Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Data Communication Concepts and Internet
Data Communication Concepts and Internet
• Telnet
• FTP
• Electronic Mail
• Gopher
• Internet Relay Chat
• WWW
• Types of Error
– Single Bit Error
– Brust Error
• Error Detection Techniques
– Parity Check
– Two Dimensional Parity Check
– Checksum
– Cyclic Redundancy Checks
• Error Detection codes
• Flow Control Techniques
– Stop and wait Flow Control and Sliding Window
• Performance of Control Techniques
• Backward Correction Techniques
– Stop and wait, Go back and selective repeat
Data Communication
• Set up by US Military
• Used as Standard
• All computers are connected through TCP/IP
• Layered Approach – Why
– Changes are not affecting all layers
– Interface Remain same
– To allow structured development of software
• Seven Layer Approach – Old
– Host to host
• Application- presentation- session – Transmission
– Point to Point
• Network – Data Link – Physical
• Four Layer Approach
– Application – Transport – Network - Datalink
TCP/IP
• Family of Protocols
• Protocols are made on Connectionless Technology – Datagrams
– Datagrams are sent in sequence
– Datagrams may follow different routes
• What Does IP do ?
– IP transport datagrams
• Responsible for routing the packets
• Segmentation of Packets
• Unreliable service
– Packets may lost
– Repetition of packets
– Duplication of Packets
• What Does TCP do ?
– Reliable Service source to destination
• Assemble the packets
• Deliver the lost packets and reassemble at destination
– Interface with IP
• Responsible for routing the packets to IP
• Error Control done by TCP
TCP/IP
• IP Layer
– Source and Destination Address
– Does not ensure delivery – Simply attempts to deliver
– IP Layer Encapsulation – 20 bytes header
Format of IP Datagram
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
Options
Data
• Ver – Version – 4 bits – IP6
• HLEN – Header Length – 4 Bits
• Total Length – 16 bits
• Service Type – For priority
• Time to Live – 8 bits
– Packets to live for some time – till the value is not zero
• IP Address – 32 bits
• Header Checksum
– Covers only Header
– How Computed
• Header as sequence of 16 bits integer
• Integers are added as ones complement arithmetic
• Ones complement of final sum taken as Check sum
– Mismatch in Checksum discard the datagram
Questions
• With respect to speed which network is faster LAN or WAN
• Why Circuit Switching is not used for data transfer
• Steps for data communication
• What kind of switching is good for data communication
Data Link Layer
• Line Access Control
– Two way simultaneous Point to Point
– Two way simultaneous Multi Point
– Two Way Alternate Point to Point and Multipoint
• Frame Synchronizations
– Asynchronous and Synchronous
• Data Delimiting
– Character Oriented
– Byte Count
– Bit Oriented
• Transparency
• Error Detection and Recovery
• Flow Control
• Addressing
• Connection Establishment and release
Congestion
• Receiver Capacity
• Network Capacity
• Congestion Avoidance
– Multiplicative Algorithm
– Slow Start
TCPIP
Host -1 Host - 2
Syn – Seq-X
Host -1 Host - 2
FIN– Seq-X
Ack = X+1
ack =Y+1
Reliable Communication
Host -1 Host - 2
4K – Seq
8K
Ack 4K +4K
3K + SEQ
4K+3K+1K
Ack 7k
4k