ASHRAE Standard 62

Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

1999

Boston Society of Architects, Chapter of AIA

May 7, 2004
Larry Schoen, Member SSPC 62.1
Schoen Engineering Inc., Columbia, MD
410-730-9797, Larry@SchoenEngineering.com
 Rationale for Old Rates (62-1989/2001)

‹ Chamber studies on odor acceptability

‹ Historical rates (recent past). Many rates
simply taken from “smoking rates” from 62-
1981 standard
‹ Judgment of the Project Committee influenced
by emerging and growing IAQ problem and
studies.
 Rationale for New Rates
(Addendum 62n 7/3/03 at ashrae.org)

‹ Explicitly recognizes building as a source of

indoor air pollutants
– Followed lead of European standards
‹ Explicitly
accounts for ventilation efficiency
‹ More studies to guide rate selection
– Almost exclusively offices
‹ No smoking
‹ Rates
still largely based on judgment of Project
Committee
 Revised Ventilation Rate Procedure
Addendum 62n 7/3/03 - available at www.ashrae.org

People Component Building Component

Outdoor Air
Ventilation
Rate for
Space

Vo = RpPd + RbAb
Minimum Number Minimum Building
cfm/Person x of People cfm/sq ft
x Area

Ventilation Rate
for System Vot = ΣVo/Ev System
Efficiency
 Field and laboratory studies
motivating people rates:

15 cfm person satisfies about 80 % of visitors to a

space in terms of body odor perception
Significant adaptation to bioeffluents, but less so to
materials
5 cfm person satisfies substantial majority of adapted
occupants in offices.
Other spaces RP: 5, 7.5, 10, 20, 0 (building
dominated) cfm/person
 Chamber Body Odor Studies
Impact of ventilation rate on “visitors”
110%

100%

90%
% Satisfied

80% Cain & Leaderer

Fanger

70% Iwashita
Cain - Adapted

60%

50%
0 10 20 30 40 50

15 CFM/person

Used by permission of Andrew Persily, NIST.

 Studies motivating building rates:

Satisfying about 80% of visitors due to “building”

sources
Offices: 0.4 cfm/ft2; Kindergartens 0.5 cfm/ft2; Halls
0.7 cfm/ft2
Lowest value for office buildings, 0.03 cfm/ft2
Base rate for low-emitting buildings 0.06 cfm/ft2
Other spaces RB: 0.06, 0.12, 0.18, 0.30, 0.48 cfm/ft2
 Office building reference point

Total of 20 cfm per person correlates with fewer SBS

symptoms in offices
Occupant density of 5/1000 ft2 yields 17 cfm/person
using new rates.
Other space types
Less information for definition of RP and RB
Use multiples of base values
 Revised Ventilation Rate Procedure

62-2001 62n rate at occupancy

Space
(cfm/person) (people/1000 ft2)
Office 20 17 (5); 14 (7)
Conference room 20 6 (50)
Classroom 15 15 (25); 12 (50)
Lecture room -- 8 (65)
Auditorium 15 5 (150)
 Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness

‹ Ventilation (all versions): Process of supplying or

removing air (by natural or mechanical means) for
the purpose of controlling contaminants, humidity
or temperature
‹ Ventilation air needs to get to occupants
‹ 1989 to 2001: Systems shall be designed and
installed so that ventilation air is supplied
throughout the occupied zone
‹ 62n (7/3/03) contains table of default values and
option to do your own test
 Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness
Addendum 62n 7/3/03 - available at www.ashrae.org

Any point above the

breathing zone is
considered the ceiling!
Table excerpt of one example.
Supply air minus Air
room air change
temperature effect-
difference iveness
°F °C
Mixing Ventilation <0 <0 1.0
Ceiling supply of warm
Ceiling or high side-wall supply
air & ceiling return. 0-15 0-8 1.0*
and return
>15 >8 0.8

* 0.8 m/s (150 fpm) supply air jet

reaches to within 1.4 m (4.5 ft) of
floor level. Otherwise, use 0.8.
 Multiple Zone Systems and Min OA

3000 cfm supply

?? cfm vent
??%OSA

There can only

be one % OSA!
1000 cfm supply 1000 cfm supply 1000 cfm supply
300cfm vent 650cfm vent 150 cfm vent
30%OSA 65%OSA 15%OSA
 System Ventilation Efficiency
Addendum 62n 7/3/03 - available at www.ashrae.org

Maximum Fraction System Ventilation

Outdoor Air Efficiency
0.25 0.9
0.35 0.8
0.45 0.7
0.55 0.6
0.55 Use Equations
 Does CO2 pose a health risk?
12000

11000
WHO, Concentration of Concern
10000
CO2 Concentration (@ 300 ppm outdoors

NASA (space travel)

9000

8000 Navy (submarines)

7000
OSHA 8-hr TWA
6000
Canadian Residential (long term)
5000
ASHRAE 62-81, minimum
4000

3000
WHO, Concentration of No Concern

ASHRAE 62-89, Title 24 minimum

2000
ASHRAE 62-89, offices
1000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Outdoor Air, cfm/person

 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

‹ Addendum 62f (62-1999):

– CO2 is not a contaminant of concern with respect to
health
– 1000 ppm value deleted
– 700 ppm above outdoors for body odor acceptability
by “visitors”
 Basic Dilution Ventilation: CO2

15 cfm/
person of
outside air CO2 Generation:
.0105 cfm/ person What goes
goes in
in must go
with 300
out - room
ppm CO2.
air with
Note that
1000 ppm
this is only Resulting CO2
a portion concentra
of total tion 1000
supply air. ppm CO2
 62-99 Addendum 62f (62-1989)…
Clarifies CO2 as Indicator
– Since… Cin = Cout + Genco2 / Vp
– Lab tests show: Vp = 15 cfm/p for visitor odor-
comfort
– Body odor rate tracks CO2-rate… Gco2 = 0.0105
cfm/p
– At test site… Cout = 0.000300
– So, Cin = 0.000300 + 0.0105/15 = 0.001000
– For visitors, Cin - Cout = 0.0105/15 = 0.000700
Absolute 1000 ppm = Coincident
Differential 700 ppm = Important
 Outdoor Air Evaluation
Addendum 62r 1/30/03, available at www.ashrae.org

‹ Regional Air Quality: ... compliance with

national ambient air quality standards shall be
determined for the geographic area of the
building site.
‹ Local Air Quality: … survey … site… to
identify local contaminants … that may be of
concern if allowed to enter the building.
 Outdoor Air Treatment for Ozone
Addendum 62z 1/30/03, available at www.ashrae.org

… second-highest daily maximum one-hour

average concentration exceeds 0.160 ppm …
air cleaning devices ... provided ... [with] ...
ozone removal efficiency of 40% … (Boston
2000 2nd-highest was 0.107, Riverside, CA
2001 was 0.174)
Exceptions:
‹ 1.5 air changes per hour or less (exempts most
office, retail space, but not classrooms.)
‹ …direct-fired, makeup air units
 Air Data: Ozone (120 ppb)

At
At 160
160 ppb:
ppb: Fresno,
Fresno,
Riverside,
Riverside, Long
Long Beach
Beach

Above
Above 160
160 ppb:
ppb:
Houston,
Houston, Galveston
Galveston

Contains copyrighted material, courtesy of Trane, a Business of American Standard Companies

 Air Data: PM10

Contains copyrighted material, courtesy of Trane, a Business of American Standard Companies

 Particle Filtration: 1989 vs. 2004
1989
‹ When it is necessary to remove particulate
contaminants, air filters should be used.

2004
‹ ...minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of
not less than 6 … upstream of all cooling coils …
(Addendum 62s 6/28/01) …
‹ … national standard for PM10 is exceeded, particle
filters … MERV of 6 or higher … (Addendum 62r
10/30/03)
Contaminant Particle Size. Source: Airflow Systems, Inc.
 Minimum Filtration
ASHRAE 52.2-1999 and 62-2001

Efficiency Vs Particle Size

<---------------------Health effects---------------><------Coil & Building Cleanliness---------------->
100

90
MINIMUM REQ’D. BY
80 ADDENDUM
70
MERV 15 (95% Dust Spot)
Efficiency (%)

60
MERV 14 (90% Dust Spot)
50
MERV 12 (80% Dust Spot)
40
MERV 11 (60% Dust Spot)
30
MERV 8 (45% Dust Spot)
20

10 MERV 6 (30% Dust Spot)

0 FURNACE
0.1 1.0 10.0

Particle Diameter (um)

 Alternative procedures to meet Standard

‹ Ventilation Rate Procedure (Prescriptive):

Prescribes rate of ventilation air delivery to a space
and means to condition that air.
‹ Indoor Air Quality Procedure (Performance): Uses
guidelines to specify acceptable concentrations of
certain contaminants in indoor air, but does not
prescribe ventilation rates or air treatment methods.
‹ Design documentation shall clearly state
assumptions used in the system design so limitations
can be evaluated before system is operated
differently or new sources are added.
 Major Air Constituents
Air Constituents: From Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 1987

Nitrogen 78.08

Oxygen 20.95

Argon 0.93

CO2 0.031

TVOC 0.01 Normally cosidered a contaminant

H20 0.01

Particles 0.01 Normally cosidered a contaminant

Other 0.003

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Percent
 Sample Trace Contaminants

Sample Trace Air Contaminants

Other Neon, Helium, Krypton, Methane and at least 9 other NORMAL constituents 30,000

CO 1,000

Ozone 100 Common contaminants at arbitrarily selected typical levels

Formaldehyde 100

0.000000 0.000500 0.001000 0.001500 0.002000 0.002500 0.003000 0.003500

PARTS PER BILLION
 Indoor Air Quality Procedure
Addendum 62h of 7/3/03 available at ashrae.org

‹ Alternative performance method

‹ Identify contaminants, sources, strengths and specify
target & reference to authority
‹ Specify % age of occupant acceptability
‹ Mass balance concentration or subjective evaluation.
‹ May use hybrid: table rates & limited mass balance
‹ Data needed: Source strengths and contaminant limits.
Standard 62 Appendix contains some suggestions.
Smoking Spaces: (Addendum 62e published in 62-1999,
62o - 6/27/02 available at ashrae.org):

‹ All published rates based on no smoking

‹ Smoking areas shall have more ventilation
and/or air cleaning than comparable no-
smoking areas. Specific ventilation rate
requirements cannot be determined until
cognizant authorities determine the
concentration of smoke that achieves an
acceptable level of risk. Air from smoking
areas shall not be recirculated or transferred to
no-smoking areas.
 Smoking Spaces: ASHRAE Board of
Directors’ Actions

‹ “This standard does not address spaces where

smoking is expected to occur.”
‹ Special publication, not a Standard, not a
Guideline, to provide guidance for irritation
and odor control where ETS is present.
‹ Publication contract let - controversial.
 Smoking Spaces - Addendum 62g

‹ Separation of spaces with ETS (environmental

tobacco smoke)
‹ Walls, pressure differentials, exhaust, signage,
air flow clean to dirty, no recirculation or
transfer
‹ Required only if smoking spaces in building
‹ 5th public review in progress
Addendum 62x of 7/3/03 at ashrae.org
Relative humidity new upper limit of 65%. Formerly lower limit of 30% and
upper limit of 60%.

6 55%% rrhh
5F ,, 6
AAtt 775F a 1133FF
ggiivveess a rgiinn””
s a ff e
e t
tyy maarg ionn
m
““sa d e nnssaattio
c o
onn d e 65% RH limit
bbeeffoorree c

62°F DP

Contains copyrighted material, courtesy of Trane, a Business of American Standard Companies

Changes in Requirements for Equipment
‹ Condensate pans now 1:100 slope, P-trap, length along
air flow = 1/2 coil height. (Addendum 62t of 1/17/02 - at
ashrae.org) 1989: “... shall be designed for self-drainage.
‹ Air stream surfaces … standardized test method, such
as UL 181 “Mold Growth and Humidity Test”, ASTM
C 1338 “Standard Test Method for Determining Fungi
Resistance of Insulation Material and Facings”, or other
comparable test methods. Exception: sheet metal
surfaces … (Addendum 62w 6/28/01) 1989: ... shall be
constructed and maintained to minimize the opportunity
for growth and dissemination of microorganisms
 Application of New Requirements

Contains copyrighted material, courtesy of Trane, a Business of American Standard Companies

total trap height T = D + H

where … H = air-handler casing pressure + 1 in. wg
D = trap depth = ½ H + d
d = drain pipe diameter

online at www.ashrae.org
 Loose, not “tight building” syndrome

Condensation in wall at 74F

Warm, moist outdoor air Cool indoor air

70 F
85F at 70% r.h.
Cool inside wall surface
70F
 Envelope Design
Addendum 62x 7/3/03 - available at www.ashrae.org

‹ Prevent liquid water penetration into the

envelope …
‹ Provide vapor retarder or other means to to
prevent condensation within the envelope.
‹ Exceptions: when engineered to allow it
without resulting in damage
‹ Seal penetrations in the building envelope …
to limit infiltration of outdoor air moisture …
 Insulate Cold Surfaces
Addendum 62x 7/3/03 - available at www.ashrae.org

‹… surfaces … below the surrounding dew-

point temperature shall be insulated.
Exceptions: … surfaces that can be managed
to prevent or control mold growth … local
practice has demonstrated that condensation
does not result in mold growth.
 Parking Garages
Addendum 62x 7/3/03 - available at www.ashrae.org

‹ buildings with attached parking garages shall:

… maintain …pressure … or … use a
vestibule … or … otherwise … minimize
migration of air
ASHRAE 62-2001 Sec. 7 Construction
(Addendum 62l Published in 62-2001):

‹ Operate air handlers with construction filters

‹ Keep building materials dry
‹ Prevent contaminant migration to occupied
spaces. Examples include: walls, plastic,
local exhaust.
 ASHRAE 62-2001 Sec. 7 Startup
(Addendum 62l Published in 62-2001):

‹ New systems: Drain pans to drain, systems

to be clean, test outdoor air damper controls,
air balance, documents must include
maintenance procedures, plans, controls, air
balance, design assumptions.
‹ If 25% of floor area served by air handler
being altered, or if air flow being reduced,
then must do air balance.
 Maintainability
Addendum 62t 1/17/02 - available at www.ashrae.org

‹ Provision shall be made for periodic cleaning of

cooling coils and condensate pans.
‹ Air-handling and fan coil units shall be easily
accessible for inspection and preventive maintenance.
 Operation and Maintenance

‹ Addendum 62m (Published in 62-2001)

– Must create O&M manual and follow it
– Default tasks and frequencies
– Re-evaluate for alterations and change of use
– Investigate and rectify microbial contamination and
water intrusion
 Purpose & Scope - Existing Buildings
(Addendum 62af 1/30/03 available at ashrae.org)

‹ ... intended for regulatory application to new

buildings, additions to existing buildings, and
those changes to existing buildings that are
identified in the body of the standard.
‹ ... intended to ... guide the improvement of
indoor air quality in existing buildings.
‹ ... may be applied to both new and existing
buildings, ... not intended to be applied
retroactively when the standard is used as a
mandatory regulation or code.
Standard 62-2001 (2004 to be similar)
1. Purpose
2. Scope
3. Definitions
4. Classification
5. Systems and Equipment
6. Procedures
7. Construction & System Startup
8. Operations & Maintenance
References, Appendices
 Massachusetts Codes & Regulations
‹ 780 CMR - Sixth Edition 12/12/97 (Effective
8/28/97)
‹ References 1993 BOCA Mechanical Code
‹ BOCA Mechanical Code Excerpts from
ASHRAE Standard 62-1989.
 A Little Bit of Standard 62 History
1970 1980 1990

Standard 62-1989
Standard 62-1973
Tripled and quadrupled
Specified both minimum and
1981 minimum non-
recommended ventilation rates
smoking ventilation rates;
did not distinguish between
smoking and non-smoking

Standard 62-1981 SSPC 62

“Recommended” rate category Standing Committee created
deleted. Two categories became in June 1991 to update
smoking and non-smoking. Added Standard 62-1989
alternate “IAQ” procedure
 Why Revise Standard 62?
‹ Convert it to a code language document
‹ 99% of Standard 62-1999 went out for public
review in 1986; we know more now
‹ Provide more comprehensive treatment of
ventilation and IAQ
– Acceptable IAQ depends on design, construction,
installation, commissioning, operation & maintenance
 A Little More History
1990 1995 2000 2005

SSPC 62 works 1999: 62-

for 6 years
1999 Pub.
revising 62-1989
with 2001: 2004:
addenda 62-2001 62-2001
62c-f Pub. with Pub?
1996 addenda with
First Public Review Draft 62 j, l, m, addenda
1997: ASHRAE p, s, w
(62-1989R) Issued 62 h, i, k,
BoD converts 62-
~8500 Public Review n, o, r, t,
1989 to
Comments Submitted u, v, x, z,
Continuous
ab, ad,
Maintenance
ae, af
(62-1989R
Withdrawn)
 What is Continuous Maintenance?
‹ Before June 1997: Periodic Maintenance
– Revise entire document at one time
– Try to reissue entire standard every 5 to 10 years
‹ After June 1997: Continuous Maintenance
– Revise incrementally by addenda
– Issue addenda as approved
– Republish revised Standard every 3 years (or so), like
model building codes
 1997 Switch to Continuous Maintenance
‹ StandardsCommittee also split Standard 62 into:
Standard 62.1...
– Commercial and institutional spaces
– High-rise residential spaces
Standard 62.2…
– Residential buildings < 3 stories
– Single-family dwelling
And …
BOD directed SSPC 62.1 to develop 3 documents

Standard 62.1
– Code-intended document
GUIDELINE
User’s Manual
USERS
– To assist users of the code MANUAL

– To be developed under contract

Guideline
– State-of-the-art guidance for
those who want it
– To be developed by SSPC
 Current status - Speaker’s Personal
Estimates
‹ Standard 62.1 conversion into code-language
revision about 90% complete
‹ User’s Manual about 18 months from
publication
– Work statement already bid
– Monitoring subcommittee in place
– Contract award in progress
‹ Guideline 19P on ventilation & IAQ about 20%
complete
 How to participate in the process
‹ Comment on addenda in public review
– Alternative wording most helpful
‹ Propose a change
‹ Apply for membership
‹ For instructions and forms
– www.ashrae.org
– Call 404-636-8400
‹ Followup on todays presentation:
Larry@SchoenEngineering.com
Questions?