INTERNET PROTOCOL

IPV4
Note

An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.

Note

The IPv4 addresses are unique, logical

and universal.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 2

Class Address Range Supports

Class A 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 Supports 16 million hosts on each

of 127 networks.

Class B 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 Supports 65,000 hosts on each of

16,000 networks.

Class 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254 Supports 254 hosts on each of 2

C million networks.

Class 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Reserved for multicast groups.

D

Class E 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254 Reserved for future use, or

Research and Development
Purposes.
 Network/ Hosts per
1st Octet Default
Host ID Number of Network
Class Decimal Subnet
(N=Network Networks (Usable
Range Mask
, H=Host) Addresses)

16,777,214
A 1 – 126* N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 126 (27 – 2)
(224 – 2)

16,382 (214 – 65,534 (216 –

B 128 – 191 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0
2) 2)
255.255.255 2,097,150
C 192 – 223 N.N.N.H 254 (28 – 2)
.0 (221– 2)

D 224 – 239 Reserved for Multicasting

E 240 – 254 Experimental; used for research

Table 1.12 Class Ranges of Network IDs
Address Class First Network ID Last Network ID

Class A 1.0.0.0 126.0.0.0

Class B 128.0.0.0 191.255.0.0

Class C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.0

Table 1.13 Class Ranges of Host IDs

Address Class First Host ID Last Host ID

Class A w .0.0.1 w .255.255.254

Class B w.x .0.1 w.x .255.254

Class C w.x.y. 1 w.x.y .254

 Private IP Addresses

Class Private Networks Subnet Mask Address Range

A 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0 255.240.0.0 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0 -
C 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0
192.168.255.255
Example 1
Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary notation to dotted-
decimal notation.
a. 10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 11100111 11011011 10001011 01101111
d. 11111001 10011011 11111011 00001111

Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal number
(see Appendix B) and add dots for separation:
a. 129.11.11.239
b. 193.131.27.255
c. 231.219.139.111
d. 249.155.251.15

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 8

Example 2
Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal notation to
binary notation.
a. 111.56.45.78
b. 221.34.7.82
c. 241.8.56.12
d. 75.45.34.78

Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary equivalent:
a. 01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110
b. 11011101 00100010 00000111 01010010
c. 11110001 00001000 00111000 00001100
d. 01001011 00101101 00100010 01001110

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 9

Example 3
Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses:
a. 111.56.045.78
b. 221.34.7.8.20
c. 75.45.301.14
d. 11100010.23.14.67

Solution
a. There should be no leading zeroes (045).
b. We may not have more than 4 bytes in an IPv4 address.
c. Each byte should be less than or equal to 255.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 10

The End