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Mechanical Properties of Materials: Learning Objectives
Mechanical Properties of Materials: Learning Objectives
Learning objectives
• Understand the qualitative and quantitative description of mechanical
properties of materials.
• Learn the logic of relating deformation to external forces.
Printed from: http://www.me.mtu.edu/~mavable/MoM2nd.htm
3-1
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
Tension Test
P
δ
ε = -----
Lo
Lo do Lo + δ
P P -
σ = -----
- = ---------------
Ao 2
πd o ⁄ 4
δ P P
ε = ------ σ = ------ = ----------------
Lo Ao 2
πd o ⁄ 4
σu Ultimate Stress D
ad in g C
σf Fracture Stress Lo Rupture
σy Off-set Yield Stress I E
g
σp
d in
A
ing
Proportional
lo a
Limit B
d
loa
Normal Stress σ
Re
Un
Printed from: http://www.me.mtu.edu/~mavable/MoM2nd.htm
O H F G
Offset strain
Normal Strain ε
Plastic Strain Elastic Strain
Total Strain
3-2
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
Definitions
• The point up to which the stress and strain are linearly related is called
the proportional limit.
• The largest stress in the stress strain curve is called the ultimate stress.
• The stress at the point of rupture is called the fracture or rupture stress.
• The region of the stress-strain curve in which the material returns to
the undeformed state when applied forces are removed is called the
elastic region.
• The region in which the material deforms permanently is called the
plastic region.
• The point demarcating the elastic from the plastic region is called the
yield point. The stress at yield point is called the yield stress.
• The permanent strain when stresses are zero is called the plastic strain.
• The off-set yield stress is a stress that would produce a plastic strain
corresponding to the specified off-set strain.
• A material that can undergo large plastic deformation before fracture
is called a ductile material.
• A material that exhibits little or no plastic deformation at failure is
called a brittle material.
• Hardness is the resistance to indentation.
• The raising of the yield point with increasing strain is called strain
hardening.
• The sudden decrease in the area of cross-section after ultimate stress is
called necking.
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3-3
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
Material Constants
Et
lo pe =
σΒ B S
Normal Stress σ
s
=E
E = Modulus of Elasticity
=E
pe
Slo
Et = Tangent Modulus at B
pe
S lo
Es = Secant Modulus at B
O
Normal Strain ε
σ = Eε -----------------Hooke’s Law
• E Young’s Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity
P Longitudinal elongation Longitudinal contraction
Lateral contraction P Lateral elongation
P P
⎛ ε lateral ⎞
• Poisson’s ratio: ν = – ⎜ ------------------------------⎟
⎝ ε longitudnal⎠
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τ = Gγ
G is called the Shear Modulus of Elasticity or the Modulus of Rigidity
3-4
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
3-5
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
3-6
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
3-7
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
30o
A 75o
F
Fig. C3.3
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3-8
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
C3.4 The pins in the truss shown in Fig. C3.4 are displaced by u
and v in the x and y direction respectively, as given. All rods in the truss
have an area of cross-section A= 100 mm2 and a Modulus of Elasticity
E= 200 GPa.
u A = – 4.6765 mm vA = 0
u B = – 3.3775 mm v B = – 8.8793 mm
u C = – 2.0785 mm v C = – 9.7657 mm
u D = – 1.0392 mm v D = – 8.4118 mm
u E = 0.0000 mm v E = 0.0000 mm
u F = – 3.260 0 mm v F = – 8.4118 mm
u G = – 2.5382 mm v G = – 9.2461 mm
u H = – 1.5500 mm v H = – 8.8793 mm
Determine the external force P4 and P5 in the truss shown in Fig. C3.4
y P3
x G
P4 P2
H
P5 F P1
300 300
A B C D E
3m 3m 3m 3m
Fig. C3.4
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3-9
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
3-10
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
ε xx = [ σ xx – ν ( σ yy + σ zz ) ] ⁄ E
ε yy = [ σ yy – ν ( σ zz + σ xx ) ] ⁄ E
ε zz = [ σ zz – ν ( σ xx + σ yy ) ] ⁄ E
γ xy = τ xy ⁄ G
E
γ yz = τ yz ⁄ G G = --------------------
2(1 + ν)
γ zx = τ zx ⁄ G
⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
⎪ ε xx ⎪ ⎪ σ xx ⎪
⎪ ⎪ 1 –ν –ν ⎪ ⎪
1
⎨ ε yy ⎬ = ------ – ν 1 – ν ⎨ σ yy ⎬
⎪ ⎪ E –ν –ν 1 ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ε zz ⎪ ⎪ σ zz ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
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3-11
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
σ xx τ xy 0 ε xx γ xy 0
Generalized
Plane Stress Hooke’s Law γ yx ε yy 0
τ yx σ yy 0
0 0 0 ν
0 0 ε zz = – --- ( σ xx + σ yy )
E
ε xx γ xy 0 Generalized σ xx τ xy 0
Hooke’s Law
γ yx ε yy 0 τ yx σ yy 0
Plane Strain
0 0 0 0 0 σ zz = ν ( σ xx + σ yy )
zz ⫽ 0)
Free surface ( Rigid surface (zz ⫽ 0) zz ⫽ 0)
(a) (b)
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3-12
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
20 ksi
Fig. C3.5
Class Problem 1
The stress components at a point are as given.
Determine εxx assuming (a) Plane stress (b) Plane strain
σ xx = 100 MPa ( T )
E = 200 GPa
σ yy = 200 MPa ( C )
ν = 0.25
τ xy = – 125 MPa
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3-13
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
3-14
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
10 kips
8 in 10 kips
h
h
h
L
Fig. C3.6
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