 Biomolecules

 Enzymes are proteins

 Nucleic acid who behave as enzymes are called ribozymes.
 Inorganic catalysts work efficiently at high temperature and pressure,but
enzymes denature at high temp.(>40’c)
 Rate of a physical or chemical process is the : amount of product formed
per unit time rate=&p/&t
 The rate doubles or decreses by half for every 10’c change in temp in either
direction
 Chemical which taking part in chemical reaction-substrate.
 Substrate combine with active site of enzyme to form enzyme substrate
complex(ES).
 E+S-ES –E+P
 Activation energy:the difference in average energy content of S from that
of the transition state.
 Some chemicals(temp,pH etc also) affect enzyme activity,actually it alter
the tertiary structure of enzyme.
 Highest activity at optimum temp and optimum pH.
 Enzyme activity increases with increase of substrate concentration upto Vmaxi
 A substance which closely resembles the substrate in molecular
structure,inhibit the enzyme by binding at the substrate binding site.This is
called competative inhibition
 Eg succinate----fumarate

Enzyme succinic dehydrogenase inhibitor malonate(closely resembles the

succinate)

 Classification:
 Protein part of enzyme is apoenzyme
 Non –protein part-----co factor
 Co-factor[prosthetic gp:organic compound tightly bound to enzyme eg
Heme
 Co-enzme:organic compound bound to enzyme only when
the course of catalysis occurs eg NAD)

 Metal ion
 Co-factor is removed catalitic activity lost
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 Alpha aminoacids
 In protein 20 amino acids
 Amino acids contain hydrogen,carboxyl group,amino group and a variable
group(Rgroup)
 Based on the nature of R there are different aminoacids
 Lipids:insoluble in water,simple fatty acids-carboxyl group attached to R
group.(palmittic acid-16 carbons,arachidonic acid-20 carbons)
 Some have fatty acid and glycerol(fats and oil,oil have low melting point)
 Phospholipid-lipids have phosphorus and phosphorylated organic
compound in them eg lecithin
 Nucleoside=sugar+nitrogenous base(adenosine,…)
 Nucleotide=nucleoside+phosphorus(adenylic acid,---)
 Biomicro moleclues-have molecular weight less than one thousand dalton)
 Biomacro molecules-have molecular weight ten thousand dalton and
above)
 proteins-aminoacids linked by peptide bond