Network layer

Addressing

Prepared by:
Nuran Soran Sanaan
Objectives
 Network Layer
 Addressing
 IPV4
 IPV6
Network Layer in Communications
The Network Layer
• The network layer, which resides at OSI Layer 3, provides
services that allow end devices to exchange data across a
network.

• The network layer uses four processes in order to provide

end-to-end transport:

o Addressing of end devices – IP addresses must be unique

for identification purposes.
o Encapsulation – The protocol data units from the
transport layer are encapsulated by adding IP header
information including source and destination IP
addresses.
o Routing – The network layer provides services to direct
packets to other networks. Routers select the best path
for a packet to take to its destination network.
o De-encapsulation – The destination host de-
encapsulates the packet to see if it matches its own.
 Addressing

A network address is an identifier for a node or network interface.

Logical Address: IP address , example 192.168.1.1.

and used to find the network.

Physical Address: MAC Address , example A1:54:FE:5B:29:CD:11.

and used to find the host.

 Logical Address: IP

IP(internet Protocol): is a unique string of numbers separated by full stops that identifies
each computer using the internet protocol to communicate over a network.

IP address has 2 Versions:

-IP Version 4 which is 32 bits.

-IP Version 6 which is 128 bits.

 What is IPv4?
IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol Version 4. consists of two things that are the network address and the host
address. The IPv4 is one of the most commonly used unique addresses for device identification. The IPv4
consists of 32 bits, and it is denoted in a sequence of four numbers separated by ". "(dot/period). The period
divides the IPv4 address into four octets (an octet is of 8 bits, so 4 octets make up 32 bits). An octet's value
ranges from 0 to 255. So.As a computer can only understand binary digits (0s and 1s), so the IPv4 address is
converted into binary digits for further processing.
Features of IPv4
• IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, allowing for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.
• IPv4 addresses are written in decimal format (e.g., 192.168.1.1) for easy human
readability.
• IPv4 supports subnetting and Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) for efficient
network management.
• NAT(Network Address Translation) is used to conserve IPv4 addresses by allowing
multiple devices within a private network to share a single public IP address.
IPv4 is divided into 5 classes, namely - class A, class B, class C, class D,
and class E.

IP Class Address Range Maximum number of networks

Class A 1-126 126 (27-2)

Class B 128-191 16384

Class C 192-223 2097152

Class D 224-239 Reserve for multitasking

Class E 240-254 Reserved for Research and development

1 octet=8bit but in networking address we use 7 bit

Number of network for class A=(2^7)-2=126

Number of host for class A=(2^24)-2=16,777,214

What is IPv6?
IPv6 is based on IPv4 and stands for Internet Protocol version 6. It was first introduced in
December 1995 by Internet Engineering Task Force. IP version 6 is the new version of
Internet Protocol, which is way better than IP version 4 in terms of complexity and
efficiency. IPv6 is written as a group of 8 hexadecimal numbers separated by colon (:). It
can be written as 128 bits of 0s and 1s
Features of IPv6
• The IPv6 has a larger address space, so we can accommodate nearly 340 un-decillion
unique addresses.
• The IPv6 provides anycast support.
• The IPv6 provides end-to-end connectivity, so we do not need any NAT (Network
Address Translation) to reach the other host.
• As the header of the IPv6 address is simple, so it provides fast forwarding of data
packets.
• There is no broadcast in the case of IPv6, but unicast and multicast can be performed
using IPv6.
Benefits of IPv6
The recent Version of IP IPv6 has a greater advantage over IPv4. Here are some of the mentioned benefits:

•Larger Address Space: IPv6 has a greater address space than IPv4, which is required for expanding the IP Connected
Devices. IPv6 has 128 bit IP Address rather and IPv4 has a 32-bit Address.

•Improved Security: IPv6 has some improved security which is built in with it. IPv6 offers security like Data Authentication,
Data Encryption, etc. Here, an Internet Connection is more Secure.

•Simplified Header Format: As compared to IPv4, IPv6 has a simpler and more effective header Structure, which is more
cost-effective and also increases the speed of Internet Connection.

•Prioritize: IPv6 contains stronger and more reliable support for QoS features, which helps in increasing traffic over websites
and increases audio and video quality on pages.

•Improved Support for Mobile Devices: IPv6 has increased and better support for Mobile Devices. It helps in making quick
connections over other Mobile Devices and in a safer way than IPv4.
 Difference between IPV4 & IPv6
IPV4 IPV6
The length of IPV4 is 32 bit The length of IPV6 is 128 bit

In IPV4,around 4.3 billion unique IP address are In IPV6,around 340 billion unique IP address are
generated(2^32) generated(2^128)

The range of IPV4 address is 0 to 255 The range of IPV6 address is 0 to ffff
EX: 192.255.108.253 EX: 2001:0B8:1094:FB82:1800:1751:CH02:0000

It consists 4 octet, each has 8 bit It consists 8 octet, each has 16 bit

IPV4 is a numeric address separated by .(dot) IPV6 is a alpha numeric address separated by colon(:)

IPv4 is divided into 5 classes ranging from class A to There are no classes in IPv6
class E