CAFFEINE

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Caffeine is among the most widely used drugs because of its ubiquitous occurrence in commonly
consumed beverages such as coffee, tea and cola. Many drugs contain caffeine and are readily
accessible to the public in the form of OTC stimulants and combination analgesics. Clearly
caffeine is an important drug-food substance in our society which deserves attention.

To begin to have a new consciousness about caffeine so that we can become aware of how this
drug can affect our physiology and psychology is a problem. The reasons for this are certainly
complicated, but we can start by considering a factor dominating all of our lives, our habits.
When we become aware of and take responsibility to change habits, we are taking a first step in
the process of awakening. The result must not be only an improvement in the quality of our lives
but the world itself will be changed for the better.

The use and abuse of caffeine is a major public “habit’ and may be as important a factor as
heredity and environment in the etiology of physiological and psychological disorders. To
recognize this, we must know that we are creatures of habit. Most people are caffeine consumers
because from birth this food-drug is set before us, if not offered directly, along with orange juice,
cereal, dessert and cigarettes.

Caffeine is a potent central nervous system stimulant and much of its “psychological” activity
may be related to this action of the drug. Its effects on the nervous system are obviously adverse
at high doses. it may not be obvious that at lower doses when used in moderation, it may have
beneficial effects. For example, its possible therapeutic use in hyperkinetic children certainly
would seem advantageous when compared to the current treatment with more powerful
stimulants which have concomitant adverse reactions. Also, with the intense day to day pressures
imposed on and accepted by many of us, is there any harm in “relaxing” with a hot cup of
coffee? On the other hand, caffeine is a drug which is subject to abuse. The fact that it is a drug
with a potentially powerful physiological effect escapes most of us who think of coffee as a
relatively harmless beverage. Recently published studies and reports of personal observations
have shown without doubt that caffeine abuse (caffeinism) may result in a syndrome which
resembles and may be confused or confounded with true psychotic states. This may lead to
misdiagnosis and mistreatment. A question arises from the varied reports of caffeine
consumption in psychiatric populations: Does caffeine stimulate psychosis or does psychosis
stimulate caffeine consumption?

These are not trivial findings because of the ready availability of caffeine and the epidemic of
psychological problems which we are experiencing in this era. This study reviews some of the
knowledge of caffeine’s effects with the hope that we will all be more educated and more careful
in the use of this commonly ingested drug.
Theoretical Framework

The respondents in this study are the thirty (30) 3rd year Nursing students of Perpetual Help
College of Manila. Their age ranges from 18-25 years old, 15 are male and the other half are
female. The procedure of this study is to know the common habits & attitudes of the profile in
terms of their practice in drinking such beverages. The physiological and psychological effects of
caffeine in the profile are tested. The variables to be considered in this study are the following:
body mass index (BMI), 24-hour diet recall, vices other than caffeine intake, rest and sleep
pattern, elimination pattern and environment.
The following are theories regarding caffeine which can be a guide in answering the question on
what are the physiological and psychological effects of caffeine in the human system.

The prevailing theory of why caffeine increases alertness took shape only in the early 1970s. The
theory holds that caffeine interferes with the depressant effects of adenosine, which is one of the
chemicals that the body makes to control neural activity Adenosine triggers a series of slowing
effects: it depresses mood and alertness, lowers the need to urinate and slows gastric secretion
and respiration. After it is released by nerve endings in the brain, adenosine must reach receptors
on the surface of certain brain cells in order to work.     Caffeine, the theory has it, acts as an
adenosine impostor. Molecules of caffeine counterfeit molecules of adenosine, locking into the
adenosine receptors on brain cells. They fool the body into thinking that adenosine is circulating,
but they produce no depressive effect of their own.

Caffeine speeds you up, then, by not slowing you down. Its effects are the opposite of what
adenosine does: it makes you feel brighter and more alert, increases gastric secretion, makes you
urinate more and stimulates respiration.
Proponents of caffeine speak of its ability to increase vigilance and heighten the ability to
perform various tasks. Its effects are most pronounced, however, when compared with
performance levels that are low because of fatigue, boredom or caffeine abstinence. Too, its
effects seem to vary by personality type. For example, caffeine appears to help extroverts keep
performing vigilance tasks better than introverts, who can evidently plow through such tasks
unassisted.
Despite the generations of writers who have thought that coffee helped them think more clearly,
caffeine seems only to increase intellectual speed, not intellectual power. Subjects in experiments
do things like read and fill out crossword puzzles faster-but not, unfortunately, more accurately.
Caffeine quickens reaction time and can enhance both hand-eye coordination and the capacity of
muscles to work. This boost to overall endurance has led to its use by cyclists and runners. But
caffeine also has a diuretic effect, increasing frequency of urination. Caffeinated drinks are thus
dehydrating, good for neither athletes nor flyers: dehydration is one of the worst problems of air
travel and a prime cause of jet-lag.

Caffeine speeds up the metabolism and makes you burn calories faster, although not so much
faster that it will help you lose weight. Its inclusion in over-the-counter diet pills in place of
prescription-only amphetamines (“speed”) seems to be largely ineffective. Amphetamines, which
diminish appetite, work differently than caffeine does on the brain.
This general quickening does not mean that coffee can sober you up – either black or with milk.
Your motor functions will be just as impaired by alcohol as they were minutes before you
downed that cup of coffee, and even if you feel more awake, you’re just as dangerous as a driver.
Similarly, caffeine does not counteract the effects of Phenobarbital and other barbiturates. It
does, however, help reverse the impairment of cognitive activity caused by benzodiazepines, the
compounds that are the basis of Valium and many other tranquilizers. This reversal affects how
you think as opposed to how fast you react. If you are taking a muscle relaxant or tranquilizer
that you think might be one of these compounds, ask your doctors; he or she will probably advise
you not to defeat the effects of the drug by drinking coffee.

Some researchers speculate that a similar restorative effect on cognitive activity might take place
in the interaction between caffeine and alcohol, but no one yet knows. Remember, though, that
the question is whether caffeine can help you think more clearly after you have drunk alcohol –
not whether it will improve your reflexes. No one imagines that coffee can make you a safer
driver after you’ve been drinking.
Besides being a self-prescribed antidepressant and alertness drug, caffeine has been shown to be
useful to people with asthma, since it works as a bronchodilator, meaning that it widens the air
passages in the lungs and eases breathing. It might even be something of an aphrodisiac, if the
results of a University of Michigan study can be generally applied: the study showed that older
subjects were more likely to be sexually active if they were coffee drinkers than if they were not.

The second theory focuses on caffeine’s ability to cause the body to burn more fat and fewer
carbohydrates.  Glycogen is the principle fuel for muscles, but fat is the most abundant resource
that the body uses for energy.  Caffeine enters the body and forces the working muscles to utilize
as much fat as possible.  This delays the immediate depletion of glycogen.  Studies show that in
the first fifteen minutes of exercise caffeine has the potential to reduce the loss of glycogen by
fifty percent.  When this happens, the saved glycogen can be used for the remainder of the
workout where normally it would be entirely depleted.
The last theory about caffeine is presented by Barry Spencer which states that caffeine
withdrawal causes headache and migraine. Caffeine’s ability to potentiate severe headache and
nausea/vomiting, combined with its near-universal use, should make caffeine the prime suspect
in the hunt for the mysterious cause of migraine without aura. Yet neither caffeine nor caffeine
withdrawal is considered a major cause of headache or migraine. Instead, the prevailing view is
that caffeine is merely one among many factors that influence primary headache.

The lack of focus on caffeine is not due to any experimental evidence that rules out caffeine as a
major cause of migraine without aura. Surprisingly, no such experimental evidence exists;
primary headache has never been demonstrated to exist separately from caffeine withdrawal. The
failure to focus on caffeine is due not to demonstrated evidence but to error.

One such error is the collective failure to control for caffeine withdrawal, a demonstrated cause
of headache, in studies of primary headache or primary headache treatments. The reason for this
error may simply be the near-ubiquity of caffeine, which makes the effects of caffeine blend into
the background of human existence; because nearly everyone uses caffeine, in other words, the
effects of caffeine have become confounded with the condition of being human.
Another error that may obscure the importance of caffeine in headache is the collective tendency
to underestimate the prevalence of caffeine use. Many headache researchers and physicians may
assume, for example, that infants and children are generally not exposed to caffeine. In fact more
than 75 percent of infants have been exposed to caffeine in the womb, and some infants suffer
caffeine withdrawal symptoms soon after birth. Many nursing infants are exposed to caffeine in
mother’s milk. Nearly all children are regularly exposed to caffeine: a study in which food
diaries were kept for one week found 98 percent of subjects’ ages five to 15 regularly consumed
caffeine. Caffeine is no doubt just as popular, if not more popular, among adults. Phone survey
studies, however, find a lower prevalence of caffeine use: in one phone survey only 61 percent of
subjects said they use caffeine every day. In another phone survey 96 percent of subjects said
they had ever used caffeine, 83 percent said they drink a caffeine-containing beverage at least
once a week, and 14 percent said they had ceased all caffeine intake. It may be subjects tend to
underestimate their own caffeine intake, and therefore studies that depend on self-reported
information about personal caffeine intake tend to underestimate the prevalence of caffeine use.
Those 14 percent of interviewees who believe they have ceased all caffeine intakes, for example,
may be mistaken. Many migrainers insist they ingest no caffeine whatsoever, so there is plenty
of anecdotal evidence that primary headaches such as migraine without aura can occur separately
from caffeine withdrawal. Yet because caffeine is present in many foods, drinks, and medicines,
and is often occult, it is all too easy to ingest caffeine without being aware of it, so testimony
regarding personal caffeine intake is unreliable. Because primary headache has never been
demonstrated to exist separately from caffeine withdrawal, all migrainers who believe they
consume no caffeine may be mistaken.

Many primary headache patients insist they can readily distinguish between their caffeine
withdrawal headaches and their migraines or other types of primary headache. Such testimonial
evidence, however, amounts to conclusions drawn by patients based on their interpretation of
subjective symptoms. Patients who believe they have multiple distinct headache conditions may
be mistaking one highly variable condition for multiple distinct conditions.
Unquestioning faith in the prevailing multiple disease theory of primary headache may be the
biggest reason for the failure to focus on caffeine. According to prevailing theory, primary
headache consists of multiple distinct disease entities (tension headache, migraine with aura,
migraine without aura, cluster headache, etc.), each of which may have multiple causes and
multiple precipitating factors, called triggers. The theory that primary headache is heterogeneous
is so firmly entrenched that evidence to the contrary is ignored. For example: visual aura
accompanying cluster headache is not considered compelling evidence of kinship between
cluster headache and migraine with aura. This suggests caffeine withdrawal and migraine might
still be considered separate conditions even if caffeine withdrawal was demonstrated to cause
visual aura. (Caffeine withdrawal has not been demonstrated to cause visual aura, but this
negative result may be due to the relative rarity of visual aura.)
The multiple disease theory has a possibly fatal weakness: it utterly rests and depends on the
assumption that primary headache can occur in the absence of caffeine withdrawal. This fact has
important implications: it means caffeine withdrawal might cause the entire phenomenon of
primary headache. For that reason it makes sense to examine the relationship between our most
popular neuroactive drug and our most prevalent neurological malady.

Caffeine is related beyond dispute to primary headache in three ways:

1.    Heavy caffeine intake is associated with migraine and cluster headache.
2.    Caffeine has been demonstrated to have a withdrawal syndrome often featuring severe
headache and nausea/vomiting.
3.    Caffeine is used as a medicine to relieve various primary headaches including migraine.

Statement of the Problem

This study is intended to determine the physiological and psychological effects of caffeine in the
human system of the thirty (30) 3rd year Nursing students of Perpetual Help of Manila.

Specifically it sought to answer the following questions:

1.    What is the profile of the Nursing student’s respondent in terms of the following variables?

1.1     Age
1.2     Gender
1.3     Civil Status

2.    What is physiological and psychological status of nursing student’s respondent in Perpetual
Help College of Manila?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the profile variables and the physiological and
psychological status of nursing students in Perpetual College of Manila.

Scope and Limitation

This study is limited only to the thirty (30)3rd year Nursing students of Perpetual Help College
of Manila as the respondents on the survey done on August 12, 2006. It focus on the effects of
caffeine on physiological and psychological well-being of the respondents. The variables would
include the respondent’s body mass index (BMI), 24-hour diet recall, vices other than caffeine
intake, rest and sleep pattern, elimination pattern and environment. This study is applicable only
to the thirty (30) 3rd year Nursing students of Perpetual Help College of Manila. Other situation
may avail of findings relevant to their needs.

Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study was to review the effects of caffeine on the physiological and
psychological aspects of the human system. It also aims to show the findings and values from the
corresponding method used to obtain such.

It is hoped that the findings of this study will further enhance the knowledge of consumers and
researchers on caffeine’s effect.
Specifically, this study will benefit  the following:
Nursing students. It would know the potential     physiological and psychological effects of
caffeine intake in the human system.    Researchers. For supplemental referenceConsumers. To
know the actual findings and values of caffeine’s effectCaffeine Addicts. To learn about its
effect on the human body
Other Individual

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined below:
Caffeine. In this study it is a drug that is naturally produced in the leaves and seeds of many
plants
Caffeinism. Caffeine abuse
Body Mass Index (BMI). Indicates whether weight is appropriate for height
24-hour Diet Recall. Client recall of all the food & beverages consumed during a typical 24-hour
period

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is a review of some existing literature and studies on the effects of caffeine which
are related to the present study.

Related Literature & Studies

Murdoch (1975) described the pharmacological effects of caffeine. The largest sources of
caffeine are from the plants used to make coffee, tea, cocoa and kola (the basis of cola
beverages), although it is also found in Latin America as mate’ and guarana. Caffeine
particularly has a profound effect on the central nervous system, but it also affects, to a lesser
degree the heart muscle, gastric secretion and diuresis. Interestingly, caffeine is ingested daily by
a vast number of people and is unique in that it is a potent drug, considered to be part of our
normal diet.

Leinart (1966) stated that caffeine stimulates the central nervous system first at the higher levels,
the cortex and medulla, and finally the spinal cord at higher doses. Mild cortex stimulation
appears to be beneficial resulting in more clear thinking and less fatigue. Caffeine has been
shown to improve attention in a study which simulated night driving. The onset of the effect of
caffeine occurs within one hour and lasts for three to four hours.

The equivalent of one or two cups of coffee (150 to 250 mg of caffeine) is sufficient to induce
adverse effects. The occurrence of hyperesthesia, an unpleasant sensory sensation, can be
stimulated by large doses of caffeine.

Ritchie (1975) stated in his study that the medullary, respiratory, vasomotor and vagal centers are
stimulated by caffeine. This effect is due to an increased sensitization to carbon dioxide but
needs large doses to elicit this effect, 150 to 250 mg, parenterally. The spinal cord is stimulated
at higher doses and convulsions and death may result. More than 10 g are needed for such
toxicity to occur in man.
Abrams (1977) and Dowell (1965) cited that stimulation of the CNS is followed by depression
although the effect is small at low doses e.g. a single cup of coffee. After two hours, males (but
not females) showed a lower CNS stimulation compared to placebo. The post stimulation “let
down” with caffeine results in fatigue and lethargy and the constant stimulation caused by
chronic caffeine dosing could be disastrous.

Children, because of their smaller size, are more susceptible to caffeine. One report noted that
hyperactivity and insomnia observed in children could be attributed to excess caffeine intake
from cola drinks.

According to Dr. Page, “There is no doubt that children should be kept from using coffee and the
popular caffeine containing soft drinks.”    Ritchie (1975) mentioned on his study that caffeine’s
effect on the cardiovascular system is less profound than its central nervous system action. Its
direct stimulatory effect on the heart may be neutralized by its central vagus stimulation. The
direct effect predominates at very large doses with tachycardia and, eventually, arrythmias
resulting. Caffeine’s ability to potentiate cyclic AMP can explain its ability to potentiate
ionotropic responses to B-adrenergic agonists and glucogon.

Peach (1972) and Poisner (1973) theorized that although caffeine dilates blood vessels by a
direct action, its central effect is one of constriction. At higher doses, the dilating effect is
apparent .

Similarly, because its direct and central effects are antagonistic, the resultant effect of caffeine on
blood pressure is unpredictable. The net effect is usually of less than 10 mm of Hg in blood
pressure. Caffeine’s purported efficacy in hypertensive headaches may be due to a decrease in
blood flow as a result of the increased cerebral resistance.    Caffeine also stimulates releases of
catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and norepinephrine is released from nerve endings in
the isolatA heart. It has been shown that prolonged augmentation of gastric secretion results from
caffeine administration and that ulcer patient have sustained elevation of acid as opposed to
normal.

Gleason (1969) cited that although a dose of approximately 10 g or more taken orally can be
fatal, an oral (3.2 g IV) one gram dose will cause adverse effects. The toxic effects are due to
CNS and circulatory system stimulation and include some well recognized prominent symptoms
in addition to those which can result at high doses or in hypersensitive persons: insomnia,
restlessness, excitement, tinnitus, flashes of light, quivering muscles, tachycardia, extrasystoles,
and even low grade fever and mild delirium have been observed.

Harrie (1970) described a patient whose constant headaches were due to excessive caffeine
consumption. He states, “I suspect that the condition is much more common than supposed and
could well be one of the more frequent causes of chronic recurrent headache.” Headaches can
also be precipitated by caffeine withdrawal especially by those who have the “habit”.

Ritchie (1975) stated that although caffeine is well absorbed when taken orally, its absorption
may be erratic because of its low solubility and because it may cause gastric irritation. Caffeine
is principally metabolized with only 10 percent excreted in the urine unchanged.
Parsons and Neims (1978) also cited that caffeine has a physiological half-life of three and a half
hours to six hours (Aranda et al., 1979). Its physiological effects are observed in less than one
hour. Infants do not metabolize caffeine as well as adults and thus have a half-life of about four
days (Aranda et al., 1975). Certainly, continuous ingestion of caffeine by infants can be
dangerous. If a cup of coffee is consumed by an adult six or seven times a day it would result in a
high steady concentration of caffeine in the blood. As little as four cups a day can result in
appreciable omnipresent amounts of caffeine in the body.

METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE

This chapter deals with the method of research used, respondent of the study, research tools and
instruments, procedure followed and the statistical treatment of data.

Method of Research

The type of research used in this study is the descriptive method. The term descriptive is self-
explanatory and terminology synonymous to this type of research is: describe, write on, depict.
The aim of descriptive research is to verify formulated hypotheses that refer to the present
situation in order to elucidate it. Descriptive research is thus a type of research that is primarily
concerned with describing the nature or conditions and degree in detail of the present situation
(Landman 1988: 59). The emphasis is on describing rather than on judge or interprets. According
to Klopper (1990: 64) researchers who use this method for their research usually aim at:

•    demarcating the population (representative of the universum) by means of perceiving

accurately research parameters; and
•    Recording in the form of a written report of that which has been perceived.

The aim of the latter is that when the total record has been compiled, revision of the documents
can occur so that the perceptions derived at can be thoroughly investigated.
Because the total population (universum) during a specific investigation can not be contemplated
as a whole, researchers make use of the demarcation of the population or of the selection of a
representative test sample. Test sampling therefore forms an integral part of descriptive research.

Respondent of the Study

The 3rd year Nursing students of Perpetual Help College of Manila are the respondents chosen
for this study. The age of the respondent ranges from 18 to 25 years old, randomly from both
genders. Nursing is a course that is said to be very stressful.

The hospital and school works make it impossible for a nursing student to be stress-free. Aside
from clubbing, strolling along malls, playing online games, etc., some would prefer to remove
stress while chatting with friends over a coffee and a piece of their favorite chocolate cake or
pastries not knowing that they have exceeded already the recommended caffeine value.

Research Tools and Instruments

This research made use of a survey questionnaire as the main vehicle to gather data for this
research. The researcher used a survey questionnaire based on the statement of the problem of
this study. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part aims to elicit information on the
profile of the respondent in terms of age, gender, civil status, educational background, year/ level
and length of caffeine intake. Part two intends to assess the attitude of the respondents and their
beliefs with regards to caffeine and to gather habits and practices of the respondents on their
daily caffeine intake in terms of food and beverages.

Procedure Followed

Prior to the conduct of the study, permission was sought from the research adviser in order to
conduct the study to the target respondents. The questionnaires were personally administered and
retrieved to these respondents. After the retrieval of all accomplished questionnaires, encoding,
summarizing and tabulating of the data were proceeded for statistical interpretation and analysis.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The statistical tool and technique used to ensure a valid and systematic presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data is the percentage.

Percentage. This was used as a descriptive statistics to describe the relationship of a part to the
whole. The formula is:
P     =     f x       100
N

where:        P = percentage

f = frequency of percentage
N = total number of respondents

Chapter 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

Based on the significant findings of the study, the following conclusions were made:

1. The typical 3rd year nursing student respondents are female aged 20 – 21 years old; and they
have a habit of drinking caffeinated products.

2. The student respondents perceive that caffeine intake has its physiological and psychological
effects in an individual.

3. Evidently, environmental factors such as family and friends affect the habitual drinking of
caffeinated products of our respondents.
Based on the result of this study, caffeine has been widely used by almost individual and they
considered it as part of their everyday lives. It has been so popular because of its known
physiological and psychological effect on human system.

One of its popular effects is related to sleep pattern of an individual. Based on the result of the
survey, most of the respondents have overcome sleepiness by using either coffee or soft drinks
which both contain caffeine. This effect of caffeine was also observed on the experimental
research done by Mikkelsen on 1978. According to him, caffeine inhibits deeper stages of sleep
as opposed to disturbances of the REM stage which was also been documented by Colton on his
study. Non-coffee drinkers were more sensitive to coffee’s insomnic effect whereas coffee
drinkers were relatively insensitive in this regard. Non-coffee drinkers experienced disturbed
sleep patterns and delayed onset of sleep. Mueller-Limmroth (Stephenson, 1977) showed that the
quality of the first three hours of sleep was impaired by the ingestion of coffee before retiring.
This is approximately equal to the half-life of caffeine in the body. Goldstein did also an
extensive work on the effect of coffee and showed that coffee drinkers slept more soundly when
they took placebo as opposed to caffeine in coffee. Caffeine is known to cause insomnia because
of its central nervous system stimulating activity. In fact, its major therapeutic use is to allay
sleep and drowsiness, being the only OTC stimulant approved by the FDA.

Using caffeine as an stimulant on endurance level of an individual has also been a subject to
several study and it was also considered in this study. According to the respondents on this study,
they feel more energetic and tend to work longer and faster. This effect is explained on the
theory which focuses on caffeine’s ability to cause the body to burn fatter and fewer
carbohydrates. Glycogen is the principle fuel for muscles, but fat is the most abundant resource
that the body uses for energy. Caffeine enters the body and forces the working muscles to utilize
as much fat as possible. This delays the immediate depletion of glycogen. Studies show that in
the first fifteen minutes of exercise caffeine has the potential to reduce the loss of glycogen by
fifty percent. When this happens, the saved glycogen can be used for the remainder of the
workout where normally it would be entirely depleted.

Caffeine has also been associated to some issue regarding the effect on the intellectual capacity
of an individual. Based on the result of the survey done, respondents did not feel the effect of it
on their intellectual capacity. According to some study, coffee helped them think more clearly
and increase intellectual speed but not intellectual power. Subjects in experiments do things like
read and fill out crossword puzzles faster-but not, unfortunately, more accurately.

It was also included in this study the related effect of caffeine on the hydration status of an
individual. Based on the result of the survey, almost of the respondents did feel thirsty after
taking in caffeine products but have not feel any change on skin turgor. According to some
studies done, caffeine has a diuretic effect as what has been documented by Colton.

Based on the last theory about caffeine which we also presented on this study, caffeine
withdrawal causes headache and migraine. Caffeine’s ability to potentate severe headache and
nausea/vomiting, combined with its near-universal use, should make caffeine the prime suspect
in the hunt for the mysterious cause of migraine without aura. Yet neither caffeine nor caffeine
withdrawal is considered a major cause of headache or migraine. Instead, the prevailing view is
that caffeine is merely one among many factors that influence primary headache.

Recommendation

1. There is no current scientific evidence that demonstrates the occasional use of moderate doses
of caffeine (100-200 mg) adversely affects the overall health of most individuals. This drug can
be effective in reducing drowsiness and prompting mental alertness in the mild-to-moderately
fatigued person.

2. However, frequent use of caffeine should be avoided. The only way to deal effectively with
fatigue is to rest. Masking the fatigue with caffeine only postpones the inevitable and should not
be viewed as a solution to the problem. In addition, if used excessively, tolerance develops to the
stimulant action of the caffeine causing the desired effects to be diminished. If OTC stimulant
products are used, consumption of caffeine-containing beverages should be reduced to avoid
ingesting toxic doses of caffeine.

3. The Respondents should be aware that coffee tea or cola are not the only caffeinated products,
but also in other food, drinks and medicines that they take.

4. The respondent should know that, caffeine act as an adenosine impostor. They fool the body
into thinking that adenosine is circulating, but they produce no depressive effect of their own. Its
effect is the opposite of what adenosine does: caffeine makes one respondent to feel more alert,
increase intellectual speed, increase gastric secretion, makes him/her urinate more and stimulate
respiration.

5. Respondent should also know that primary headache such as migraine, is due to withdrawal to
caffeine.

6. For respondent with asthma, also caffeine works as bronchodilator, widen the air passages in
the lungs and eases breathing. And also it might be something of aphrodisiac.

7. Caffeine has the ability to burn more fats and fewer carbohydrates of one respondent.

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