Mechanical Properties of Materials: Learning Objectives

M.
Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
Mechanical Properties of Materials

Material models
Learning objectives
• Understand the qualitative and quantitative description of mechanical
properties of materials.
• Learn the logic of relating deformation to external forces.
Printed from: http://www.me.mtu.edu/~mavable/MoM2nd.htm
3-1
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3
Tension Test
P
δ
ε = -----
Lo
Lo do Lo + δ
P P -
σ = -----
- = ---------------
Ao 2
πd o ⁄ 4
δ P P
ε = ------ σ = ------ = ----------------
Lo Ao 2
πd o ⁄ 4
σu Ultimate Stress D
ad in g C
σf Fracture Stress Lo Rupture
σy Off-set Yield Stress I E
g
σp
d in
A
ing
Proportional
lo a
Limit B
d
loa
Normal Stress σ
Re
Un
O H F G
Offset strain
Normal Strain ε
Plastic Strain Elastic Strain
Total Strain
ure 3.1 Stress–strain curve.
3-2
Definitions
• The point up to which the stress and strain are linearly related is called
the proportional limit.
• The largest stress in the stress strain curve is called the ultimate stress.
• The stress at the point of rupture is called the fracture or rupture stress.
• The region of the stress-strain curve in which the material returns to
the undeformed state when applied forces are removed is called the
elastic region.
• The region in which the material deforms permanently is called the
plastic region.
• The point demarcating the elastic from the plastic region is called the
yield point. The stress at yield point is called the yield stress.
• The permanent strain when stresses are zero is called the plastic strain.
• The off-set yield stress is a stress that would produce a plastic strain
corresponding to the specified off-set strain.
• A material that can undergo large plastic deformation before fracture
is called a ductile material.
• A material that exhibits little or no plastic deformation at failure is
called a brittle material.
• Hardness is the resistance to indentation.
• The raising of the yield point with increasing strain is called strain
hardening.
• The sudden decrease in the area of cross-section after ultimate stress is
called necking.
3-3
Material Constants
Et
lo pe =
σΒ B S
Normal Stress σ
s
=E
E = Modulus of Elasticity
=E
pe
Slo
Et = Tangent Modulus at B
pe
S lo
Es = Secant Modulus at B
O
Normal Strain ε
σ = Eε -----------------Hooke’s Law
• E Young’s Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity
P Longitudinal elongation Longitudinal contraction
Lateral contraction P Lateral elongation
P P
⎛ ε lateral ⎞
• Poisson’s ratio: ν = – ⎜ ------------------------------⎟
⎝ ε longitudnal⎠
τ = Gγ
G is called the Shear Modulus of Elasticity or the Modulus of Rigidity
3-4
C3.1 A circular bar of length 6 inch and diameter of 1 inch is made

from a material with a Modulus of Elasticity of E=30,000 ksi and a Pois-
son’s ratio of ν=1/3. Determine the change in length and diameter of the
bar when a force of 20 kips is applied to the bar.
3-5
C3.2 An aluminum rectangular bar has a cross-section of

25 mm x 50 mm and a length of 500 mm. The Modulus of Elasticity of
E = 70 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio of ν = 0.25. Determine the percentage
change in the volume of the bar when an axial force of 300 kN is applied
to the bar.
3-6
Logic in structural analysis

3-7
C3.3 A roller slides in a slot by the amount δP = 0.25 mm in the

direction of the force F. Both bars have an area of cross-section of
A = 100 mm2 and a Modulus of Elasticity E = 200 GPa. Bar AP and BP
have lengths of LAP= 200 mm and LBP= 250 mm respectively. Deter-
mine the applied force F.
B
30o
A 75o
F
Fig. C3.3
3-8
C3.4 The pins in the truss shown in Fig. C3.4 are displaced by u
and v in the x and y direction respectively, as given. All rods in the truss
have an area of cross-section A= 100 mm2 and a Modulus of Elasticity
E= 200 GPa.
u A = – 4.6765 mm vA = 0
u B = – 3.3775 mm v B = – 8.8793 mm
u C = – 2.0785 mm v C = – 9.7657 mm
u D = – 1.0392 mm v D = – 8.4118 mm
u E = 0.0000 mm v E = 0.0000 mm
u F = – 3.260 0 mm v F = – 8.4118 mm
u G = – 2.5382 mm v G = – 9.2461 mm
u H = – 1.5500 mm v H = – 8.8793 mm
Determine the external force P4 and P5 in the truss shown in Fig. C3.4
y P3
x G
P4 P2
H
P5 F P1
300 300
A B C D E
3m 3m 3m 3m
Fig. C3.4
3-9
Isotropy and Homogeneity

Linear relationship between stress and strain components:
ε xx = C 11 σ xx + C 12 σ yy + C 13 σ zz + C 14 τ yz + C 15 τ zx + C 16 τ xy
ε yy = C 21 σ xx + C 22 σ yy + C 23 σ zz + C 24 τ yz + C 25 τ zx + C 26 τ xy
ε zz = C 31 σ xx + C 32 σ yy + C 33 σ zz + C 34 τ yz + C 35 τ zx + C 36 τ xy
γ yz = C 41 σ xx + C 42 σ yy + C 43 σ zz + C 44 τ yz + C 45 τ zx + C 46 τ xy
γ zx = C 51 σ xx + C 52 σ yy + C 53 σ zz + C 54 τ yz + C 55 τ zx + C 56 τ xy
γ xy = C 61 σ xx + C 62 σ yy + C 63 σ zz + C 64 τ yz + C 65 τ zx + C 66 τ xy
• An isotropic material has a stress-strain relationships that are indepen-
dent of the orientation of the coordinate system at a point.
• A material is said to be homogenous if the material properties are the
same at all points in the body. Alternatively, if the material constants
Cij are functions of the coordinates x, y, or z, then the material is called
non-homogenous.
E
For Isotropic Materials: G = --------------------
2(1 + ν)
3-10
Generalized Hooke’s Law for Isotropic

Materials
• The relationship between stresses and strains in three-dimensions is
called the Generalized Hooke’s Law.
ε xx = [ σ xx – ν ( σ yy + σ zz ) ] ⁄ E
ε yy = [ σ yy – ν ( σ zz + σ xx ) ] ⁄ E
ε zz = [ σ zz – ν ( σ xx + σ yy ) ] ⁄ E
γ xy = τ xy ⁄ G
E
γ yz = τ yz ⁄ G G = --------------------
2(1 + ν)
γ zx = τ zx ⁄ G
⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
⎪ ε xx ⎪ ⎪ σ xx ⎪
⎪ ⎪ 1 –ν –ν ⎪ ⎪
1
⎨ ε yy ⎬ = ------ – ν 1 – ν ⎨ σ yy ⎬
⎪ ⎪ E –ν –ν 1 ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ε zz ⎪ ⎪ σ zz ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
3-11
Plane Stress and Plane Strain
σ xx τ xy 0 ε xx γ xy 0
Generalized
Plane Stress Hooke’s Law γ yx ε yy 0
τ yx σ yy 0
0 0 0 ν
0 0 ε zz = – --- ( σ xx + σ yy )
E
ε xx γ xy 0 Generalized σ xx τ xy 0
Hooke’s Law
γ yx ε yy 0 τ yx σ yy 0
Plane Strain
0 0 0 0 0 σ zz = ν ( σ xx + σ yy )
Plane Stress Plane Strain
␴zz ⫽ 0) (␧zz ⫽ 0) ␴zz ⫽ 0)

Reaction force (␴
Free surface (␴ Rigid surface (␧zz ⫽ 0)
␴zz ⫽ 0)
Free surface (␴ Rigid surface (␧zz ⫽ 0) ␴zz ⫽ 0)
(a) (b)
3-12
C3.5 A 2in x 2 in square with a circle inscribed is stressed as

shown Fig. C3.5. The plate material has a Modulus of Elasticity of
E = 10,000 ksi and a Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.25. Assuming plane stress,
determine the major and minor axis of the ellipse formed due to deforma-
tion.
10 ksi
20 ksi
Fig. C3.5
Class Problem 1
The stress components at a point are as given.
Determine εxx assuming (a) Plane stress (b) Plane strain
σ xx = 100 MPa ( T )
E = 200 GPa
σ yy = 200 MPa ( C )
ν = 0.25
τ xy = – 125 MPa
3-13
Failure and factor of safety

• Failure implies that a component or a structure does not perform the
function it was designed for.
Failure producing value

K safety = ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3.1
Computed ( allowable )value
3-14
C3.6 An adhesively bonded joint in wood is fabricated as shown.

For a factor of safety of 1.25, determine the minimum overlap length L
and dimension h to the nearest 1/8th inch. The shear strength of adhesive
is 400 psi and the wood strength is 6 ksi in tension.
10 kips
8 in 10 kips
h
h
h
L
Fig. C3.6
3-15

Mechanical Properties of Materials: Learning Objectives

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M.

Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Mechanical Properties of Materials

ure 3.1 Stress–strain curve.

C3.1 A circular bar of length 6 inch and diameter of 1 inch is made

C3.2 An aluminum rectangular bar has a cross-section of

Logic in structural analysis

C3.3 A roller slides in a slot by the amount δP = 0.25 mm in the

Isotropy and Homogeneity

Generalized Hooke’s Law for Isotropic

Plane Stress and Plane Strain

Plane Stress Plane Strain

␴zz ⫽ 0) (␧zz ⫽ 0) ␴zz ⫽ 0)

C3.5 A 2in x 2 in square with a circle inscribed is stressed as

Failure and factor of safety

Failure producing value

C3.6 An adhesively bonded joint in wood is fabricated as shown.

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