Digital Watermarking

Trailokya nath Sasamal

M.Tech(DTI)
Roll No-09305EN022
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 Agenda
 Hierarchy of watermarking
 Watermark & Digital watermarking
 Steganography V/S watermarking
 Classification of watermarking
 Watermarking categories
 Watermarking Algorithm
 Watermarking Techniques
 Application 2
(unique marks are embedded in
copies of the carrier object)

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 Me
 Steganography Exis ssage
te
sec nce
ret

. Art of writing hidden messages

 Recipient knows the existence of the message

 Cryptography con Messa

ten g
ts s e
e cr
et

 Message itself is not disguised, but the content is

obscured
 Anybody can see that both parties are communicating in secret
.

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 Steganography

 Example: A German spy sent the following

“harmless” message in WWII
 Apparently neutral’s protest is thoroughly
discounted and ignored. Isman hard hit.
Blockade issue affects pretext for embargo on by-
products, ejecting suets and vegetable oils.

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 Steganography

 If we extract the 2nd letter in each word, we

get:
 Apparently neutral’s protest is thoroughly
discounted and ignored. Isman hard hit.
Blockade issue affects pretext for embargo on
by-products, ejecting suets and vegetable oils.
 Or the secret message:
 Pershing sails from NY June 1.

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An example

AND

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 What is Watermarking?

 Watermark
 Recognizable image or pattern in paper that appears
lighter when viewed by transmitted light

 Watermarking
 The process of embedding information into another
object/signal
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 Digital Watermarking
 Technique which allows an individual to add hidden
copyright notices or other verification messages to
digital media

 Message is a group of bits describing information pertaining to

the signal or its author

 Embedding of marks or labels that can be represented

in bits in digital content

 Embedded marks are generally invisible (or imperceptible) but

can be detected or extracted

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Classification of Watermarks

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A visible watermark

taken from IBM research magazine

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Invisible watermark

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Invisible Watermark example

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 Steganography V/S watermarking
 watermarking the hiding data is used to protect the
original image (e.g.copyright management)

 steganography the image is used to protect the

hiding data (e.g. secret message).
methods for hiding the existence of
additional information in a cover signal.

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 Watermark Categories
 Robust Watermark
 Embedded invisible watermarks.
 Resist to image processing or attacks.
 Used for copyright protection or to verify the ownership.
 Fragile Watermark
 Destroy easily on modifying host signal
 Used for tamper detection
 Semi Fragile Watermark
 Sensitive to signal modification
 Feature of both robust & Fragile watermark.
 Provides data authentication

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 Types of Watermarking
Algorithms
 Non Blind
 Use the original signal/image to extract embedded
Watermark
 Semi Blind
 Don’t use the original signal
 Use side information and/or original watermark
 Blind
 Don’t use original signal or side information
 Most challenging
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 Watermarking Techniques
 Spatial Domain Watermarking
 Watermark embedded by modifying pixel values(for
image)

 Spread spectrum approach

 Transform Domain Watermarking

 Watermark embedded in transform domain

DCT, wavelet
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 Spread Spectrum Watermarking
• The watermark is transformed into a bit string b1b2….b64
• For each bit bi, a pseudorandom matrix Ri of integers {1-1}
is generated.
64 different matrices consisting pseudorandomly of {1 -1}
• Ri matrices depend on the bi of the watermark
A matrix +Ri is used if bi represents a 0,
A matrix -Ri is used if bi represent a 1
• sum of all random patterns Ri defines the watermark W:
64

W =   Ri
i 1
watermarked image IW is generated by adding the watermark into
cover image I IW = I + kW;
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 LSB substitution

 Let wi be the ith bit of the watermark

 Let pj be the jth pixel of a cover image
 LSB substitution simply converts the least
significant bit of pj to wi.
 Since only the LSBs are changed, the
modification does not cause much perceptible
noise to the cover.

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 Replaces the N LSB planes of the cover image by
the N MSB planes of the hidden image
N= 4 bit hide
Host Pixel: 10110001 Secret Pixel: 00111111
Replace By

New Image Pixel: 10110011

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 Robustness

 LSB substitution is not robust against

attempts to remove the watermark.
 A simple modification of the image (e.g., by
setting all LSBs of all pixels to ‘0’) can wipe out
the watermark.
 Transcoding (such as converting the image into
lossy JPEG file) can also remove the watermark
effectively.

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 A DCT-based technique

 Given a cover image, first decompose it into a

number of 88 blocks.
 These squares is transformed via a DCT, which
outputs a 2D array of 64 coefficients
To encode bit value 0
make a mapping
To store Bit 1
Make another mapping 22
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 Another DCT-based technique

pseudo noise to add a watermark to the DCT

coefficients
If the watermark contains n bits, use a secret key to locate n
blocks at “pseudo-random” locations.
 The ith block Bi is used to carry the jth bit of the watermark, wj.
large image can store some data that is quite difficult to detect
in comparison to the LSB method.

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 Watermarking applications

 Ownership assertion – a rightful owner can retrieve

the watermark from his content to prove his
ownership.
 Fingerprinting – an owner can embed a watermark
into his content that identifies the buyer of the copy
(c.f. serial number). If unauthorized copies are
found later, the owner can trace the origin of the
illegal copies.

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 Watermarking applications

 Authentication – the creator of a content can embed

a fragile watermark into the content to provide a
proof of authenticity and integrity. Any tampering
of the original content destroys the fragile
watermark and thus can be detected.
 Visible watermarking – a visible watermark (an
image) can be embedded on a “preview” to destroy
its commercial value.

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 References
 Books
 Digital Watermarking :Ingemar Cox,Matthew Miller,Jeffrey Bloom
 MULTIMEDIA SECURITY TECHNOLOGIES FOR DIGITAL RIGHTS
MANAGEMENT:Edited by: Wenjun Zeng, Heather Yu, Ching-Yung Lin
 Papers
 A Functional Taxonomy of Software Watermarking- Nagra,Thomborson,Collberg
 A TUTORIAL ON DIGITAL WATERMARKING-Fernando P´erez-Gonz´alez and Juan
R. Hern´andez
 Collberg,Thomborson Software Watermarking: Models and Dynamic Embeddings
 G. Langelaar, I. Setyawan, and R. Lagendijk. Watermarking digital image and
 video data. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 17:20–46, 2000.
 [2] C. Rey and JL. Dugelay. A survey of watermarking algorithms for image authentication.
 EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, 6:613–621, 2002.
 F Hrtung M kultimedia (1999). “Watermarking techniquest”. Journal of Processding of the
IEEE,Vol. 87, No. 7,pp.1079-1107.

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