Basics of Environmental

Management &
ISO 14000/9000

N.K.Agarwal
 Environmental Management
• It is known that population growth and economic
development are affecting the environment
• It will not be possible to manage the environmental
crisis unless people
– Change their attitude, consumption pattern, manufacturing
and marketing practices, and
– Get into a technological world that is less intensive in its use
of materials and energy
• Economic growth can come in conflict with issues of
environmental concerns
– High economic growth means high rate of extraction,
transformation and utilisation of non-renewable resources
• Although higher rate of Gross National Product
(GNP) is important, equally is the rate of regeneration
of natural resources
 Environmental Management
• Almost every organisation is paying some kind of
attention to natural environment
• Governments and their agencies, the non-
government organisations, the judiciary and now the
corporate sector also expressed a great concern on
matters relating to natural environment and
ecosystem
• Commendable efforts of International agencies like
United Nations Environmental Programme(UNEP) ,
World Bank, International Monetary Fund and United
Nationals Development Fund make a strong case for
the protection of environment and for maintaining a
sustainable society
 Global Environmental Problems
• Environmental problems like air, water and land
pollution or municipal water disposal exist in every
economy
• Two global environmental problems are
– Global warming, and
– Ozone depletion
• Global warming
• Global warming means gradual increase in world
temperatures caused by greenhouse gases(GHGs)
• Main GHG is carbon dioxide: others are nitrous
oxide, CFCs, methane and some organochloride
compounds like PFCs and sulphuric fluoride
 Global Environmental Problems
• GHGs come from various sources mostly from
burning of fossil fuels
• These gases trap the sun’s rays in the earth’s
atmosphere causing the temperature to rise resulting
in what is known as greenhouse effect or global
warming
• Deforestation is also responsible because the forest
cover absorbs carbon di oxide
• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has
estimated that the earth’s temperature will rise from
1-3 degrees C in the next few decades, which is
believed to be causing
– Extreme weather changes, hurricanes, melting of ice on
polar caps and mountain peaks leading to vast areas getting
flooded etc. etc.
 Global Environmental Problems

• Steps to combat Global warming

– Cleaning up coal leading to lesser pollution
– More use of natural gas than coal as natural gas has only
half the carbon of coal and no sulphur
– Increasing use of renewable sources of energy
– Manufacturing fuel efficient vehicles
– Deforestation reversal
 Ozone Depletion

• Ozone depletion is another problem that attracted

global attention
• Ozone layer in the stratosphere forms a shield for
earth against harmful ultraviolet radiations (UV-B)
from outer space
• Ozone is a colourless gas
• Depletion of ozone results in formation of holes in its
shield and these in turn will permit UV-B arising from
sun to reach the earth
• Harmful effects
– Rays from sun in varying wavelengths have varying effects
on earth’s surface, on the living beings, on its ecosystem
 Ozone Depletion
– Without this ozone shield, the UV rays will result into
changing the ecological balance of earth and paralyse the
life
• Leading to skin cancer and damage to human eyes
• In plants, the process of photosynthesis is effected
– Penetration of UV B into the ocean surfaces can result into
affecting the marine life and the entire food chain
– NASA reported high levels of ozone depleting chlorine in the
Northern Hemisphere and this could lead to ozone hole
similar to that over Antarctica
• Ozone depleting substances
– It has been found that chlofluorocarbons (CFCs) destroy the
ozone in the stratosphere
• CFCs can remain intact for years
 Ozone Depletion
– The Halon family of compounds, containing Bromine, are
100 times more potent in destroying ozone than CFCs
– CFCs are mostly used in the refrigeration industry, as
aerosol propellants, as solvents for grease or glue, as a
component of foam packing materials etc.
– Efforts at national as well as international levels are going on
to develop environ-friendly substitutes for the affected
industry
 International Efforts towards
Environmental Management
• Montreal Protocol
– Discovery of ozone caused great concern globally
– In 1987, 24 countries and later by 1990, most of the nations
signed an agreement, the Montreal Protocol, committing
themselves to phasing out the production and use of ozone
depleting substances mainly CFCs
• Freeze on CFCs production to 1986 level by 1989 and
50% reduction by 1998
• Developing countries were given 10 years grace period
over the deadlines of the industrial countries
– India and China did not agree to sign protocol as it was
considered very unfair and only favoring the developed
nations
 International Efforts towards
Environmental Management
• Earth Summit 1992
– UN convened a conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) at Rio de Janeiro in 1992 called
Earth Summit
– A 21 point agenda called Agenda 21 or Rio Declaration was
issued at this conference
• Containing comprehensive blueprint for governments on
every thing from population strategy, management of
hazardous wastes, recycling, energy conservation,
renewable energy, business strategies to role of women
in environment
– Nations of the world committed themselves to protect the
environment and resource conservation for sustainable
development both at national and global level
– This was further reviewed for the progress made after 5
years at New York in 1997 under UN and called as Earth
Summit +5
 Efforts at National level for
Environmental Management
• A number of acts/ laws have been framed/institutions
established, by the government in order to preserve
the environment / control the release of pollutants,
important amongst these are
– The Environment(Protection) Act, 1986
– A notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 amended in
1994 & 1997
– The Water(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974,
amended in 1988
– The Forest(Conservation) Act, 1980 (1988)
– Setting up of Coastal Zone Management Authority, 1998
– Setting up of Central Pollution Control Board and State
Pollution Control Boards
– National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
– Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI)
 ISO 14000
• ISO 14000 established in 1996 is an international
standard to provide all industries with a structure for
an environmental management system
• Series includes 20 standards covering everything for
environmental management
• It does not need third party registration unlike
ISO 9000
• Does not have the force of law but companies will
have to be certified to ISO 14000 as a pre-requisite
for doing business in those countries that have
adopted the standard
 ISO 14000

• 6 main areas in ISO 14000 standard broken into 2

categories
– Organisational evaluation
• Environmental management system
• Environmental auditing system
– Product evaluation
• Environmental labeling standards
• Life cycle assessment
• Environmental aspects in product standards
 List of ISO:14000 Standards
ISO No. Title
Guide to Environmental Management Principles, Systems
14000
and Supporting Techniques
Environmental Systems- Specifications with Guidance for
14001-4
use
Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - General Principles
14010
of Environmental Auditing
Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - Audit Procedures-
14011
Part 1: Auditing of Environmental Management Systems
Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - Qualification
14012
Criteria for Environmental Auditors
Guidelines for Environmental Auditing - Audit Programmes,
14013/15
Reviews & Assessments
14020/23 Environmental Labeling
Environmental Labeling - Practitioner Programs - Guiding
14024 Principles, Practices and Certification Procedures of
Multiple Criteria Programs
14030 Post-Production environmental assessment
14031/32 Guidelines on Environmental Performance Evaluation
14040/44 Life Cycle Assessment General Principles and Practices
14050 Glossary
Guide for the Inclusion of Environmental Aspects in
14060
Product Standards
14062 Making improvement to environmental impact goals
Addendum to 14020 discussing further communications on
14063
environmental impact
14064 Pt I-III Greenhouse Gases
Guidelines for Quality and/or Environmental Management
19011
System Auditing. Supercedes ISO 14010, 11 and 12
 ISO 9000

• With the European Community moving towards the

European Free Trade Agreement, which came into
effect in 1992, quality management became a key
strategic objective
• International Organisation for Standardisation (IOS)
was founded in 1946 consisting of representatives of
national standards bodies of 91 countries
• A series of written quality standards were adopted in
1987
• These are called ISO 9000 standards and were later
revised in 1994
 ISO 9000

• IOS adopted the ISO prefix in naming the standards

• Organisations certified under ISO 9000 are assured
to have quality standards equal to their peer
organisation
• Accepted in US as ANSI / ASQC Q 9000-1994
series but commonly referred to as ISO 9000
• ISO 9000 standards are applicable to all types of
manufacturing & service industries
• ISO 9000 assures that a firm has designed &
managed its processes to assure delivery of a quality
product
 ISO 9000

• Text of these standards are adapted as the IS 14000

series of standards by Bureau of Indian Standards
( BIS)
• UK equivalent of ISO 9000 is BS 57550 (BSEN ISO
9000)
• European equivalent to the same is EN 29000 series
 ISO 9000 SERIES
• ISO 8402:Terminology Standard, provides definitions of
all terms, is a comprehensive glossary
• ISO 9000: Helps companies determine which standard
of ISO 9001, 9002 and 9003 applies
• ISO 9001: Outlines guidelines for companies that
engage in design, development, production, installation
& servicing of products and services
• ISO 9002: Similar to ISO 9001 but excludes companies
engaged in design and development
• ISO 9003: Covers companies engaged in final
inspection and testing
• ISO 9004: Guidelines for applying the Elements of
Quality Management system
 ISO 9000-ELEMENTS

• Focuses on 20 key elements or requirements of a

firm’s quality program
• To get certification, the firm must pass a rigorous
audit to assure compliance with all these standards
– Management responsibility
– Quality system
– Contract review
– Design control
– Document & data control
– Purchasing
– Control of supplied product
 ISO 9000-ELEMENTS
– Product identification & traceability
– Process control
– Inspection & testing
– Control of inspection, measuring & test equipment
– Inspection & testing status
– Control of non-conforming parts
– Corrective & preventive action
– Handling, storage, packaging, preservation & delivery
– Control of quality records
– Internal quality audits
– Training
– Servicing
– Statistical techniques
 CERTIFICATION AUDITS
• ISO 9000 registration or accreditation is not a
permanent certificate
• An audit of the organisation’s Quality Management
system must be done by a competent agency once in
3-6 months in order for the organisation to retain its
accreditation
• Organisation’s Quality Assurance methods are
reviewed once every 3 years by such an agency
• ISO 9000 auditors do not audit the quality of finished
product but the procedures & methods used in
delivering quality
• After accreditation, Quality Assurance becomes
system driven and person independent
 CERTIFICATION AUDITS
• Audit comprises of the following
– Evaluation of company implementation of each standard
which includes
• A review of written procedures for carrying out each
standard process
• Verification that all organisation members understand the
written procedures that affect them
• Evidence that employees actually follow the procedures
– Evaluation of methods for responding to any deviation from
procedures that emerge and determine who in the
organisation ensures compliance with the procedures
 CERTIFICATION AUDITS

• Certification is by an independent third party

• Certification can take up to 2 years and the cost
could be quite high
• Adherence to procedures is assessed annually by
examiners accredited to the national standards
setting agency
• ISO 9000 is not a mandatory system nor is it a
government regulation
 ISO CERTIFICATION- BENEFITS
• ISO 9000 certification results in benefits
– International competition & customer demands
– Market realities & perceptions
– Internal organisation health
• It is a very important customer regulation
• It provides assurance to a wide variety of customers
about an organisation’s Quality Assurance methods &
Quality Management practices
ISO AND INDIAN STANDARDS ISSUED BY BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD (BIS)
ISO 8402:1994 IS 13999 QUALITY MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY
ISO 9000-1:1994 IS 14000 PT 1 :1994 GUIDELINESFOR SELECTION & USE
ISO 9000-2:1993 IS 14000 PT 2 :1994 GENERIC GUIDELINES FOR APPLICATION
IS 14000 PT 3 :1991 GUIDELINES FOR APPLICATION TO
ISO 9000-3:1991
SOFTWARES
ISO 9000-4:1993 IS 14000 PT 4 :1994 DEPENDABILITY PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
IS 14001 : 1994 QUALITY SYSTEMS-MODEL FOR QA IN DESIGN,
ISO 9001: 1994
DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION, INSTALLATION & SERVICING
IS 14002 : 1994 QUALITY SYSTEMS-MODEL FOR QA IN
ISO 9002: 1994
PRODUCTION, INSTALLATION & SERVICING
IS 14003 : 1994 QUALITY SYSTEMS-MODEL FOR QA IN FINAL
ISO 9003: 1994
INSPECTION & TESTING
ISO AND INDIAN STANDARDS ISSUED BY BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD (BIS)
IS 14004 PT 1 : 1994 QUALITY SYSTEMS- QUALITY
ISO 9004-1: 1994 MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY SYSTEM ELEMENTS PT I
GUIDELINES
IS 14004 PT II :1992 QUALITY SYSTEMS- QUALITY MANAGEMENT
ISO 9004-2: 1991 & QUALITY SYSTEMS ELEMENTS PT II, SERVICES

IS 14004 PT III : 1994 QUALITY SYSTEMS- QUALITY

ISO 9004-3: 1993 MANAGEMENT & QUALITY SYSTEMS ELEMENTS PT III,
PROCESSED MATERIALS
IS 14004 PT IV : 1994 QUALITY SYSTEMS- QUALITY
ISO 9004-4: 1993 MANAGEMENT & QUALITY SYSTEMS ELEMENTS PT IV, QUALITY
IMPROVEMENT
ISO AND INDIAN STANDARDS ISSUED BY BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD (BIS)
IS 14011 PT I : 1991 QUALITY SYSTEMS- GUIDELINES FOR
ISO 10011-1: 1990
AUDITING QUALITY SYSTEMS : PT I, AUDITING
IS 14011 PT II : 1991 QUALITY SYSTEMS- GUIDELINES FOR
ISO 10011-2: 1991 AUDITING QUALITY SYSTEMS : PT II, QUALIFICATIONS FOR
AUDITORS
IS 14011 PT III : 1991 QUALITY SYSTEMS- GUIDELINES FOR
ISO 10011-3:1991 AUDITING QUALITY SYSTEMS : PT III, MANAGING AUDIT
PROGRAMS
IS 14012 PT I : 1993 QUALITY SYSTEMS-QUALITY ASSURANCE
ISO 10012-1: 1992 REQUIREMENTS FOR MEASURING EQUIPMENT, PT I,
METROLOGICAL CONFIRMATION
ISO 10013 IS 14013 GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING QUALITY MANUALS
 REFERENCES

• Total Quality Management: K.Shridhara Bhat

• Wikepedia / Google website
• Project Management: Ramaraju Thirumalai
THANK YOU
 Environmental Management
Systems
• Environmental issues are causing concern
throughout the world
• ISO has formulated ISO 14000 series of standards
which are likely to make environmental operation
universally uniform
• ISO 14000 series are voluntary but because of their
international nature, they are also used as a global
tool for international trade barrier
 Environmental Management
Systems
• An international document serves to unify countries in
their approach to eco-labelling, environmental
management and life cycle assessment
• A very important consideration while implementing
ISO 14000 is the inter-relationship among
environmental aspects, environmental impacts and
the environmental systems
 Environmental Aspects
• Elements of an organisational activity,
product and services which can interact with
the environment and can have significant
environmental impact
– Waste generation
– Waste water discharge
– Storm water discharge
– Source of air emissions
– Automobile exhausts chemical plant effluents
– Use of natural resources
– Energy use operations
– Product disposals, etc.
 Environmental Impacts

• Possible or probable environmental impacts are

– Impact on flora and fauna
– Impact on habitat
– Impact on bio-diversity
– Impact on natural landscape
– Impact on natural resources such as agricultural land, forest,
water resources, minerals etc.
– Impact on air , water, soil erosion, radiation levels,
contamination levels, waste generation etc.