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University of Cincinnati
Copyright © 2001
Key Issues
Basic Assumptions
• Linearity
• Time Invariance (Stationarity, Consistency)
• Observability
• Reciprocity
Error Considerations
• Test Fixturing
• Interaction with Test Object
• Test Object
• Number of References
• Fixed Excitation/Response Locations
• Location of References (Shakers)
Instrumentation
Data Quality/Consistency
• Steady State
• Slow Swept Sine
• Stepped Sine
• Random
• True Random
• Periodic
• Fast Sine Sweeps
• Pseudo Random
• Periodic Random
• Transient
• Burst Random
• Impact
• Operating
Excitation Nomenclature
Excitation Nomenclature
0 100
Burst Length (%)
D D C C C C
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Contiguous Time Blocks (6T)
Window Function
Pure Random
• Advantages:
• Fair general excitation type
• Fair signal to noise ratio
• Fair RMS to peak ratio
• Reduces distortion
• Good measurement test time
• Works well with Zoom
• Disadvantages:
• Leakage a serious problem
• More averages required
• Poor characterization of non-linearities
• Typical DSP Window
• Hanning Window
Pure Random
0
10
Magnitude
−1
10
−2
10
−3
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Spectral line (bin)
Pure Random
Random Force
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Amplitude
−0.2
−0.4
−0.6
−0.8
−1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (Seconds)
Pure Random
Random Force
0.5
Real Part
−0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)
0.5
Imaginary Part
−0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)
Pure Random
Random Force
0
10
Magnitude
−1
10
−2
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)
200
100
Phase (Deg)
−100
−200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)
Pure Random
Random Force−Averaged
2
10
1
10
Magnitude
0
10
−1
10
−2
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)
200
100
Phase (Deg)
−100
−200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)
Pseudo Random
Pseudo Random
0
10
Magnitude
−1
10
−2
10
−3
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Spectral line (bin)
Pseudo Random
Psuedo−Random Force
1
0.5
Real Part
−0.5
−1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)
0.5
Imaginary Part
−0.5
−1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)
Pseudo Random
Psuedo−Random Force
2
10
1
10
Magnitude
0
10
−1
10
−2
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)
200
100
Phase (Deg)
−100
−200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hertz)
Pseudo Random
Psuedo−Random Force
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Imag Part
−0.2
−0.4
−0.6
−0.8
−1
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
Real Part
Periodic Random
Periodic Random
0
10
Magnitude
−1
10
−2
10
−3
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Spectral line (bin)
Burst Random
• Advantages:
• Good general excitation
• Minimum leakage
• Fair signal to noise ratio
• Fair RMS to peak ratio
• Reduces distortion
• Good measurement test time
• Disadvantages:
• Special hardware needed
• Voltage feedback excitation amplifier
• Typical DSP Window
• Uniform or Exponential Window
Burst Random
−1
10
Magnitude
−2
10
−3
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Spectral line (bin)
Burst Random
Exciter Systems:
Voltage Feedback:
Current Feedback:
Burst Random
Signal to shaker
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
500 1000 1500 2000
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
500 1000 1500 2000
-2
-4
-6
500 1000 1500 2000
0
10
Magnitude
−1
10
−2
10
−3
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Spectral line (bin)
0
10
Magnitude
−1
10
−2
10
−3
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Spectral line (bin)
Summary/Conclusions/Discussion