increment 🡪 16
Step 5.1: Copy classful Network address 🡪192.168.50.0
5.2 Add increment to octet where subnet mask stops
192.168.50.0 - 192.168.50.15
192.168.50.16 - 192.168.50.31
# of 1’s added 192.168.50.32 - 192.168.50.47
Actual Network ? =2
NSM - OSM 192.168.50.48 - 192.168.50.63
=2
28 - 24 🡪 16
=2
Actual Host ? # of 0’s in NSM 192.168.50.240 - 192.168.50.255
=2 -2
32 – NSM Hangang kelan titigil sa pagkuha ng
=2 -2
32 - 28 Range?
=2 - 2 🡪 14
 Subnetting by Network Requirements
172.16.0.0/16 🡪 Subnet into 1500 Networks
Step 1 : How many networks required? 🡪1500 networks
Step 2 : How many bits ? 🡪11 bits
9 28 = 256
Step 3: Get New Subnet Mask (NSM) 🡪11 + 16 = /27 Long Format 🡪255.255.255.224 29 = 512
10
Step 4: Get increment 🡪32 11 210 =1024
172.16.0.0 - 172.16.0.31 12 210 =2048
Step 5.1: Copy classful Network address 🡪172.16.0.0
5.2 Add increment to octet where subnet mask stops 172.16.0.32 - 172.16.0.63
172.16.0.64 - 172.16.0.96
172.16.0.96 - 172.16.0.127
# of 1’s added
Actual Network ? =2
172.16..255.224 – 172.16.255.2555
NSM - OSM 2 22
=2 26 4 2 3
21
27-16 2
=2 🡪 2048 2 7 20
Actual Host ? # of 0’s in NSM
=2 -2
32 –NSM
=2 -2
32 - 27
=2 - 2 🡪 30
 Subnetting by Host Requirements
192.168.10.0/24 🡪 Subnet into 50 Host
Step 1 : How many host required? 🡪 50 host
Step 2 : How many bits ? 🡪 6 bits
Step 3: Get New Subnet Mask (NSM) 🡪 /26 Long Format 🡪 255.255.255.192
NSM 🡪 make sure na kung ilan ang bit required ganon din karami yung zeroes

11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000

6 bits
New subnet mask = 32 - # bits
NSM = 32 -6 🡪 26

Step 4: Get increment 🡪64

Step 5.1: Copy classful Network address

5.2 Add increment to octet where subnet mask stops
 Subnetting by Host Requirements
192.168.10.0/24 🡪 Subnet into 50 Host
Step 1 : How many host required? 🡪 50 host
Step 2 : How many bits ? 🡪 6 bits
Step 3: Get New Subnet Mask (NSM) 🡪 /26 Long Format 🡪 255.255.255.192
Step 4: Get increment 🡪64
Step 5.1: Copy classful Network address Actual Network = 2# of 1’s added
5.2 Add increment to octet where subnet mask stops = 2NSM - OSM
Range: Usable Range: = 226 – 24
192.168.10.0 - 192.168.10.63 🡪 192.168.10.1 – 192.168.10.62
=4
192.168.10.64 - 192.168.10.127 🡪 192.168.10.65 – 192.168.10.127
192.168.10.128 - 192.168.10.191 🡪 192.168.10.129 – 192.168.10.190
Actual Host =2# of 1’s added -2
192.168.10.192 - 192.168.10.255 🡪 192.168.10.193 – 192.168.10.254
= 232-NSM
Actual Network 🡪 4 networks = 232-26 - 2
Actual Host 🡪 62 host = 62
 SUBNETTING
Subnetting by Network requirements

1. 201.52.60.0/24 , 20 networks
2. 185.32.0.0/16 , 2000 networks
3. 10.0.0.0/8 , 6000 networks
4. 192.168.1.0/24 , 30 networks
5. 80.0.0.0/8 , 5000 networks
Subnetting by Host requirements

1. 192.168.10.0/24 , 50 hosts
2. 172.16.0.0/16 , 3000 hosts
3. 10.0.0.0/8 , 3500 hosts
4. 195.100.30.0/24 , 100 hosts
5. 180.52.0.0/16 , 1000 hosts