Conversions Formulas R1

RF Cafe - Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References
◊◊ General Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊

These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. I am confident
that this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site.
Click here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty.
● Area ● IC Heat Transfer ● Solar System

● ASCII Characters ● IC Lifetime ● Sound Levels
● Bolts, Nuts & Washers - Acceleration ● Sound Power
Metric ● Laws of Motion ● Speed Conversions
● Bolts, Nuts & Washers - ● Laws Of ● Tap & Drill - Metric
SAE Thermodynamics ● Tap & Drill - SAE
● Carnot Cycle ● Length Conversions ● Temperature
● Coefficient of ● Mass Conversions Conversions
Expansion ● Materials Properties ● Thermal Conductivity
● Density Conversions ● Mechanical Constants ● Time Conversions
Torx Heads
● Drill Sizes - Lettered ● Mechanical Units ●
Thermal Conductivity
Drill Sizes - Numbered Periodic Table
●
● ●
Ultrasonic Frequency
Electrochemical Phonetic Alphabet
●
● ●
Chart
Potentials ● Pressure Conversions
Visible Light
Force Psychometric Chart
●
● ●
Volume Conversions
Galvanic Series P-T Diagram
●
● ●
Work-Energy-Heat
General Constants Relativity
●
● ●
Conversions
● General Units
World Time Zone Map
Greek Alphabet
●
●
Copyright, Acknowledgements,
Disclaimer & Terms of Use
Visitors since May 2000
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general.htm [4/1/02 12:29:47 AM]

RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References
◊◊ Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊

These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. I am confident
that this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site. Note: "#"
indicates that an interactive calculator is on the Electrical Calculations page.
Click here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty.
● A/D Converter ● Filters# ● Radar Cross Section (RCS)

● Radar Equation
Parameters ● Flip Flop Tables ● Radar Horizon/Line of Sight
● ABCD, S, H, Y, Z ● Fourier Series of ● Resistance Conversions
Resistor Markings: MIL-PRF-55342
Parameters Periodic Signals
●
● Resistor Markings: Std
● AC Voltage & Frequency Worldwide ● Frequency Bands ● Resistor Values
Standards RLC Combinations
● Amplitude Modulation ● Frequency Modulation ●
● RMS & Average Power & Voltage
● Atmospheric Absorption ● Fuse Specs ● Serial Port Pinout
Atmospheric Refraction
Fuse Package Outline
●
●
● S, H, Y, Z, ABCD Parameters
● Antenna Basics ● Signal-to-Noise Ratio
● Antenna Radiation Patterns ● GPIB / HPIB / IEEE- ● Skin Depth
● Attenuators (Fixed)# 488 ● SMD Package Markings
Ball Grid Array (BGA) Counter Smith Chart
GSM Timeslot &
● ●
●
● Batteries ● Solder
● Battery Outlines Frequency Specs ● Spectral Inversion
Bessel Function Plots Spurious-Free Dynamic Range
●
● History of ●
Spurious Calculations
● Bit Error Rate ●
● Boolean Algebra Communications ● TEMPEST

● Capacitance ● History of 50 Ω ● Thévénin Equivalent
● Capacitance Conversions ● Toroid Cores
● Impedance Matching
Transmission Lines
Cascade Budget Calculation#
●
Inductance#
●
● ● Triboelectric Series
● Charge Conversions
● Inductance Conversions ● USB Specifications
● Circulators
● Intercept Points, 2-Tone 2nd-Order ● WAP
● Coaxial Cable Chart
● Intercept Points, 2-Tone 3rd-Order ● Waveguide
● Coaxial Cable Equations
● Isolators ● Wire
● Coaxial Connectors
● Karnaugh Maps ● Wireless Communication Specs
● Coaxial Connector Torque Specs
● Kirchhoff's Law ● Wireless Coverage Maps
● Color Codes
● Link Budget ● Wireless Data Rate Standards
● Communications Standards
● Lightning ● WLAN Specs
● Compression Point, 1 dB
Magnetic Field Conversions
VSWR Mismatch Error#
●
● Conductors @ High Frequencies ●
● Magnetic Flux Conversions
● Copper Facts ● Maxwell's Equations ● VSWR Reduction By Attenuation#
● Current Conversions ● Microstrip ● VSWR / Return Loss / Gamma#
● Damped Responses ● MIL-STD-1553 & 1773 Bus
● Data Bus Specifications ● Morse Code
● Delta-Wye ● Noise Figure
● Detectors ● Noise Power
● Dielectric Constants & Strengths ● Norton Equivalent
● Diplexers ● Ohm's Law
● Directional Couplers ● Op Amps
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 3:53:57 AM]

RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References
● Dividers/Combiners ● Op Noise Figure

● Doppler Frequency Shift ● Package Outlines
● DTMF Tones ● Parallel Port Pinout
● EIRP ● PCS Web Site
● Electrical Constants ● PIM - Passive Intermodulation
● Electrical Units ● Path Loss
● Electric Fields ● Potential
● Electrocution of Human Body ● Power Density
● Field Intensity ● Power Factor
● ESD ● Power & Voltage in 50 Ω System
● Propagation Time
● Pulse Definition
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 3:53:57 AM]

RF Cafe - Calculator Spreadsheets
◊◊ Calculator Spreadsheets ◊◊
Thanks to MS Office Web Components and the advent of XML, including these interactive
spreadsheet components is possible, for about the same amount of work as generating
an Excel spreadsheet. Click on the following links for access.
● Electrical Calculations NOTE: You must have either FrontPage

❍ Attenuators ("T" and Pi) 2002 or Excel 2002 installed (from MS
❍ Cascaded Components Office XP) or these spreadsheets will be
❍ Cavity Resonant Frequency only static and not interactive. You can
❍ Noise Conversions purchase an Excel 2002 upgrade for about
$100 here.
❍ Voltage Divider
❍ VSWR - RL - Gamma(Γ)
● Filters
❍ Lowpass Butterworth
❍ Lowpass Chebychev
❍ Highpass Butterworth
❍ Highpass Chebychev
❍ Bandpass Butterworth
❍ Bandpass Chebychev
❍ Bandstop Butterworth
❍ Bandstop Chebychev
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/_spreadsheets/calculator_list.htm [4/1/02 3:54:57 AM]

RF Cafe - Mathematical References
◊◊ Mathematical References ◊◊
Here are some of the most often need mathematical entities, all in one convenient
place.
● Averages ● LaPlace Transform ● Trig Identities

● Bessel Functions Pairs ● Trig Identities, Inverse
● Trig Identities, Hyperbolic
● Coordinate Systems ● LaPlace Transform ● Trig Identities, Inv Hyperbolic
● Derivatives, Basic Properties ● Trigonometry Laws
● Deviations ● Logarithms ● Uncertainties
● Differentiation Rules ● Matrix Algebra ● Vector, Curl
● Exponents ● Matrix Definitions ● Vector, Divergence
● Fourier Series ● Numerical Prefixes ● Vector, Gradient
● Fourier Transform Pairs ● Partial Fractions ● z-Transform Properties
● Fourier Series ● Permutations &

Properties Combinations
● Imaginary Numbers ● Phi (φ) - the Golden
● Integrals, Basic Number
● Integrals, Inverse Trig ● Plane Angle
● Integrals, Natural Log ● Series Expansions
● Integrals, Square Root ● Summations
● Integrals,
Trigonometric
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical.htm [4/1/02 3:59:00 AM]

RF Cafe - Area Conversion
◊◊ AREA CONVERSIONS ◊◊
Standard units = Square centimeter (cm2).
square in square ft square cm square m circular mil

1 in2 = 1 6.944 · 10-3 6.452 6.452 · 10-4 1.273 · 106
1 ft2 = 144 1 929.0 9.290 · 10-2 1.833 · 108
1 cm2 = 0.1550 1.076 · 10-3 1 10-4 1.974 · 105
1 m2 = 1550 10.76 104 1 1.974 · 109
1 cir mil = 7.854 · 10-7 5.454 · 10-3 5.067 · 10-6 5.067 · 10-10 1
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/area.htm [4/1/02 12:30:31 AM]

RF Cafe - ASCII Character Set
◊◊ ASCII CHARACTER SET ◊◊
33 ! 34 " 35 # 36 $ 37 38 & 39 '

40 ( 41 ) 42 * 43 + 44 , 45 - 46 . 47 /
48 0 49 1 50 2 51 3 52 4 53 5 54 6 55 7
56 8 57 9 58 : 59 ; 60 < 61 = 62 > 63 ?
64 @ 65 A 66 B 67 C 68 D 69 E 70 F 71 G
72 H 73 I 74 J 75 K 76 L 77 M 78 N 79 O
80 P 81 Q 82 R 83 S 84 T 85 U 86 V 87 W
88 X 89 Y 90 Z 91 [ 92 93 ] 94 ^ 95 _
96 ` 97 a 98 b 99 c 100 d 101 e 102 f 103 g
104 h 105 i 106 j 107 k 108 l 109 m 110 n 111 o
112 p 113 q 114 r 115 s 116 t 117 u 118 v 119 w
120 x 121 y 122 z 123 { 124 | 125 } 126 ~ 127
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135
136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143
144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/ascii.htm [4/1/02 12:37:35 AM]

RF Cafe - Metric Nuts & Bolts
◊◊ Metric Bolts, Nuts & Washers ◊◊
Tap Clearance Counter Nut Nut Washer Washer

Drill Drill Bore Points Flats I.D. O.D.
Size (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
M1 0.75 1.10 0.30 2.08 1.8 1.0 2.0
M1.6 1.25 1.85 0.35 3.70 3.2 1.7 3.4
M2 1.60 2.40 0.40 4.62 4.0 2.2 4.5
M2.5 2.05 3.10 0.45 5.77 5.0 2.7 5.5
M3 2.50 3.75 0.50 6.35 5.5 3.2 6.0
M3.5 2.90 4.30 0.60 6.93 6.0 4.0 7.8
M4 3.30 4.90 0.70 8.08 7.0 4.3 8.0
M5 4.20 6.30 0.80 9.24 8.0 5.3 10
M6 5.00 7.50 1.0 11.5 10 6.4 11
M8 6.75 10.0 1.25 15.0 13 8.4 15
M10 8.50 12.5 1.50 17.3 15 11.5 21
1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference.

2) Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts.
3) Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_metric.htm [4/1/02 12:39:34 AM]

RF Cafe - SAE Bolts
◊◊ SAE Bolts, Nuts & Washers ◊◊
Series Tap Clearance Counter Nut Nut Washer Washer

Size & Threads/lnch
Designation Drill Drill Bore Points Flats I.D. O.D.
0-80 UNF 0.046 0.070 1/8 0.180 0.156 0.078 0.187
1-64 UNC 0.059 0.089 5/32 0.180 0.156 0.099 0.250
1-72 UNF
2-56 UNC 0.070 0.104 3/16 0.217 0.187 0.099 0.250
2-64 UNF
3-48 UNC 0.078 0.120 3/16 0.217 0.187 0.105 0.250
3-56 UNF
4-40 UNC 0.089 0.136 7/32 0.289 0.250 0.125 0.312
4-48 UNF
5-40 UNC
5-44 UNF
6-32 UNC 0.106 0.161 9/32 0.361 0.312 0.149 0.375
6-40 UNF
8-32 UNC 0.136 0.189 5/16 0.397 0.343 0.174 0.375
8-36 UNF
10-24 UNC 0.149 0.213 11/32 0.433 0.375 0.203 0.437
10-32 UNF
12-24 UNC
12-28 UNF
1/4-20 UNC 0.201 0.281 7/16 0.505 0.437 0.265 0.500
1/4-28 UNF
5/16-18 UNC
5/16-24 UNF
3/8-16 UNC
3/8-24 UNF
7/16-14 UNC
7/16-20 UNF
1/2-13 UNC
1/2-20 UNF
9/16-12 UNC
9/16-18 UNF
5/8-11 UNC
5/8-18 UNF
3/4-10 UNC
3/4-16 UNF
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_sae.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 12:40:15 AM]

RF Cafe - SAE Bolts
7/8-9 UNC
7/8-14 UNF
1-8 UNC
1-12 UNF
1-14 UN
11/8-7 UNC
11/8-8 UN
11/8-12 UNF
11/4-7 UNC
1114-8 UN
11/4-12 UNF
1 3/8-6 UNC
1 3/8-8 UN
1 3/8-12 UNF
11/2-6 UNC
1 1/2-8 UN
1 1/2-12 UNC
1 5/8-8 UN
1 3/4-5 UNC
1 3/4-8 UN
1 7/8-8 UN
2-4 1/2 UNC
2-8 UN
2 1/4-4.5 UNC
2 1/4-8 UN
2 1/2-4 UNC
2 1/2-8 UN
2 3/4-4 UNC
2 3/4-8 UN
3-4 UNC
3-8 UN
3 1/4-4 UNC
3 1/4-8 UN
3 1/2-4 UNC
3 1/2-8 UN
3 3/4-4 UNC
3 3/4-8 UN
4-4 UNC
4-8 UN
1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference.

2) Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts.
3) Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_sae.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 12:40:15 AM]

RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle
◊◊ Carnot Cycle ◊◊
An ideal cycle would be performed by a perfectly efficient heat engine—that is, all the heat would be converted
to mechanical work. A 19th-century French scientist named Nicolas Carnot conceived a thermodynamic cycle
that is the basic cycle of all heat engines. He showed that such an ideal engine cannot exist. Any heat engine
must expend some fraction of its heat input as exhaust. The second law of thermodynamics places an upper
limit on the efficiency of engines; that upper limit is less than 100 percent. The limiting case is now known as a
Carnot cycle.
The Carnot Cycle
(1) Isothermal expansion of gas in cylinder as heat is (2) Heat source is removed and isolated. Adiabatic
added from source. Piston moves from V1 to V2, expansion continues until volume V3 is reached,
doing work on the system. performing additional work, at temperature T2.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/carnot_cycle.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 12:43:55 AM]

RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle
(4) Heat source is removed and isolated. Adiabatic (3) Isothermal compression of gas in cylinder as
compression continues until volume V4 is reached, work is done by the system on the piston. Heat is be
performing additional work, at temperature T2. transferred to T2.
Isothermal: Process in which no temperature change Adiabatic: Process in which no heat is transferred into
occurs in a closed system. or out of a closed system.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/carnot_cycle.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 12:43:55 AM]

RF Cafe - Properties of Materials
◊◊ Materials Properties ◊◊
MatWeb
Melting Thermal Thermal
Temperature Density Conductivity Expansion Resistivity
Substance (ºC) (g/cm3) (W/m·K) (10-6 K) (µΩ·cm)
Alanx CG8963.32 3.32
Alcohol, Ethyl
Alumina, Al2O3 2040 3.9 32.2 6.5 1020
Alumina, 85% 3.41
Alumina, 90% 3.6
Alumina, 94% 3.7
Alumina, 96% 3.75
Alumina, 99% 3.9
Alumina, 99.5% 3.89
Alumina, 99.9% 3.96
Aluminosilicate 2.6
Aluminum, Pure 660.1 2.643 238 23.5 2.67
11
5056
Aluminum, 2024-T3 2.77
Aluminum bronze 7.702
Aluminum Nitride 3.25
Benzene 0.737
Beryllium, QMV 1.85
Beryllia, BeO 2550 2.85 215 7.5 1020
Beryllium 1.8477
Birch 0.705
Boron Carbide 2.5
Borosilicate Glass 2.3
Brass 8.553
Bronze, ~11% Tin 8.1
Bronze, aluminum 7.702
Bronze, phosphor 8.8
Carbon Steel 7.84
Carbon Tool Steel 7.82
Carbon-Carbon Composite 1.65
Cherry 0.433
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (1 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]

Coal, Anthracite 1.554

Coal, Bituminous 1.346
Coal, Coke 1.201
Coal, Lignite 1.25
Cobalt 8.8
Concrete
Copper 1083.4 8.96 17.0 1.694
Copper Ore, pyrites 4.197
Copper, cast-rolled 8.906
Copper, Pure 8.9
Corundum-Crystal Form 3.99
Delrin (acetyl resin) 175 8.96 3.6 1020
Ethyl Alcohol 0.802
Gasoline 0.721
German Silver 8.586
Glass 2.6
Glass, Pyrex
Gold, 99.99% 1063 19.3 315.5 14.1 2.20
Gold Coin (US) 17.19
Gold, cast-hammered 19.3
Graphite 2.163
Hafnium Carbide 12.76
HDPE 0.955
High Speed Tool Steel 8.75
Ice 0.897
Iridium 22.16
Iron
Iron, Cast, Pig 7.207
Iron, Ferrosilicon 6.984
Iron, gray cast 7.079
Iron Ore, Hematite 5.206
Iron Ore, Limonite 3.796
Iron Ore, Magnetite 5.046
Iron Slag 2.755
Iron, Spiegeleisen 7.496
Iron, wrought 7.658
Kevlar
Kevlar 149 1.47
Kevlar 29 1.44
Kevlar 49 1.44
Lead 11.37
Lead Glass 2.8
Lead Ore, Galena 7.449
Leather, common 0.945
Magnesium, Pure 1.7
Mahogany 0.705

Manganese 7.608
Manganese Ore 4.149
Mercury 13.57
Methyl Alcohol 0.809
Mg-PSZ 5.75
Mineral Oil 0.914
Molybdenum, wrought 10.3
Monel Metal, rolled 8.688
Mullite 2.82
Nickel 1455 8.602 88 13.3 6.9
Nickel, Pure 8.9
Nitride-Bonded SiC 2.54
Paper 0.929
Paraffin 0.898
Petroleum, Crude
Pig Iron 7.207
Platinum 21.3
Plutonium, alpha phase 19.35
Polyurethane 1
PSZ 5.75
Pure Iron 7.86
Pyrolusite, Mn Ore 4.149
Quartz Glass 2.2
RB-SiC 3.09
Red Oak 0.673
Refrax 2.54
RT/Duriod 5880
Rubber 1.506
Sapphire 3.99
SiAlON 3.3
Silica, SiO2
Silicon 1412 2.34 138 7.6 105

Silicon carbide 3.2
Silicon Nitride 3.28
Silver, Cast-hammered 10.51
Silver, Pure 10.5
Sintered SiC 3.1
SNBSN / Refrax 2.54
Soft Steel (0.06% C) 7.87
Southern Pine 0.65
Stainless 18Cr-8Ni 8.03
Stainless 27Cr 7.47
Stainless Steel, 304 8.03
Steel, C1020, HR 7.85
Steel, cold-drawn 7.83
Steel, tool 7.715

Sugar Maple 0.689

Tantalum 16.6
Thorium, Ind. melted 11.6
TiC 4.94
Tin Ore, cassiterite 6.695
Tin, cast-hammered 7.352
Titanium 4.5
Titanium, B 120VCA 4.85
Tungsten 3400 19.3 159 4.5 5.5
Tungsten 18.82
Tungsten Carbide 15.7
Uranium 18.74
Uranium D38 18.97
Vanadium Carbide 5.71
Vegetable Oil 0.93
Walnut 0.593
Water
Water, 100 °C 0.9581
Water, 4 °C 0.99997
Water, Ice 0.897
Water, Seawater 1.025
WC / Tungsten Carbide 15.7
Wood, Oak
Zinc Ore, blende 4.052
Zinc, Cast 7.049
Zirconia 5.75
Zirconium 6.3798
Zirconium Carbide 6.56

RF Cafe - Density Conversion
◊◊ Density Conversions ◊◊
Standard units = Kilograms per square meter (kg/m2).
lb per in3 lb per ft3 slug per ft3 g per cm3 kg per m3
1 lb/in3 1 1728 53.71 27.68 2.768 * 104
1 lb/ft3 5.787 * 10-4 1 3.108 * 10-2 1.602 * 10-2 16.02
1 slug/ft3 1.862 * 10-2 32.17 1 0.5154 515.4
1 g/cm3 3.613 * 10-2 62.43 1.940 1 1000
1 kg/m3 3.613 * 10-5 6.243 * 10-2 1.940 * 10-3 0.001 1
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/density.htm [4/1/02 12:53:17 AM]

RF Cafe - Lettered Drill Sizes
◊◊ DRILL SIZES: LETTERED ◊◊

Diameter Diameter
Letter (in) Letter (in)
A 0.234 N 0.302
B 0.238 O 0.316
C 0.242 P 0.323
D 0.246 Q 0.332
E 0.250 R 0.339
F 0.257 S 0.348
G 0.261 T 0.358
H 0.266 U 0.368
I 0.272 V 0.377
J 0.277 W 0.386
K 0.281 X 0.397
L 0.290 Y 0.404
M 0.295 Z 0.413
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/drill_sizes_lettered.htm [4/1/02 1:00:04 AM]

RF Cafe - Numbered Drill Sizes
◊◊ DRILL SIZES: NUMBERED ◊◊
Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter

Number (in) Number (in) Number (in) Number (in)
1 0.2280 21 0.1590 41 0.0960 61 0.0380
2 0.2210 22 0.1570 42 0.0935 62 0.0370
3 0.2130 23 0.1540 43 0.0890 63 0.0360
4 0.2090 24 0.1520 44 0.0869 64 0.0350
5 0.2055 25 0.1495 45 0.0820 65 0.0330
6 0.2040 26 0.1470 46 0.0810 66 0.0320
7 0.2010 27 0.1440 47 0.0785 67 0.0310
8 0.1990 28 0.1405 48 0.0760 68 0.0300
9 0.1960 29 0.1360 49 0.0730 69 0.0290
10 0.1935 30 0.1285 50 0.0700 70 0.0270
11 0.1910 31 0.1200 51 0.0670 71 0.0260
12 0.1890 32 0.1160 52 0.0635 72 0.0240
13 0.1850 33 0.1130 53 0.0595 73 0.0230
14 0.1820 34 0.1110 54 0.0550 74 0.0220
15 0.1800 35 0.1100 55 0.0520 75 0.0200
16 0.1770 36 0.1065 56 0.0465 76 0.0180
17 0.1730 37 0.1040 57 0.0430 77 0.0160
18 0.1695 38 0.1015 58 0.0420 78 0.0150
19 0.1660 39 0.0995 59 0.0410 79 0.0140
20 0.1610 40 0.0980 60 0.0400 80 0.0130
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/drill_sizes_numbered.htm [4/1/02 1:02:11 AM]

RF Cafe - Electrochemical Potentials
◊◊ Electrochemical Potentials ◊◊
This table presents the electrochemical potential difference the "X" metal is attacked
(in mV) for pairs of common metal alloys, when in the the contact is practically neutral
presence of water with 2% salt content. the "Y" metal is attacked
\
\
\ X
\
\
Y \
Platinum 0 130 250 340 350 430 450 570 600 685 700 770 800 840 940 1000 1090 1100 1200 1400 1470 1950
Gold/Carbon 130 0 110 210 220 300 320 440 470 535 570 640 670 710 810 870 960 970 1070 1270 1340 1620
Stainless
250 110 0 90 100 160 200 320 350 415 450 520 550 590 690 750 840 850 950 1150 1220 1700
Steel
Titanium 340 210 90 0 10 90 110 230 260 325 360 430 460 500 600 680 750 760 860 1060 1150 1610
Silver-
350 220 100 10 0 80 100 220 250 315 350 420 450 490 590 650 740 750 850 1050 1120 1600
Mercury
Nickel 430 300 180 90 80 0 20 140 170 235 270 340 370 410 510 570 650 670 770 970 1040 1520
Copper
450 320 200 110 100 20 0 120 150 215 250 320 350 390 490 530 640 650 750 950 1020 1500
Alloy
Copper 570 440 320 230 220 140 120 0 30 95 130 200 230 270 370 430 520 530 630 830 900 1380
Aluminum-
Bronze
600 470 350 260 250 170 150 30 0 65 100 170 200 240 340 400 490 500 600 800 870 1350
Brass 30%
Zinc
Silicon 665 535 415 325 315 235 215 95 65 0 35 105 135 175 275 335 425 435 535 735 805 1285
Brass 50%
700 520 520 360 350 270 250 130 100 35 0 70 100 140 240 300 390 400 500 700 770 1250
Zinc
Bronze 770 640 550 430 420 340 320 200 170 105 70 0 30 70 170 230 320 330 435 630 700 1180
Tin 800 670 590 460 450 370 350 230 200 135 100 30 0 40 140 200 290 300 400 600 670 1150
Lead 840 710 680 500 490 410 390 270 240 175 140 70 40 0 100 160 250 260 300 560 630 1110
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/electrochemical_potential.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 1:10:03 AM]

RF Cafe - Electrochemical Potentials
Light alloy
940 810 690 600 590 510 490 370 340 275 240 170 140 100 0 60 150 160 260 460 530 1010
NSA 3001
Steels 1000 870 750 660 650 570 550 430 400 335 300 230 200 160 60 0 90 150 200 400 470 950
Aluminum
1090 960 840 750 740 650 640 520 490 425 390 320 290 250 150 90 0 100 110 310 380 860
A5
Cadmium 1100 970 850 760 750 670 650 530 500 435 400 330 300 260 160 150 100 0 100 300 370 850
Chromium 1200 1070 950 860 850 770 750 630 600 535 500 430 400 360 260 200 110 100 0 200 270 750
Zinc 1400 1270 1150 1050 1050 970 950 830 800 735 700 630 600 560 460 400 310 300 200 0 70 550
Manganese 1470 1340 1220 1150 1120 1040 1020 900 870 805 770 700 670 630 530 470 380 370 270 70 0 480
Magnesium 1950 1620 1700 1610 1600 1520 1500 1380 1350 1285 1250 1180 1150 1110 1010 950 860 850 750 550 480 0
Values obtained from 1997 Huber+Suhner "RF Connector Guide"
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/electrochemical_potential.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 1:10:03 AM]

RF Cafe - Force Conversion
◊◊ FORCE CONVERSIONS ◊◊
Standard units = Newton (N).
dyne newton pound poundal gram force kg force

1 dyn = 1 10-5 2.248 * 10-6 7.233 * 10-5 1.020 * 10-3 1.020 * 10-6
1N= 105 1 0.2248 7.233 102.0 0.1020
1 lb = 4.448 * 105 4.448 1 32.17 453.6 0.4536
1 pdl = 1.383 * 104 0.1383 3.108 * 10-2 1 14.10 1.410 * 10-2
1 gf = 980.7 9.807 * 10-3 2.205 * 10-3 7.093 *10-2 1 0.001
1 kgf = 9.807 * 105 9.807 2.205 70.93 1000 1
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/force.htm [4/1/02 1:11:53 AM]

RF Cafe - Galvanic Series
◊◊ GALVANIC SERIES ◊◊
A galvanic series table lists metals in the order of their relative activity in a specific environment. The list
begins with the more active (anodic) metal and proceeds down the to the least active (cathodic) metal of the
galvanic series. A "galvanic series" applies to a particular electrolyte solution, so for each specific solution
which is expected to be encountered for actual use, a different order or series will ensue. In a galvanic couple,
the metal higher in the series (or the smaller) represents the anode, and will corrode preferentially in the
environment. This is the "dissimilar metals" corrosion that is spoken of.
Listed below is the latest galvanic table from MIL-STD-889 where the materials have been numbered according
to how they interact in a galvanic couple in a seawater environment. The table is the galvanic series of metals
in sea water from Army Missile Command Report RS-TR-67-11, "Practical Galvanic Series."
Most Anodic (#1) Most Cathodic (#92)

1. Magnesium 26. Al 5052-H16 51. Brass (plated) 76. Stainless steel 316L
2. Mg alloy AZ-31B 27. Tin (plated) 52. Nickel-silver (18% Ni) (passive)
3. Mg alloy HK-31A 28. Stainless steel 430 53. Stainless steel 316L 77. AM355 (active)
4. Zinc (hot-dip, die cast, (active) (active) 78. Stainless steel 202
or plated) 29. Lead 54. Bronze 220 (passive)
5. Beryllium (hot pressed) 30. Steel 1010 55. Copper 110 79. Carpenter 20 (passive)
6. Al 7072 clad on 7075 31. Iron (cast) 56. Red Brass 80. AM355 (passive)
7. Al 2014-T3 32. Stainless steel 410 57. Stainless steel 347 81. A286 (passive)
8. Al 1160-H14 (active) (active) 82. Titanium 5A1, 2.5 Sn
9. Al 7079-T6 33. Copper (plated, cast, or 58. Molybdenum, 83. Titanium 13V, 11Cr, 3Al
10. Cadmium (plated) wrought) Commercial pure (annealed)
11. Uranium 34. Nickel (plated) 59. Copper-nickel 715 84. Titanium 6Al, 4V
12. Al 218 (die cast) 35. Chromium (Plated) 60. Admiralty brass (solution treated and
13. Al 5052-0 36. Tantalum 61. Stainless steel 202 aged)
14. Al 5052-H12 37. AM350 (active) (active) 85. Titanium 6Al, 4V
15. Al 5456-0, H353 38. Stainless steel 310 62. Bronze, Phosphor 534 (anneal)
16. Al 5052-H32 (active) (B-1) 86. Titanium 8Mn
17. Al 1100-0 39. Stainless steel 301 63. Monel 400 87. Titanium 13V, 11Cr 3Al
18. Al 3003-H25 (active) 64. Stainless steel 201 (solution heat treated
19. Al 6061-T6 40. Stainless steel 304 (active) and aged)
20. Al A360 (die cast) (active) 65. Carpenter 20 (active) 88. Titanium 75A
21. Al 7075-T6 41. Stainless steel 430 66. Stainless steel 321 89. AM350 (passive)
22. Al 6061-0 (active) (active) 90. Silver
23. Indium 42. Stainless steel 410 67. Stainless steel 316 91. Gold
24. Al 2014-0 (active) (active) 92. Graphite
25. Al 2024-T4 43. Stainless steel 17-7PH 68. Stainless steel 309
(active) (active)
44. Tungsten 69. Stainless steel 17-7PH
45. Niobium (columbium) (passive)
1% Zr 70. Silicone Bronze 655
46. Brass, Yellow, 268 71. Stainless steel 304
47. Uranium 8% Mo (passive)
48. Brass, Naval, 464 72. Stainless steel 301
49. Yellow Brass (passive)
50. Muntz Metal 280 73. Stainless steel 321
(passive)
74. Stainless steel 201
(passive)
75. Stainless steel 286
(passive)
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/galvanic_series.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 1:14:24 AM]

RF Cafe - Galvanic Series
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/galvanic_series.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 1:14:24 AM]

RF Cafe - General Constants
◊◊ GENERAL CONSTANTS ◊◊
* : Reduced Planck constant, = h/2π

Name Symbol Value
Speed of light (in vacuum) c 2.9979 * 108 m/s
Mass-energy ratio c2 8.9876 * 1016 J/kg
Gravitational constant G 6.6720 * 10-11 N*m2/kg2
" G 3.4490 * 10-8 lb * ft2/slug2
Universal gas constant R 8.3144 J/(mol * K)
Avogadro constant N0 6.0220 * 1023 molecules/mol
Boltzmann constant k 1.3807 * 10-23 J/K
Planck constant* h 6.6262 * 10-34 J * s
Electron rest mass me 9.1095 * 10-31 kg
Proton rest mass mp 1.6726 * 10-27 kg
Bohr radius aB 0.52918 Å
Volume of ideal gas (@STP) V 2.2414 * 10-2 m3/mol
Stefan Boltzmann constant s 5.6703 * 10-8 W/(m2 * K4)
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/general_constants.htm [4/1/02 1:17:02 AM]

RF Cafe - General Units
◊◊ GENERAL UNITS ◊◊
Name Base Unit Symbol

Enthalpy joule H
Entropy joule/Kelvin S
Heat capacity joule/Kelvin C
Internal energy joule U
Luminous intensity candela I
Quantity of heat joule Q
Radiant energy joule W
Radiant intensity watt/steradian I
Radiant power (flux) watt P
Sound intensity watt/meter I
Sound energy flux watt W
Specific heat capacity joule/(kilogram * Kelvin) c
Speed of sound meter/second n
Thermal conductivity watt/(meter * Kelvin) l
Time Constant s τ
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/general_units.htm [4/1/02 1:19:48 AM]

RF Cafe - Greek Alphabet
◊◊ GREEK ALPHABET ◊◊
Alpha Α α Nu Ν ν
Beta Β β Xi Ξ ξ
Gamma Γ γ Omicron Ο ο
Delta ∆ δ Pi Π π
Epsilon Ε ε Rho Ρ ρ
Zeta Ζ ζ Sigma Σ σ
Eta Η ε Tau Τ τ
Theta Θ θ Upislon Υ υ
Iota Ι ι Phi Φ φ
Kappa Κ κ Chi Χ χ
Lambda Λ λ Psi Ψ ψ
Mu Μ µ Omega Ω ω
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/greek_alphabet.htm [4/1/02 1:20:29 AM]

RF Cafe - Heat Transfer of an Integrated Circuit
◊◊ HEAT TRANSFER OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ◊◊
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/heat_xfer_ic.htm [4/1/02 2:26:38 AM]

RF Cafe - Lifetime Acceleration of Integrated Circuit
◊◊ LIFETIME ACCELERATION OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ◊◊
Arrhenius Model for Integrated Circuits
x1
F= = eα {Lifetime Acceleration Factor}
x2
x1 = Failure rate at junction temperature T1
x2 = Failure rate at junction temperature T2
Where: T = Junction temperature in degrees K
E = Thermal activation energy in eV
k = Boltzmann's constant
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/life_acceleration_ic.htm [4/1/02 2:28:55 AM]

RF Cafe - Laws of Motion
LAWS OF MOTION
Translational motion with constant

acceleration in the x-plane.
Rotational motion with constant

acceleration in the θ-plane.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/law_of_motion.htm [4/1/02 2:30:02 AM]

RF Cafe - Laws of Thermodynamics
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is the field of physics that describes and correlates the physical properties of macroscopic
systems of matter and energy by relating such qualities temperature, pressure, and volume. It also takes in
energy, heat, and work. When a physical system moves from one state of equilibrium to another, a
thermodynamic process is said to take place. The laws of thermodynamics were discovered in the 19th century
through painstaking experimentation.
Zeroth Law First Law Second Law Third Law
When each of two Because energy cannot be Entropy—that is, the The Third Law of
systems is in equilibrium created or destroyed disorder—of an isolated thermodynamics states
with a third, the first two (with the special system can never that absolute zero cannot
systems must be in exception of nuclear decrease. Therefore, be attained by any
equilibrium with each reactions) the amount of when an isolated system procedure in a finite
other. This shared heat transferred into a achieves a configuration number of steps. Absolute
property of equilibrium is system plus the amount of maximum entropy, it zero can be approached
the temperature. of work done on the can no longer undergo arbitrarily closely, but it
system must result in a change (it has reached can never be reached.
The concept of corresponding increase of equilibrium).
temperature is based on internal energy in the
this Zeroth Law. system. Heat and work Additionally, it is not
are mechanisms by which enough to conserve
systems exchange energy energy and thus obey the
with one another. First Law. A machine that
would deliver work while
This First Law of violating the second law is
thermodynamics identifies called a "perpetual-motion
caloric, or heat, as a form machine of the second
of energy. kind." In such a system,
energy could then be
continually drawn from a
cold environment to do
work in a hot environment
at no cost.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/thermodynamics.html [4/1/02 2:34:40 AM]

RF Cafe - Length Conversion
◊◊ LENGTH CONVERSIONS ◊◊
Standard units = Meter (m).
inch foot mile centimeter meter kilometer

1 in = 1 8.333 * 10-2 1.578 * 10-5 2.540 2.540 * 10-2 2.540 * 10-5
1 ft = 12 1 1.894 * 10-4 30.48 0.304 8 3.048 * 10-4
1 mi = 6.336 * 104 5 280 1 1.609 * 105 160 9 1.609
1 cm = 0.393 7 3.281 * 10-2 6.214 * 10-6 1 10-2 10-5
1m= 39.37 3.281 6.214 * 10-4 100 1 10-3
1 km = 3.93 7 * 104 3 281 0.621 4 105 1 000 1
Non-Standard Length Units Conversions

1 cable = 720 ft = 219.456 m
1 cable (U.K.) = 608 ft = 185.318 m
1 chain (engineers') = 100 ft = 30.48 m
1 chain (surveyors') = 66 ft = 20.117 m
1 fathom = 6 ft = 1.829 m
1 fermi = 10-15 m
1 furlong = 660 ft = 201.168 m
1 hand = 4 in = 0.101 6 m
1 league (nautical) = 3 nmi = 5 556 m
1 league (statute) = 3 stat mi
1 light year = 9.460 895 2 * 1015 m
1 link (engineers') = 1 ft = 0.304 8 m
1 link (surveyors') = 7.92 in = 0.201168 m
1 myriameter = 10 000 m
1 nautical mile (nmi) = 1 853.184 m
1 pale = 1 perch (linear) = 1 rod = 5.029 2 m
1 pica = 1/6 in (approx.) = 4.217 518 * 10-3 m
1 point = 1/72 in (approx.) = 3.514 598 * 10-4 m
1 span = 9 in = 0.228 6 m
1 astronomical unit (au) = 92 957 130.3 mi = 1.496 * 108 km
1 parsec = 1.917 378 44 * 1013 mi = 3.085 721 50 *1013 km
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/length.htm [4/1/02 2:35:35 AM]

RF Cafe - Mass Conversion
MASS CONVERSIONS
Standard units = Kilogram (kg). * = atomic mass unit.
ounce pound ton gram kilogram slug u*

1 oz = 1 6.250 * 10-2 3.125 * 10-5 28.35 2.835 * 10-2 1.942 * 10-3 1.708 * 1025
1 lb = 16 1 0.0005 453.6 0.4536 3.108 * 10-2 2.732 * 1026
1 ton = 3.200 * 104 2000 1 9.072x105 907.2 62.16 5.465 * 1029
1g= 3.527 * 10-2 2.205 * 10-3 1.102 * 10-6 1 0.001 6.852 * 10-5 6.024 * 1023
1 kg = 35.27 2.205 1.102 * 10-3 1000 1 6.852 * 10-2 6.024 * 1026
1 slug = 514.8 32.17 1.609 * 10-2 1.459 * 104 14.59 1 8.789 * 1027
1u= 5.855 * 10-26 3.660 * 10-27 1.829 * 10-30 1.660 * 10-24 1.660 * 10-27 1.137 * 10-28 1
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/mass.htm [4/1/02 2:38:06 AM]

RF Cafe - Mechanical Constants
MECHANICAL CONSTANTS
Name Symbol Value

Horsepower HP 745.7 W
Atmosphere Atm 14.70 lb/in2
Pi P 3.141 592 653 589 793 238 46
Natural log base e 2.718 281 828 459 045 235 36
Square root of 2 √2 1.414 213 562 372 095 048 80
Euler's constant g 0.577 215 664 901 532 860 61
Golden Ratio f 1.618 033 988 749 894 848 20
1º of latitude at 40º latitude 69 mi
Acceleration of gravity g 32.1726 ft/s2
Knot kt 1.1508 mi/hr
Speed of sound @ 0ºC 1087.1 ft/s
Water heat of fusion @ 0ºC ∆Hfus 79.71 cal/g
Water heat of vaporization @ 0ºC ∆Hvap 539.55 cal/g
Acre 43 560 ft2
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/mechanical_contants.htm [4/1/02 2:39:05 AM]

RF Cafe - Mechanical Units
MECHANICAL UNITS
Name Base Unit Symbol

Length meter m
Area square meter m2
Volume cubic mete m3
Mass kilogram kg
Density kilogram/cubic meter kg/m3
Time second s
Speed kilometer/second km/s
Force newton N
Pressure pascal P
Plane Angle radian rad
Solid Angle steradian ster
Momentum kilogram*meter/second ρ
Torque newton/meter t
Young's modulus pascal E
Kinetic energy joule K
Potential energy joule U
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/mechanical_units.htm [4/1/02 2:40:03 AM]

RF Cafe - Periodic Table of the Elements
◊◊ Periodic Table of the Elements ◊◊
Legend
Alkali metals Actinide series

Alkali earth metals Other metals
Transition metals Nonmetals
Lanthanide series Noble gases
WebElements - a great online source.
1 18
Ia 0
2 13 14 15 16 17
H He
IIa IIIa IVa Va VIa VIIa
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
IIIb IVb Vb VIb VIIb VIIIb VIIIb VIIIb Ib IIb
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra ** Unq Unp Unh Uns Uno Une Uun Uuu
* La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Name Sym # Wt
Name Sym # Wt Name Sym # Wt
actinium Ac 89 (227)
gold Au 79 197.0 potassium K 19 39.10
aluminum Al 13 26.98
hafnium Hf 72 178.4 praseodymium Pr 59 140.9
americium Am 95 (243)
helium He 2 400.3 promethium Pm 61 (147)
antimony Sb 51 121.7
holmium Ho 67 164.9 protactinium Pa 91 231.0
argon Ar 18 39.94
hydrogen H 1 1.008 radium Ra 88 226.0
arsenic As 33 74.92
indium In 49 114.8 radon Rn 86 (222)
astatine At 85 (210)
iodine I 53 126.9 rhenium Re 75 186.2
barium Ba 56 137.3
iridium Ir 77 192.2 rhodium Rh 45 102.9
berkelium Bk 97 (247)
iron Fe 26 55.84 rubidium Rb 37 85.47
beryllium Be 4 9.012
krypton Kr 36 83.80 ruthenium Ru 44 101.0
bismuth Bi 83 209.0
lanthanum La 56 138.9 samarium Sm 62 150.4
boron B 5 10.81
lawrencium Lr 103 (257) scandium Sc 21 44.96
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/periodic_table.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 2:43:01 AM]

RF Cafe - Periodic Table of the Elements
bromine Br 35 79.90 lead Pb 82 207.2 selenium Se 34 78.90

cadmium Cd 48 112.4 lithium Li 3 6.940 silicon Si 14 28.08
calcium Ca 20 40.08 lutetium Lu 71 175.0 silver Ag 47 107.9
californium Cf 98 (249) magnesium Mg 12 24.31 sodium Na 11 23.00
carbon C 6 12.01 manganese Mn 25 54.94 strontium Sr 38 87.62
cerium Ce 58 140.1 mendelevium Md 101 (256) sulfur S 16 32.06
cesium Cs 55 132.9 mercury Hg 80 200.5 tantalum Ta 73 180.9
chlorine Cl 17 35.45 molybdenum Mo 42 95.90 technetium Tc 43 98.91
chromium Cr 24 52.00 neodymium Nd 60 144.2 tellurium Te 52 127.6
cobalt Co 27 58.93 neon Ne 10 20.17 terbium Tb 65 158.9
copper Cu 29 63.54 neptunium Np 93 237.0 thallium Tl 81 204.3
curium Cm 96 (245) nickel Ni 28 58.70 thorium Th 90 232.0
dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 niobium Nb 41 92.91 thulium Tm 69 168.9
einsteinium Es 99 (254) nitrogen N 7 14.01 tin Sn 50 118.6
erbium Er 68 167.2 nobelium No 102 (254) titanium Ti 22 47.90
europium Eu 63 152.0 osmium Os 76 190.2 tungsten W 74 183.8
fermium Fm 100 (255) oxygen O 8 16.00 uranium U 92 238.0
fluorine F 9 19.00 palladium Pd 46 106.4 vanadium V 23 50.94
francium Fr 87 (223) phosphorus P 15 30.97 xenon Xe 54 131.3
gadolinium Gd 64 157.2 platinum Pt 78 195.0 ytterbium Yb 70 173.0
gallium Ga 31 69.72 plutonium Pu 94 (244) yttrium Y 39 88.91
germanium Ge 32 72.5 polonium Po 84 (210) zinc Zn 30 65.38
Man-Made Elements
rutherfordium Unq 104 261 bohrium Uns 107 264 ununnilium Uun 110 269
dubnium Unp 105 262 hassium Uno 108 265 unununium Uuu 111 272
seaborgium Unh 106 263 meitnerium Une 109 266 kirtium Ukb 999 999
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/periodic_table.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 2:43:01 AM]

RF Cafe - International Phonetic Alphabet
◊◊ PHONETIC ALPHABET ◊◊
International (ITU) Police International ITU) Police

A Alfa (Al Fah') Adam N November (No Vem' Ber) Nancy
B Bravo (Brah' Voh) Baker O Oscar (Oss Cah') Otto
C Charlie (Char' Lee) Charlie P Papa (Pah' Pah) Peter
D Delta (Dell' Tah) David Q Quebec (Keh' Beck) Queen
E Echo (Eck' Oh) Edward R Romeo (Row' Me Oh) Robert
F Foxtrot (Foks' Trot) Frank S Sierra (See Air' Rah) Susan
G Gulf (Golf) George T Tango (Tang' Go) Thomas
H Hotel (Hoh' Tell) Henry U Uniform (You Nee' Form) Union
I India (In' Dee Ah) Ida V Victor (Vik Tah') Victor
J Juilette (Jew' Lee Ett) John W Whiskey (Wiss' Key) William
K Kilo (Key' Loh) King X X-ray (Ecks' Ray) X-Ray
L Lima (Lee' Mah) Lincoln Y Yankee (Yang' Key) Young
M Mike (Mike) Mary Z Zulu (Zoo' Loo) Zebra
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/phonetic_alphabet.htm [4/1/02 2:45:53 AM]

RF Cafe - Pressure Conversion
◊◊ Pressure Conversions ◊◊
Standard units = Pascal (P).
atmosphere inch of water lb per sq in lb per sq ft cm of Hg dyn/cm2 pascal

1 atm = 1 406.8 14.70 2116 75.99 1.013 * 106 1.013 * 105
1 in water = 2.458 * 10-3 1 3.613 * 10-2 5.202 0.1868 2491 249.1
1 lb/in2 = 6.805 * 10-2 27.68 1 144 5.171 6.895 * 104 6.895 * 103
1 lb/ft2 = 4.725 * 10-4 0.1922 6.944 * 10-3 1 3.591x10-2 478.8 47.88
1 cm Hg = 1.316 * 10-2 5.353 0.1934 27.85 1 1.333 * 104 1333
1 dyn/cm2 = 9.869 * 10-7 4.015 * 10-4 1.450 * 10-5 2.089 * 10-3 7.501 *10-5 1 0.1
1 Pa = 9.869 * 10-6 4.015 * 10-3 1.450 * 10-4 2.089 * 10-2 7.501 * 10-4 10 1
in of water @ 4º C
1 bar = 106 dyn/cm2
cm of Hg @ 0º C 1 atm = 29.92 in of Hg
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/pressure.htm [4/1/02 2:47:56 AM]

RF Cafe - Psychometric Chart
Psychometric Chart
This slide set is accessed directly from the Techtrol Psychometrics web site. It is an
excellent primer on the use of the psychometric chart. Here is a link for free ET_AEE
software that performs calculations for you.
Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display
inline frames.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/psychometric_chart.htm [4/1/02 2:49:00 AM]

RF Cafe - P-T Diagram
◊◊ Pressure-Temperature (P-T) Diagram ◊◊
P-T Diagram for a Substance That Expands On Freezing
From To Phase Changes

Liquid Solid Fusion
Liquid Vapor Vaporization
Solid Vapor Sublimation
Solid Liquid Melting
Vapor Liquid Condensation
Vapor Solid Deposition
. Critical Point: Pure vapor phase has same properties as

pure liquid phase at same temperature
and pressure.
* Triple Point: Possible to maintain equilibrium mixture

of all three phases.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/p-t_diagram.htm [4/1/02 2:50:37 AM]

RF Cafe - Relativity
RELATIVITY
c = speed of light. Primed quantities are moving at speed "v".
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/relativity.htm [4/1/02 2:52:59 AM]

RF Cafe - Solar System
◊◊ SOLAR SYSTEM ◊◊
Max Radius Min Radius Speed Axis/Orbit Mass

Planet (106 km) (106 km) Revolution Rotation (km/s) (*) (**)
Mercury 69.7 45.9 88 d 59 d 47.9 28º/7º 0.055
Venus 109 107.4 224.7 d (-)243 d 35 3.0º/3.4º 0.815
Earth 152.1 147.1 365.26 d 23h,56m,4s 29.8 23º 27'/0º 1
Mars 249.1 206.7 687 d 24h,37m,23s 24.1 23º 59'/1.9º 0.108
Jupiter 815.7 740.9 11.86 y 9h,50m,30s 13.1 3º 5'/1.3º 317.9
Saturn 1507 1347 29.46 y 10h,14m 9.6 26º 44'/2.5º 95.2
Uranus 3004 2735 84.01 y (-)11 h 6.8 82º 5'/0.8º 14.6
Neptune 4537 4456 164.8 y 16 h 5.4 28º 48'/1.8º 17.2
Pluto 7375 4425 247.7 y 6d,9h 4.7 ---º/17.2º 0.1
* : inclination to ecliptic (Earth's orbital plane)

** : Mass relative to earth
(-) : retrograde motion
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/solar_system.htm [4/1/02 3:08:44 AM]

RF Cafe - Sound Level Chart
◊◊ Sound Level Chart ◊◊
Min Max
Location
(dBA)
Inside Home 25 45
Inside Office 35 50
Inside Airplane Cabin 75 85
Inside Factory 65 100
Talking @ 3 ft 55 65
Shouting @ 3 ft 75 85
Clothes Dryer @ 3 ft 55 65
Vacuum @ 3 ft 65 80
Chain Saw @ 3 ft 100 120
Clothes Washer @ 3 ft 55 75
Car @ 25 ft @ 65 mph 70 80
Airplane @ 1000 ft 95 110
Traffic @ 300 ft 40 60
Rural Ambient 25 35
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/sound_level.htm [4/1/02 3:12:19 AM]

RF Cafe - Sound Power
◊◊ Sound Power ◊◊
Sound powers in dBA units are referenced to a picowatt.
Where: W1, W2 = sound power in similar watt units
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/sound_power.htm [4/1/02 3:21:58 AM]

RF Cafe - Speed Conversion
◊◊ Speed Conversions ◊◊
Standard units = Meters per second (m/s).
foot per s mile per h cm per s meter per s km per h knot

1 ft/s = 1 0.6818 30.48 0.3048 1.097 0.5925
1 mi/h = 1.467 1 44.70 0.4470 1.609 0.8689
1 cm/s = 3.281 * 10-2 2.237 * 10-2 1 0.01 3.600 * 10-2 1.944 * 10-2
1 m/s = 3.281 2.237 100 1 3.600 1.944
1 km/h = 0.9113 0.6214 27.78 0.2778 1 0.5400
1 knot = 1.688 1.151 51.44 0.5144 1.852 1
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/speed.htm [4/1/02 3:24:23 AM]

RF Cafe - SAE Tap & Drill Chart
◊◊ SAE Tap & Drill Chart ◊◊
Drill Drill
Thread Diameter Tap Drill Thread Diameter Tap Drill
Size (in) Size Size (in) Size
Coarse Thread Fine Thread
1-64 .0595 No. 53 0-80 .0469 3/64

2-56 .0700 No. 50 1-72 .0595 No. 53
3-48 .0785 No. 47 2-64 .0700 No. 50
4-40 .0890 No. 43 3-56 .0820 No. 45
5-40 .1015 No. 38 4-48 .0935 No. 42
6-32 .1065 No. 36 5-44 .1040 No. 37
8-32 .1360 No. 29 6-40 .1130 No. 33
10-24 .1495 No. 25 8-36 .1360 No. 29
12-24 .1770 No. 16 10-32 .1590 No. 21
1/4-20 .2010 No. 7 12-28 .1820 No. 14
5/16-18 .2570 'F' 1/4-28 .2130 No. 3
3/8-16 .3125 5/16 5/16-24 .2720 'I'
7/16-14 .3680 'U' 3/8-24 .3320 'Q'
1/2-13 .4219 27/64 7/16-20 .3906 25/64
9/16-12 .4844 31/64 1/2-20 .4531 29/64
5/8-11 .5312 17/32 9/16-18 .5156 33/64
3/4-10 .6562 21/32 5/8-18 .5781 37/64
7/8-9 .7656 49/64 3/4-16 .6875 11/16
1"-8 .8750 7/8 7/8-14 .8125 13/16
1"-14 .9375 59/64
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/tap_drill.htm [4/1/02 3:27:28 AM]

RF Cafe - Temperature Conversion
◊◊ Temperature Conversions ◊◊
Celsius to Fahrenheit Fahrenheit to Celsius

ºC = ºF - 32
ºF = (1.8 ºC) + 32
1.8
Fahrenheit to Rankine Celsius to Kelvin
ºR = ºF + 459.67 K = ºC + 273.15
-40ºC = -40ºF
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/temperature.htm [4/1/02 3:38:05 AM]

RF Cafe - Thermal Conductivity
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Thermal Conductivity
Substance (J/s·m·°C)
Aluminum 238
Copper 397
Gold 316
Iron 78.2
Nickel 88.5
Silver 425
Steel, carbon 43
Air 0.024
Glass, Pyrex 0.78
Ice 1.70
Wood, oak 0.17
Water 0.556
Brass 110
Solder, 63Sn/37Pb 50
Silicon 138
Kevlar 0.12
Alumina 17
Beryllium oxide 250
RT/Duriod 5880 0.26
Epoxy glass 0.16
Approximate values from
0 °C to 100 °C.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/thermal_conductivity.htm [4/1/02 3:40:04 AM]

RF Cafe - Time Conversion
◊◊ Time Conversions ◊◊
Standard units = Second (s).
second minute hour day year

1s= 1 1.667 · 10-2 2.778 · 10-4 1.157 · 10-5 3.169 · 10-8
1 min = 60 1 1.667 * 10-2 6.944 · 10-4 1.901 · 10-6
1h= 3600 60 1 4.167 · 10-2 1.141 · 10-4
1d= 8.640 · 104 1440 24 1 2.738 · 10-3
1 yr = 3.156 · 107 5.259 · 105 8.766 · 103 365.2 1
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/time.htm [4/1/02 3:40:55 AM]

RF Cafe - Torx Bits
TORX® BITS
"A"
Dimension
Driver
Across
Size
Points
(in.)
T-5 .055
T-6 .065
T-7 .077
T-8 .090
T-9 .097
T-10 .107
T-15 .128
T-20 .151
T-25 .173
T-27 .195
T-30 .216
T-40 .260
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/torx_bits.htm [4/1/02 3:42:14 AM]

RF Cafe - Visible Light
VISIBLE LIGHT
Since a lot of work these days involves light properties (displays, LEDs, Emitter/detectors, etc.), this visible
light spectrum chart should be useful. Information on light addition and subtraction is included.
Gamma Ultra
X-Rays Infrared TV Radio
Rays Violet
Wavelength (nanometers)
Additive Color System Subtractive Color System

(adding colors to ultimately make white) (subtracting colors to ultimately make black)
Primary additive colors for light are Primary subtractive colors for light are
Red, Green and Blue Magenta, Yellow and Cyan
Color Wheel
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/visible_light.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 3:45:11 AM]

RF Cafe - Visible Light
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/visible_light.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 3:45:11 AM]

RF Cafe - Volume Conversion
◊◊ Volume Conversions ◊◊
Standard units = Cubic meters (m3).
cubic in cubic ft cubic cm cubic m liter

1 in3 1 5.787 * 10-4 16.39 1.639 * 10-5 1.639 * 10-2
1 ft3 = 1728 1 2.832 * 104 2.832 * 10-2 28.32
1 cm3 = 6.102 * 10-2 3.531 * 10-5 1 10-6 10-3
1 m3 = 6.102 * 104 35.31 106 1 1000
1 li = 61.02 3.531 * 10-2 1000 10-3 1
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/volume.htm [4/1/02 3:49:45 AM]

RF Cafe - Work-Energy-Heat Conversion
◊◊ Work-Energy-Heat Conversions ◊◊
Standard units = Joule (J).
electron V kW*hour calorie joule ft*pounds ergs Btu

1 eV = 1 4.450 * 10-26 3.827 * 10-20 1.602 * 10-19 1.182 * 10-19 1.602 * 10-12 1.519 * 10-22
1 kWh = 2.247 * 1025 1 8.601 * 105 3.6 * 106 2.655 * 106 3.6 * 1013 3413
1 cal = 2.613 * 1019 1.163 * 10-6 1 4.186 3.087 4.186 * 107 3.968 * 10-3
1J= 6.242 * 1018 2.778 * 10-7 0.2389 1 0.7376 107 9.481 * 10-4
1 ft*lb = 8.464 * 1018 3.776 * 10-7 0.3239 1.356 1 1.356 * 107 1.285 * 10-3
1 erg = 6.242 * 1011 2.778 * 10-14 2.389 * 10-8 10-7 7.376 * 10-8 1 9.481 * 10-11
1 Btu = 6.585 * 1021 2.930 * 10-4 252.0 1055 777.9 1.055 * 1010 1
1 hp * hr = 2545 Btu 1 kg = 8.987 * 1016 J
1 MeV = 106 eV (from e=mc2)
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/work-energy-heat.htm [4/1/02 3:50:39 AM]

RF Cafe - World Time Zone Map
◊◊ World Time Zone Map ◊◊
This page is retrieved directly from the U.S. Navy's web site.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/time_zones.htm [4/1/02 3:52:07 AM]

USB.org - Welcome
Do you know how to

identify products
that have passed
USB-IF Compliance
Testing?
Look for the USB USB Remains King of PC and Peripheral Interfaces
logo The Universal Serial Bus (USB) will continue its reign as the most successful interface in the
history of PCs, with USB 2.0 completely penetrating the PC market over the next two to
three years and PC peripherals and consumer electronics following closely behind,
according to In-Stat/MDR
(pdf, 152k)
Hi-Speed USB 2.0 Has Strong Presence at Intel Developer Forum

Check the Availability of USB 2.0 drivers for Microsoft Windows XP, first-time demonstrations, certified
usb.org product packaging and other displays of broad industry support of Hi-Speed USB 2.0 highlighted at
search IDF
Both of the (pdf, 16k)
above
'Year of USB 2.0' Starts Out Strong With Key Milestones Reached
Windows XP Support, Gateway PC, Intel Desktop Boards Launched on Cusp of Broad
View Results Deployment
(pdf, 96k)
Vote!
Winner: Hi-Speed USB 2.0 for
Technical Excellence
PC Magazine has bestowed the Eighteenth
Annual Award for Technical Excellence to Hi-Speed
USB 2.0 in the Specifications category. This award is
given to innovators who have found new solutions to old
problems. USB 2.0 was selected for this honor because
of the common interface it provides and the high data
transfer rate.
CNET's 'Best Emerging Technology'

PC Magazine Award
award goes to USB 2.0 at PC Expo
In the area of Best Emerging Technology,
http://www.usb.org/ (1 of 2) [4/1/02 4:04:56 AM]

USB.org - Welcome
CNET's award goes to USB 2.0. This award does not go

to any one company but to all of the industry pioneers
that recognize the value of this new standard. The
factors that make USB 2.0 so promising are its speed, its
backward compatibility with USB 1.1, and its broad
industry support.
About USB
Universal Serial Bus (USB) connects more than computers and peripherals. It has the power
to connect you with a whole new world of PC experiences.
USB is your instant connection to the fun of digital photography or the limitless creative
possibilities of digital imaging. You can use USB to connect with other people through the
power of PC-telephony and video conferencing. Once you've tried USB, we think you'll grow
quite attached to it!
Having trouble downloading or printing the pdfs on this page? Download the latest version of
the free Acrobat Reader.
Site sponsored by USB Implementers Forum, Inc., creators of USB technology.

Learn more about USB-IF Read the Privacy Statement
http://www.usb.org/ (2 of 2) [4/1/02 4:04:56 AM]

RF Cafe - Noise Figure
◊◊ Noise Figure ◊◊
Noise figure is the increase in noise power of a device from the input to the output that is greater that the
signal gain. In effect, it is the amount of decrease of the signal-to-noise ratio. Like gain, noise figure can be
expressed either as a ratio or in decibels.
Cascade noise figure calculation is carried out by dealing with gain and noise figure as a ratio rather than
decibels, and then converting back to decibels at the end. As the following equation shows, cascaded noise
figure is effected most profoundly by the noise figure of components closest to the input of the system as long
as some positive gain exists in the cascade. If only loss exists in the cascade, then the cascaded noise figure
equals the magnitude of the total loss. The following equation is used to calculate cascaded noise figure as a
ratio based on ratio values for gain and noise figure (do not use decibel values)
nfcascade = , where N = number of
stages Click here to view an

example cascaded system.
Conversion to decibels: NF (dB) = 10 * log10 (nf)
Noise Temperature (K) = 290 *
Noise Figure (dB) = 10 * log10
Click here to see Agilent's online App Note 1303 on using a spectrum analyzer to measure noise
figure.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/noise_figure.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 4:08:56 AM]

RF Cafe - Noise Figure
The following table lists a few conversion. See the "Noise Conversions" tab of
the online calculator for calculating other values.
NF(dB) Tn (°K) NF(dB) Tn (°K)

0.1 7 2.1 180
0.2 14 2.2 191
0.3 21 2.3 202
0.4 28 2.4 214
0.5 35 2.5 226
0.6 43 2.6 238
0.7 51 2.7 250
0.8 59 2.8 263
0.9 67 2.9 275
1.0 75 3.0 289
1.1 84 3.1 302
1.2 92 3.2 316
1.3 101 3.3 330
1.4 110 3.4 344
1.5 120 3.5 359
1.6 129 3.6 374
1.7 139 3.7 390
1.8 149 3.8 406
1.9 159 3.9 422
2.0 170 4.0 438
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/noise_figure.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 4:08:56 AM]

RF Cafe - Example system cascade
◊◊ EXAMPLE SYSTEM CASCADE ◊◊
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/cascade_screen.htm [4/1/02 4:13:41 AM]

RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 2nd-Order Compression Point (IP2)
2-TONE, 2ND-ORDER COMPRESSION POINT (IP2)

When two or more tones are present in a nonlinear device, intermodulation products are created as a result. A
power series describes all of the possible combinations of generated frequencies. 2nd-order products lie near
in frequency to the two input tones and are therefore not very likely to fall inband at the output in a narrow
band system. As a device is driven farther into its nonlinear region, the amplitudes of the third order products
increase while the powers of the input tones decrease. If the device was not limited in output power, then the
powers of the intermodulation products would increase in power until they were eventually equal in power with
the input tones at the output.
Assuming a gain of 1 (0 dB) the slope of the fundamental gain line would be 1:1; the slope of the 2nd-order
gain line would be 2:1. The slope of the 2nd-order product line is 1:1 relative to the fundamental gain line.
Accordingly, the 2nd-order products increase in power at the same rate as the input tones and are always
twice times farther away from the IP2 than the input tones when not near saturation.
The power of the 2nd-order products can be predicted when the IP2 is known, or the IP2 can be predicted
when the relative amplitudes of the 2nd-order tones and the input tones are known.
P2nd-order products = 2 · Pinput tones@output - IP2 {dBm}
IP2 =2 · Pinput tones@output - P2nd-order products {dBm}
Calculating the cascaded values for IP2 requires the following operation based upon ratios for gain and IP2 (do
not use decibel values):
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/ip2.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 4:17:11 AM]

RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 2nd-Order Compression Point (IP2)
Click here to view an

Finally, convert to decibels
IP2 = 10· log10 [ip2] {dB}
Conversion of the IP3 and IP2 reference may be accomplished with the following equations:
or

http://www.rfcafe.com/business/software/images/rfwb_system_screen_rfcafe.gif
http://www.rfcafe.com/business/software/images/rfwb_system_screen_rfcafe.gif [4/1/02 4:18:46 AM]

RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 3rd-Order Compression Point (IP3)
2-TONE, 3RD-ORDER COMPRESSION POINT (IP3)
Here's a great link to a paper on intermod frequency prediction for any number of tones.
When two or more tones are present in a nonlinear device, intermodulation products are created as a result. A
power series describes all of the possible combinations of generated frequencies. 3rd-order products lie near in
frequency to the two input tones and are therefore very likely to fall inband at the output. As a device is driven
farther into its nonlinear region, the amplitudes of the third order products increase while the powers of the
input tones decrease. If the device was not limited in output power, then the powers of the intermodulation
products would increase in power until they were eventually equal in power with the input tones at the output.
Assuming a gain of 1 (0 dB) the slope of the fundamental gain line would be 1:1; the slope of the 3rd-order
gain line would be 3:1. The slope of the 3rd-order product line is 2:1 relative to the fundamental gain line.
Accordingly, the 3rd-order products increase in power at twice the rate of the input tones and are always three
times farther away from the IP3 than the input tones when not near saturation.
The power of the 3rd-order products can be predicted when the IP3 is known, or the IP3 can be predicted
when the relative amplitudes of the 3rd-order tones and the input tones are known.
Equal Input Powers

(see below for unequal powers)
P3rd-order products = Pinput tones@output - 2 · (IP3 - Pinput tones@output) {dBm}
P3rd-order products = 3 · Pinput tones@output - 2 · IP3 {dBm}
IP3 =3/2 · Pinput tones@output - 1/2 P3rd-order products {dBm}

Calculating the cascaded values for IP3 requires the following operation based upon ratios for gain and IP3 (do
not use decibel values):
Click here to view an

Finally, convert to decibels
IP3 = 10 · log10 [ip3] {dB}
The following equation is a series expansion of the mixing (multiplying) of two pure tones:
Conversion of the IP3 and IP2 reference may be accomplished with the following equations:
IP3/IP2OUTPUT = (IP3/IP2INPUT + Gain) {dBm}
or
IP3/IP2INPUT = (IP3/IP2OUTPUT - Gain) {dBm}
Unequal Input Powers
PL = P2 - 2*(IP3 - P1)
PU = P1 - 2*(IP3 - P2)
Where power units are kept constant in dBm or dBW


RF Cafe - Frequency Modulation
◊◊ BESSEL FUNCTIONS ◊◊
Bessel functions of the first kind are shown in the graph below. In frequency modulation, the carrier and
sideband frequencies disappear when the modulation index (β) is equal to a zero crossing of the function for
the nth sideband. For example, the carrier (0th sideband) disappears when the Jn(0,β) plot equals zero. The 1st
sideband disappears when the Jn(1,β) plot equals zero. See FM.
Sample of Bessel Function Zero Crossings

J0(β) J1(β) J2(β) J3(β) J4(β) J5(β) J6(β)
β = 2.40
β = 3.83 β = 5.14 β = 6.38 β = 7.59 β = 8.77 β = 9.94
β = 5.49
β = 7.05 β = 8.42 β = 8.42 β = 11.1 β = 12.3 β = 13.6
β = 8.65
β = 10.2 β = 11.6 β = 11.6 β = 14.4 β = 15.7 β = 17.0
β = 11.8
Note: Graph generated using Mathcad 4.0.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/bessel.htm [4/1/02 4:25:59 AM]

RF Cafe - VSWR to Return Loss Conversion
◊◊ VSWR - Return Loss - Γ Conversions ◊◊
See the VSWR Calculator page.

Voltage Standing
Return Loss Reflection Coefficient
Wave Ratio
RL = -20*log|Γ| dB VSWR = Γ=
RL(dB) VSWR Γ RL(dB) VSWR Γ RL(dB) VSWR Γ RL(dB) VSWR Γ
46.0 1.01 0.00498 26.0 1.11 0.0521 17.7 1.30 0.130 8.0 2.32 0.398
40.0 1.02 0.00990 25.0 1.12 0.0566 17.0 1.33 0.141 7.0 2.61 0.445
37.0 1.03 0.0148 24.0 1.13 0.0610 16.0 1.38 0.158 6.02 3.01 0.500
34.0 1.04 0.0196 23.5 1.14 0.0654 15.0 1.43 0.178 5.0 3.56 0.562
32.0 1.05 0.0244 23.0 1.15 0.0698 14.0 1.50 0.200 4.0 4.42 0.631
30.4 1.06 0.0291 22.0 1.17 0.0783 13.0 1.58 0.224 3.01 5.85 0.707
29.0 1.07 0.0338 21.5 1.18 0.0826 12.0 1.67 0.250 2.0 8.72 0.794
28.0 1.08 0.0385 20.7 1.20 0.0909 11.0 1.78 0.282 1.0 17.39 0.891
27.0 1.09 0.0431 20.0 1.22 0.100 10.0 1.92 0.316 0.5 34.75 0.944
26.4 1.10 0.0476 19.0 1.25 0.112 9.0 2.10 0.355 0.0 Infinity 1.00
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/vswr.htm [4/1/02 4:27:37 AM]

RF Cafe - Spurious-Free Dynamic Range
SPURIOUS-FREE DYNAMIC RANGE
Spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) is two-thirds the difference between the 2-tone, third-order intercept
point (IP3) and the minimum discernible signal (MDS). Referring back to Figure 1, it can be seen that the 3rd-
order product line has a 3:1 slope while the fundamental output line has a 1:1 slope. Therefore, the 3rd-order
products are always twice as far from the IP3 as the fundamental output. If you use the SFDR as the power of
the output tones (dBm) and plug it into the equation for IP3 calculation from the Intercept Points (IP3 & IP2)
section of the RF Cafe web site, the power of the 3rd-order products will be right at the MDS power level.
Figure 1
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/sfdr.htm [4/1/02 4:28:43 AM]

RF Cafe - Noise Power
◊◊ Noise Power ◊◊
Noise power is based on the thermal noise power at the input of the system, along with system gain and noise
figure:
PThermalNoise = k * T * B (Watts), where
Multiply by 1000 to obtain milliwatts and then convert to dBm units or convert to dBW units and add 30 dB:
PThermalNoise (dBm) = 10 * log10 (1000 * k * T * B)

or
PThermalNoise (dBm) = 10 * log10 (k * T * B) + 30
Now that we have the thermal noise at the input, add the system gain and the additional noise added by the
system (the NF) to get the noise power at the output:
PNoise@Output (dBm) = PNoise@Input + GainSystem + NFSystem
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/noise_power.htm [4/1/02 4:30:55 AM]

RF Cafe - Toroids - Powdered Iron
TOROIDS - POWDERED IRON
Use the table below to calculate inductance and number of turns per the following formulas.
where: L = inductance in µH
AL = µH per 100 turns
N = number of full turns
AL Values
Mix Type
Size 26 3 15 1 2 7 6 10 12 17 0
T-12 n/a 60 50 48 20 18 17 12 7.5 7.5 3.0
T-16 145 61 55 44 22 n/a 19 13 8.0 8.0 3.0
T-20 180 76 55 52 27 24 22 16 10 10 3.5
T-25 235 100 85 70 34 29 27 19 12 12 4.5
T-30 325 140 93 85 43 37 36 25 16 16 6.0
T-37 275 120 90 80 40 32 30 25 15 15 4.9
T-44 360 180 160 105 52 46 42 33 18.5 18.5 6.5
T-50 320 175 135 100 49 43 40 31 18 18 6.4
T-68 420 195 180 115 57 52 47 32 21 21 7.5
T-80 450 180 170 115 55 50 45 32 22 22 8.5
T-94 590 248 200 160 84 n/a 70 58 32 n/a 10.6
T-106 900 450 345 325 135 133 116 n/a n/a n/a 19
T-130 785 3350 250 200 110 103 96 n/a n/a n/a 15
T-157 870 420 360 320 140 n/a 115 n/a n/a n/a n/a
T-184 1640 720 n/a 500 240 n/a 195 n/a n/a n/a n/a
T-200 895 425 n/a 250 120 105 100 n/a n/a n/a n/a
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/toriod.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 4:34:15 AM]

RF Cafe - Toroids - Powdered Iron
Iron Powder Magnetic Core Properties

Temp
f
Mix Color Material µ Stability Uses
(MHz)
(ppm/°C)
Hydrogen
26 Yellow/White 75 825 DC -1 EMI filters, DC chokes
Reduced
0.05 -
3 Gray Carbonyl HP 35 370 Exc. stability, good Q at low freq.
0.50
15 Red/White Carbonyl GS6 25 190 0.10 - 2 Exc. stability, good Q
1 Blue Carbonyl C 20 280 0.50 - 5 Exc. stability, good Q at low freq.
2 Red Carbonyl E 10 95 2 -30 High Q
7 White Carbonyl TH 9 30 3 - 35 Similar to mix 2 and mix 6, exc. temp stability
6 Yellow Carbonyl SF 8 35 10 -50 Very good Q and temp. stability for 20-50 MHz
10 Black Powdered Iron W 6 150 30 - 100 Good Q and stability for 40-100 MHz
12 Green/White Synthetic Oxide 4 170 50 - 200 Good Q, moderate temp. stability
Similar to mix 12, better temp. stability, Q drops about 10%
17 Blue/Yellow Carbonyl 4 50 40 - 180
above 50 MHz, 20% above 100 MHz
0 Tan Phenolic 1 0 100 - 300 L varies greatly with winding technique
Iron Powder Magnetic Core Dimensions

Dimensions (in)
Size Color O.D. I.D. Height
T-200-2 Red 2.00 1.25 0.55
T-94-2 Red 0.94 0.56 0.31
T-80-2 Red 0.80 0.50 0.25
T-68-2 Red 0.68 0.37 0.19
T-50-2 Red 0.50 0.30 0.19
T-37-2 Red 0.37 0.21 0.12
T-25-2 Red 0.25 0.12 0.09
T-12-2 Red 0.125 0.06 0.05
T-50-10 Black 0.50 0.30 0.19
T-37-10 Black 0.37 0.21 0.12
T-25-10 Black 0.25 0.12 0.09
T-12-10 Black 0.125 0.06 0.05
T-94-9 Yellow 0.94 0.56 0.31
T-80-6 Yellow 0.80 0.50 0.25
T-68-6 Yellow 0.68 0.37 0.19
T-50-6 Yellow 0.50 0.30 0.19
T-26-6 Yellow 0.25 0.12 0.09
T-12-6 Yellow 0.125 0.06 0.05
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/toriod.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 4:34:15 AM]

RF Cafe - Detectors
DETECTORS §
This page is retrieved directly from the Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook web site.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/detectors.htm [4/1/02 4:36:48 AM]

RF Cafe - Filter Transfer Functions Equations
Filter Transfer Functions
See the online filter calculators and plotters here.
An infinite number of filter transfer functions exist. A handful are commonly used as a starting
point due to certain characteristics. The table following the plots lists properties of the filter
types shown below. Not given - due to complex numerical methods required - are the Cauer
(Elliptical) filters that exhibit equiripple characteristic in both the passband and the stopband.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/filters.htm (1 of 4)5/14/2009 11:41:47 AM

Phase information may be gleaned from the transfer functions by separating them in to real and
imaginary parts and then using the relationship:
Phase: θ = tan-1 (Im / Re)
Group delay is defined as the negative of the first derivative of the phase with
respect to frequency, or
Group Delay:
Type Properties Transfer Function (Lowpass)
● Maximally flat near the center of

the band.
● Smooth transition from passband
to stopband.
Moderate out-of-band rejection.
Butterworth
●
● Low group delay variation near

center of band.
● Moderate group delay variation
near band edges.
● Table of poles for N=1 to 10.

● Equiripple in passband.
● Abrupt transition from passband to
stopband.
● High out-of-band rejection.
Chebyshev ● Rippled group delay near center of
band.
● Large group delay variation near
band edges.
● Rounded amplitude in passband.

● Gradual transition from passband
to stopband.
● Low out-of-band rejection.
Bessel ● Very flat group delay near center of
band.
● Flat group delay variation near
band edges[1].
Note: BN, PN, and boN must be placed
in a loop from 0 through N.
● Flat in the passband.

● Step function transition from
Ideal passband to stopband.
● Infinite out-of-band rejection.
(Heaviside step function)
● Zero group delay everywhere.
[1] Filters with a large BW will exhibit sloped group delay across the band. This usually is not a problem
since group delay deviation tends to be specified for variation in some subsection of the band.
Band Translations

These equations are used to convert the lowpass prototype filter equation into equations for
highpass, bandpass, and bandstop filters. They work for all three functions - Butterworth,
Chebyshev, and Bessel. Simply substitute the highpass, bandpass, or bandstop transformation
of interest for the fr term in the lowpass equation.
Microwave Filters, Couplers and Matching Networks
by Robert J. Wenzel
This CD-ROM course contains approximately 12-hours of instruction on the

fundamentals of microwave filters, couplers and matching networks. Included is a
thorough review of the common types of filter responses and calculations, filter
realization, and various methods of filter design, including bandpass, network theory and
Kuroda. Subsequent sessions cover the fundamentals of directional couplers. A final session
describes distributed element matching networks and a matching network design example.
Webmaster: Kirt Blattenberger, BSEE, UVM 1989

RF Cafe - A/D Converter Calculations for RF Applications
A/D Converter Calculations for RF Applications
These equations predict the RF electrical performance of Analog-to-Digital Converters. Since A/

D converters are often the last stage in a receiver chain, it is extremely useful to be able to
predict the contribution for noise figure, jitter, dynamic range, etc., since those values are
needed for a complete cascade analysis. Be sure to note units both for the input parameters
and for the equations, or you will end up with really bad results.
At the bottom of the page is an interactive calculator based on the Microsoft Office Web
Components (OWC), which allows an Excel spreadsheet to be embedded on the page.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/adc.htm (1 of 3)5/14/2009 11:42:22 AM

A/D input full-scale power
Variable Definition
Power of one "q" level
VFS Full-scale peak
input voltage
Dynamic range
Jitter Aperture jitter time
Number of "q"
"q" Levels
A/D input full-scale rms voltage levels
Sampled analog
FAnalog input signal
One “q” level at peak voltage frequency
PFS Full-scale input

power
Same as above, in P1q Power of one "q"

level
DR Dynamic range
rms
VFS Full scale input
voltage
Voltage level at “n” quantization
V1q Input voltage at
(“q”) levels one "q" levels
Input voltage at
Same as Vnq "n" quantization
("q") levels
above, in rms Total number of
# of bits
bits
Power of “n” quantization PJitter Power in aperture

jitter
Signal-to-noise
(“q”) levels SNR
ratio
Input dynamic range for “N” bits Note: Thanks to John P. for pointing
out jitter power equation
discrepancy that omitted the input
Jitter power resistance.
Signal-to-noise
ratio
This calculator uses the above equations

Office Web Components (OWC) are required for this calculator to function.


Conversions Formulas R1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Conversions Formulas R1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

RF Cafe - Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References

◊◊ General Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊

● Area ● IC Heat Transfer ● Solar System

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general.htm [4/1/02 12:29:47 AM]

◊◊ Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊

● A/D Converter ● Filters# ● Radar Cross Section (RCS)

● Boolean Algebra Communications ● TEMPEST

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 3:53:57 AM]

● Dividers/Combiners ● Op Noise Figure

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 3:53:57 AM]

● Electrical Calculations NOTE: You must have either FrontPage

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/_spreadsheets/calculator_list.htm [4/1/02 3:54:57 AM]

● Averages ● LaPlace Transform ● Trig Identities

● Fourier Series ● Permutations &

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical.htm [4/1/02 3:59:00 AM]

square in square ft square cm square m circular mil

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/area.htm [4/1/02 12:30:31 AM]

◊◊ ASCII CHARACTER SET ◊◊

33 ! 34 " 35 # 36 $ 37 38 & 39 '

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/ascii.htm [4/1/02 12:37:35 AM]

◊◊ Metric Bolts, Nuts & Washers ◊◊

Tap Clearance Counter Nut Nut Washer Washer

1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference.

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_metric.htm [4/1/02 12:39:34 AM]

◊◊ SAE Bolts, Nuts & Washers ◊◊

Series Tap Clearance Counter Nut Nut Washer Washer

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_sae.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 12:40:15 AM]

1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference.

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_sae.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 12:40:15 AM]

The Carnot Cycle

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/carnot_cycle.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 12:43:55 AM]

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/carnot_cycle.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 12:43:55 AM]

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (1 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]

Coal, Anthracite 1.554

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (2 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]

Silicon 1412 2.34 138 7.6 105

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (3 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]

Sugar Maple 0.689

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (4 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/density.htm [4/1/02 12:53:17 AM]

◊◊ DRILL SIZES: LETTERED ◊◊

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/drill_sizes_lettered.htm [4/1/02 1:00:04 AM]

◊◊ DRILL SIZES: NUMBERED ◊◊

Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/drill_sizes_numbered.htm [4/1/02 1:02:11 AM]

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/electrochemical_potential.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 1:10:03 AM]

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/electrochemical_potential.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 1:10:03 AM]

dyne newton pound poundal gram force kg force

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/force.htm [4/1/02 1:11:53 AM]

Most Anodic (#1) Most Cathodic (#92)

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/galvanic_series.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 1:14:24 AM]

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/galvanic_series.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 1:14:24 AM]

* : Reduced Planck constant, = h/2π

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/general_constants.htm [4/1/02 1:17:02 AM]

Name Base Unit Symbol

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/general_units.htm [4/1/02 1:19:48 AM]

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/greek_alphabet.htm [4/1/02 1:20:29 AM]

◊◊ HEAT TRANSFER OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ◊◊

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/heat_xfer_ic.htm [4/1/02 2:26:38 AM]

◊◊ LIFETIME ACCELERATION OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ◊◊

Arrhenius Model for Integrated Circuits

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/life_acceleration_ic.htm [4/1/02 2:28:55 AM]

Translational motion with constant

Rotational motion with constant

electron V kWhour calorie joule ftpounds ergs Btu