CONCISE i, EUROCODE FOR THE DESIGN OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS ni‘This Concise Code has been prepared for the BCA by: A.W. Besby sc, Pio, CEng, MICE, MIS, FAC! Professor of Structural Engineering, University of Leeds and RS. Narayanan BE. sz 01C, CEng, Smee Partner, . B, Tietz and Partners, Consulting Engineers, ‘The work was monitored by a steering comrmities, consisting of the authors, together with: S. B. Desai ceng, ism Department of the Environment and Add. Thretall 809, 01 British Cement Association. ‘The British Cement Association is grateful for financial contributions trom the Precast Concrete Frame Association, the Precast Flooring Federation and the Reinforced Concrete Council in support of this publication. A506 Published by First published 1993, British Cement Association ISBN 0 7210 1445 3 Century House, Telford Avenue, Crowthorne, Berks RGI11 6YS Price group LM Telephone (0344) 762676 © British Coment Association 1993 Fax (0344) 761214 ‘saves eomaton ram he Sth Caretta x owe who wi att te sicace and into orton and the renperabay lr So and appoaton. No bay (cucng fal to heggere) a ye oan fe Such aavee or Clomaton scout. Feeders shui ree hata 8 pubcaions are aac fo nso ram We one aid ‘oud torcore ensure al they are posseon of he latest vere,CONCISE “. EUROCODE eh weet a oa ei FOR THE DESIGN a 4 OF CONCRETE " a BUILDINGS a oe (eget Hg 2 is Based on BSI publication DD ENV 1992-1-1: 1992. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. Part 1. General rules and rules for buildings. areas Fag seSe! ase see AMP AP & Ae 9 EE eng fen Gh cose 2H aa ‘gees == ae IESE oes OEP Tesh icpesr laaeg i By auees pee Baaai : Gs fies eee E ey forge fees: es a ie ioe, Warne thes; Hite EB ae) Fee an oes a nad Bese) iecaes oae os say ex eB Fite Bs Oe feel Uae |e ae 2 sae! faa ie feat oe fa et Sitka Ut toa His mae GSES HEME SSE! Pe fae: Ge lee (as ioe teal (a) ae fee febeh 1 ee HESS anal sata se se peas acme pam si zetenenzD sas osstateenrnceu cacustse eu seuenzacame emai sisaae EE eee eisai esr grsaust eaainiaee Begaesteraticartraseaes - Ee UME aetscaguiaes : BB 2 ote > vee area be i ean searns e reste : rearing Sysstat ncoeneatienresFOREWORD Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures, Part 1: General rules and rules for builoings (€C2)" sets out both the principles for the design of all types of concrete structure, and design rules for buildings. The early sections are common to all Eurocodes and are thus more complex and general than would be necessary for concrete design alone. This Concise Code aims to distil from EC2 only that material necessary for the design of everyday reinforced and prestressed concrete buildings. The material in the body of this Concise Code is taken either directly from EC2, or can be derived unambiguously from the EC2 provisions. The actual wording of EC2 has, however, not been retained if a clearer form of words could be found BS 8110 and other British codes dltfer from EC2 in that they contain a considerable amount of material which those drafting EC2 would have considered to belong more propery in a ‘manual, Ths includes bending moment coeticents for beams and slabs, design chars, et This material is included as an appendix to this Concise Code, so that designers should have avalable al the information that they would normally expect to find in a Brtish code The material in this document is presented in the order in which it appears in EC2. This is different from the order used in BS 8110 but itis believed that use of the Eurocode order will help users to learn EC2. To help further, references are given in the right-hand margin to the ‘number ofthe clause in EC2 from which the material has been taken, In any situation where there is doubt about the interpretation, easy reference can be made to EC2 itselt. Ina number of areas, EC2 permits the design to be carried out by a variety of methods. In general, this document has only included the most straightforward of these options, For example, EC2 permits the use of a variety of possible concrete stress blocks for the design of sections but only the rectangular stress block is included here. ‘One area where the EC2 terminology has caused problems for the UK reader is its use of the word ‘actions. This is a logical term used to describe all the things that can act on a structure, ‘The defintion states that it includes ‘direct actions’ (loads) and ‘indirect actions’ (imposed deformations). In design there is rarely any necessity to use a term which covers both these Possibilities, so it does not seem to violate the Eurocode approach if the words ‘loads’ and ‘imposed deformations’ continue to be used in their appropriate context. Indeed, this seems to be what has been done beyond Section 2 in EC2, The term ‘actions’ is not, therefore, used here. EC2 contains a considerable number of parameters for which only indicative values are given. Each country may specify its own values for these parameters which, in EC2, are indicated by being enclosed by a box (|____. The appropriate values for use in the UK are set out in the National Application Document (NAD) which has been drafted by BSI. In this Concise Code, the UK values for those in the EC2 boxes have been used, and any amendments given in the NAD have been written in. Where this has been done itis indicated by NAD in the right-hand margin. The boxed values are not distinguished in the text. ‘The NAD also includes a number of amendments to the rules in EC2 where, in the experimental stage of using EC2, it was felt that the EC2 rules either did not apply, or were incomplete. ‘One such area is design for fire resistance, which EC2 does not cover at present. In this instance, the NAD states that the rules in BS 8110 should be applied. This Concise Code does not cover the contents of EC2 Chapter 6, Construction and workmanship, and Chapter 7, Quality control.CONTENTS 14 12 2a 22 23 24 31 32 34 4a 42 43 ‘SCOPE AND SYMBOLS 5 Scope 5 ‘Symbols 5 BASIS OF DESIGN. 6 Fundamental objectives of desion 6 Definitions... ere Materials 7 Design procedure 7 ANALYSIS 8 Definitions 8 Methods of analysis for the ultimate limit state . 8 Load combinations and load patterns... .. wo Minimum horizontal load 10 Redistribution cee 10 COVER, DURABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE .. . ” Cover, general " Cover and concrete quality for durability "1 Cover and member sizes for fire resistance oo... 6... 12 DESIGN FOR THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE. 14 Bending and axial load 14 Shear resistance of beams and slabs 6 Torsion... 2. 7 Punching shear 7 Slender columns and beams ... 19 Walls... 22 Strut-and:-tie method 23 Corbels and deep beams 24 SERVICEABILITY ..... 25 General. : 25 Control of cracking 212 25 Control of deflections 2 DETAILING... . 29 General... ... er) General arrangement ........ 29 Bond 30 ‘Anchorage . .. ereisl Laps. 33 Additional rules for high-bond bars over 32 mm in size 35 Bundled bars.............. 96 Structural members a7 Limitation of damage caused by accidental loads eral PRESTRESSED CONCRETE. .. 42 Scope. 2 42 Partial safety factors ......... 42 83 Material properties we 42 84 Minimum number of bars, wires or tendons in isolated members. 42 85 _ Initial prestressing force 43 86 Loss of prestress 43 87 Design value of prestress. 46 &8 Analysis of the structure — ultimate limit stato : a 89 Design of sections — ultimate limit state a 810 Serviceabilty limit state ar 811 Anchorage zones . . we 9 812 Detailing -. 50 APPENDIX At Introduction... . . wos 82 A2_ Analysis of simple framed structures cal 2.1 General... . 52 2.2 Simplification of tramed structures 52 AB Analysis of slab systems 55 31 General 55 ‘43.2 Slabs supported on four idee a commer rerio from iting . - 55 A3 Flat slabs with or without drops. 59 Design of sections for flexure, or combined flexure and axial load. 62 ‘AA1 Conorete grades... 62 ‘A42 Rectangular sections ..... 63 ‘A43 Flanged beams. 65 ‘AAA Symmetrically reinforced rectangular columns. 65 ‘AAS Biavially bent rectangular column sections ........ 74 Slender columns. 73 AS.1 Effective length of braced columns 73 AS.2 Estimation of second-order eccentricity B Serviceabilty| 74 AB: Crack control oo... 74 AB2 Deflection control........ 74 Anchorage and lap lengths... . 76 Simplified rules for the curtailment of reinforcement 7 ABI General... 7 ‘88.2 Near internal supports in continuous beams 7 ‘AB3 Bottom reinforcement near end supports 8 ‘A84 Curtailment in slabs... 78 REFERENCES ...... 2.794 SCOPE AND SYMBOLS 1.1 Scope ‘This Concise Code provides rules for the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete building structures, Designs carried out in accordance with this code will be in accordance with EC2, although advantage has not been taken of al the possibiiies offered within EC2 ‘This Concise Code is intended spectically for use within the United Kingdom and incorporates the requirements of the National Application Document (NAD). The clauses are cross-referenced to those clauses in EC2 which cover the same material, and reference should be made to EC2 where more information is, needed. ‘The Appendix provides design charts and other aids to the designer 1.2 Symbols Most symbols are defined where they are used within the text. The following symbols are used throughout the document: ey ee Ft gs ‘Area of concrete cross-section Area of prestressing tendons Area of tension reinforcement ‘Area of tension reinforcement required for the ultimate limit state ‘Area of tension reinforcement provided Area of shear reinforcement Overall breadth of a section Effective depth of a section Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement or prestressing steel Characteristic strength of concrete based on tests on cylinders Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing stee! Characteristic strength of reinforcement Overall depth of a section Design bending moment Design axial force due to loading or prestress ‘Spacing of reinforcement Design shear force Partial safety factor for concrete Partial safety factor for reinforcement or prestressing stee! Bar sze2 BASIS OF DESIGN 2.1 Fundamental objectives of design (1) structure should be designed and constructed in such a way that (2) with acceptable probability, it wll remain fit for its specified use, having due regard to its intended life and its cost; (0) with appropriate degrees of reliability, it will sustain all loads and imposed deformations likely to occur during construction and use, and have adequate durability in relation to its maintenance costs. (2) A structure should also be designed in such a way that it will not sustain damage Gisproportionate to the original cause, resutting from events such as explosions, impact, or the consequences of human error. This may be achieved by one (oF more of the following: (@) avoiding, eliminating, or reducing the possible hazards to which the structure could be subjected; (©) selecting a structural form which has a low sensitivity to the hazards considered; (©) selecting a structural form which can survive the accidental removal of individual elements; (d) tying the structure together. 2.2 Definitions (1) Limit states are states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design Performance requirements. Limit states are classified as: 1. Ultimate limit states, associated with collapse or with other forms of structural failure. 2. Serviceability limit states, corresponding to states beyond which specified service requirements are no longer met, (2) Loads are defined as permanent loads (self-weight of structure, fittings, finishes and fixed equipment) or variable loads (imposed loads, wind loads, and snow loads) Loads are specified by their characteristic values (G, is the characteristic permanent load, Q, is the characteristic variable load). In calculations, design loads are used. ‘These are obtained by multipying the characteristic loads by approprate partial safety factors (y,). Characteristic loads should be obtained from 8S 6399 Part 1: 1984. Code of practice for dead and imposed loads BS 6399: Part 3: 1988. Code of practice for imposed root loads CP 9°: Chapter V: Part 2: 1972. Wind loads. Imposed floor loads may be reduced in accordance with the factors given in 8S 6399: Part 1. Snow drift loads obtained from BS 6399: Part 3 should be mutiplied by 07. Wind loads obtained from CP 3: Chapter V: Part 2 should be multiplied by 09 The selt-weight of a structure may be assessed on the basis of the nominal dimensions and conventional values for the densities of materials. Prestress is, treated as an external load P, (3) Material properties are specitied in terms of characteristic values which, in general, correspond to a defined fractile of the assumed distribution of the property considered (most frequently the lower 5% fractile). Design values 24 224 222 223BASIS OF DESIGN fare obtained by dividing the characteristic value by an appropriate partial salely factor (7, for reinforcement, or +, for concrete). 2.3 Materials () This Concise Code assumes that concrete is specified, placed and cured in accordance with ENV 208. The concrete strength class should be selected from the preferred classes given in Table 2.1 below Table 2.1 Concrete strength classes and properties ‘a Stergh cass ] canes c2t ca0s7 C3545 CuONSOCaBIS5 C5069 20 ey 20 38 0 4s so | 22 28 29 32 35 38 a 2 8 355 96 a Inthe strength lass of concrete (eg. C2025) tne frst aumber Indicates te cyinder strength ‘and tne sacond the Cube svengr, boIn a5 defined in section 731.1 of ENV 2064 (2) Ordinary reinforcement is assumed to be in accordance with the appropriate standard, and is specified by its characteristic yield strength, ‘wo bond characteristics are recognised {@) ribbed bars, resulting in high bond strength; (0) plain bars, resuiting in low bond strength Two ductlty classes are considered (@) high ductity (Class H) {b) normal ductility (Class N) All ribbed bars and all grade 250 bars may be assumed to be Class H. Ribbed: wire welded fabric may be assumed to be available in Class H, in sizes of 6 mm or over, Plain or indented wire welded fabric may be assumed to be available in Class N. (8) Prestressing tendons and any associated anchorages and coupiers are assumed to be in accordance with the appropriate standards. 2.4 Design procedure (1) tis envisaged that te folowing steps wil normaly be requited in he design 1. Analyse the structure under the design ultimate loads to obtain the design internal forces and moments (see Section 3) 2. Design the critical sections so that the design internal forces and moments, can be resisted (see Section 5). 3. Check that the resulting design will satisfy the serviceabilty requirements (eee Section 6), 4, Detail the reinforcement (see Section 7) ait a4.23 B124 8125 24 32.265) 32.214) 8242 NAD 331 Bat3 a ANALYSIS (1) To be considered as a beam or column, the span or length of the member should not be less than twice the overall section depth. A beam with a span less than twice its depth is considered as a deep beam. (2) To be considered as a slab, the minimum span should not be less than four times the overall slab thickness, @) For the purposes of analysis, ribbed slabs or waffle slabs may be treated as solid slabs, provided that: (2) the rib spacing does not exceed 1500 mm (©) the depth of the rib below the flange does not exceed four times its width; (©) the depth of the flange is at least one tenth of the clear distance between the ribs or 50 mm, whichever is the greater; (d) transverse ribs are provided at a clear spacing not exceeding ten times the ‘overall slab depth, ‘The minimum flange thickness of 50 mm may be reduced to 40 mm where Permanent blocks are incorporated between the ribs. (4) Inthe absence of a more accurate determination, the effective width of a flanged beam may be taken as: (@) for a Fbeam, the lesser of either the rib width plus /,/5, of the actual flange width; (©) for an Lbeam, the lesser of either the rib width plus 1,/10, or the actual flange width: where J, is the distance between points of zero moment. For the internal span of @ continuous beam, |, may be taken as 07 of the span and, for an end span, 1, may be taken as O85 of the span. (6) The effective span of a member is given by ey tata, where 1, is the clear distance between the faces of the supports 4, and a, are the distances from the face of the support to the centre of the effective support at the two ends of the member. For a support over which the member is continuous, , or a, is the distance from the face of the support to its centresine For a simple support, a, or a, may be taken as the lesser of ether the distance from the face of the support to its centraline, or one third of the overall depth of the member. The length of an isolated cantilever may be taken as the length to the face of the support 3.2 Methods of analysis for the ultimate limit state (1) The moments and forces in the members ofa framed structure may be obtained by elastic analysis. Recistribution of the moments obtained from the elastic analysis may be carried out, provided that the rules given in Section 3 are satisfied 2521 25221 25222 25322ANALYSIS: (2) Simpifications of the structure are permitted provided that the accuracy of the results is adequate. (8) Continuous slabs and beams may be analysed on the assumption that the supports provide no rotational restraint (4) Second-order effects are dealt with by the provisions of Section 55, and may be ignored in the analysis. () In general, the stitiness of members may be based on the uncracked section, ignoring the reinforcement. (©) Plastic methods of analysis may be used for stabs, provided that they are reinforced with high-ductilty steel, and that the neutral axis depth at fallure does not exceed one quarter of the effective depth of the section, The ratio of the moments over continuous edges to the moments in the span should be between 10 and 20, 3.3 Load combinations and load patterns (1) In the analysis for the ultimate limit state, the load combinations and partial safety factors given in Table 31 should be used. Table 3.1 Load combinations and partial safety factors =n ~ ; toad combination | Pemanent load | Imposedioad | wind | Press ‘Adverse Benefical| Adverse Beneficial 1. Peemaneat + (ae eee gree fools | 10 imposed 2Pemanet+ | 135 19 | - - | 150 10 wind Permanent + | 195 - | 42800 = | 138 0 imposed + wind | (2) The partial safety factor for earth and water pressures should be taken as 136. (@) For continuous beams and slabs, it will normally be sufficient to consider only the following arrangements of the loads: (@) alternate spans carrying the maximum design imposed and permanent load, other spans carrying the maximum design permanent load; (©) any two adjacent spans carrying the maximum design imposed and permanent oad, other spans carrying the maximum design permanent load. (4) When considering load combination 2 in Table 3.1, the adverse and beneficial values of the permanent load should be arranged on the structure to give the worst affect. (8)In general, the crtical design moment at a continuous support, after any redistribution of the elastic moments, may be taken as that at the face of the support. In the case of rigid supports this value should not be taken as less than 65% of the support moment, calculated on the basis of the clear span, assuming the beam to be fully fixed at both ends, 253.3(1) 280 2331 25.444 NAD NAD 251.2(4) 283420)ANALYSIS 3.4 Minimum horizontal load (1) The design horizontal load assumed to act at any floor level, should not be less than Ha, = Vpee, a) where Vis the total design vertical load above the level considered y is a notional ‘out of plumb’ angle, in radians, given by “U(100 f°) = 11200, where 1 is the overall height of the structure, in metres «, isan allowance for cases where n vertically continuous elements act together, and is given by a, = f(stiry2] (2) Ina braced structure, the horizontal elements connecting the vertical elements to the bracing structure should be designed to carry an additional horizontal load equal to Hyg = (Nog + Nog) v/2 32) where N,, and N,. are, respectively, the design vertical loads in the vertical elements above and below the horizontal member considered. 3.5 Redistribution (1) The moments calculated using an elastic analysis may be redistributed in continuous beams, where the ratio of adjacent spans is less than 2, provided that (@ the resulting bending moment diagrams remain in equilibrium with the design loads; (®) the limits given in Table 3.2 are satisfied, Table 3.2 Limits to redistribution and neutral axis depth, x [ Minimum permitted Maximum permited vale of" value ot Normal High uctty stool | ductity soo! Concrete = 035145 08s, 070 085 ~ 035 = 046 Concrete > C3545, 08s. 070 088 - 045 = 035, * B's the rato ofthe redistributed moment to the moment belo redtibution 04 COVER, DURABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE a 4.1 Cover, general (1) Coveris the distance between the outer surface of the reinforcement (including links) and the nearest concrete surtace. (2) Adequate cover is required to ensure: (@) adequate bond; (0) fite resistance; (©) protection of the reinforcement against corrosion. (8) The values of cover given in this section are nominal values which include an allowance for tolerance. The nominal cover should not be less than the nominal, maximum size of the aggregate. The actual cover should never be less than, the nominal value minus § mm. (4) To ensure adequate bond the nominal cover to any bar should not be less than the bar size of, in the case of pairs of bars or bundied bars, the size of an equivalent bar having the same area as the pair or bundle. 4.2 Cover and concrete quality for durability (1) The nominal covers and concrete strength classes should not be less than the values given in Table 4.2 for the appropriate exposure class, except that the cover may be reduced by 5 mm for slabs in exposure classes 2 to 5. The ‘exposure classes are defined in Table 41. Chemically aggressive environments are classed in ISO/DP 9690” , and the following equivalent conditions may be assumed: Exposure class 5a: ISO classifications AIG, AtL, and AIS Exposure class Sb: ISO classifications A2G, A2L, and A2S Exposure class Sc: ISO classifications A3G, ASL, and A3S Table 4.1 Exposure classes Examples of envionmental conditions Interior of building for normal Rabson or cffices. 42 | eter of bulngs wit high numiaty Extaior components ‘Components in non-aggressive sail | Asa above but wih exposure to frost 3 Huma Interior and exterior components exposed environment to fost and deicing agents. ‘wih frost and oicing sais 4 Seawater ‘2 | Componerts completely or cartally submerged in ‘environment seawater or in the splash zone Components in saturated salt ar b | Asa above but with trost 5 Aapressve 1 | Siohty agoressve chemical envronment aa b | Mode chemical environment = rately aggressive chemical envionmer Highly aggressive chemical environment ttCOVER, DURABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE Table 4.2 Cover to reinforcement and concrete quality for durability ae eee ee Exposure Nominal cover mm class | 1 20 2 20 20 20 2a : 35 38 20 20 2 : 35 30 20 3 : 0 35 35 4a : 40 35 35 & : 40 35 35 5a : 3 35 20 30 8 5 30 90 5c 6 Maxenum free wate! 06s 060 oss 080 04s, ‘cement ratio Misimum cement 260 20 00+ 0 300 | contre (gin) Lowest concrete 250 ca07 Cass CHOI CASS ‘srongth class or beter * Protective battle 1 prevent rect contact with aggressive media should be provided + 280 kai for exposure classes 2b and Sa 4.3 Cover and member sizes for fire resistance (1) The fre resistance should be determined in accordance with BS 8110: Part 2°, NAD. For convenience, however, the rationalised tables for cover and minimum member sizes given in BS 8110: Part 1, which are based on Part 2, have been included in this Concise Code as Tables 43 and 4.4. Compliance with these tables will ensure that the requirements for fire resistance are satisfied In some circumstances a more detailed treatment of design for fire resistance, in accordance with BS 8110: Part 2, may give economies. Table 4.3 Cover to reinforcement for fire resistance Nomina cover. mm Feasance | Beams Fore Five Couns wo ee | Smoly Contin | Simply — Contin | Simply Conti cxmpored “tous | esppened “Gove | sxpoted ‘ous no o| eo «| a | 2 2» 2) wm | » 0 | 2 | cst a eet oo goo o wo) 5s of 6 5 | a o of 6 | s 6 | 2 no | 6 6 | ss ss | os Notes: Where the cover exceads 40 mm, supplementary reirorcement wil be requited to prevert epaling of the concrete The stuaion may be avoided by adopting other ‘Special measures to enhance fre ressiance (see BS 8110: Part 2, * Cover relates to line fot beams and columns, and to longitudinal bars for loors and ibs 2COVER, DURABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE Table 4.4 Minimum dimensions of reinforced concrete members for fie resistance Fire [Minmun] Floor [Minimum] Column wath, & Micimum wall thickness resstance | beam | rb |hickness perd | wich, | width, |otftoors,| Fuly | sox [one face) pov /ose19e bd’ |b | "| exposed | exposed | exposed 9 | tommy | eon | remy | “ommy | (rm) | mm) | mm) | mm) | rm) 05 | 200 | ws | 75 | 150 | 125 | 100 | 150 100 8 ro | 20 | 5 | 95 | 200 | to | 120 | 150 120 75 18 | 20 | ws | 10 | 250 | 200 | 10 | 175 40 100 20 | 200 | 15 | ws | soo | 200 | wo | - 160 109 30 | 240 | 150 | 150 | 400 | 200 | 20 | - 200 180 40 | 20 | ws | 10 | 450 | 350 | 20 | - 240 180 woh Deseo samen = re rx eon L Sa Note These minimum cimensions relate specifically tothe covers given in Table 43 be] sad oe oes clues ba [= bf Fy woe Sots esses One ce xosed esses Pegzupagia) catiaias pesueseres 85 DESIGN FOR THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE a 5.1 Bending and axial load (1) The resistance of sections should be calculated, or the necessary areas of reinforcement for the ultimate limit state should be obtained, by applying the following assumptions: (@) plane sections remain plane; (©) the strain in bonded reinforcement, whether in tension or compression, {s the same as that in the surrounding concrete; (©) the tensile strength of the concrete is ignored; (d) the stresses in concrete in compression are derived from the design stress block shown in Figure 5.1 (which includes y, = 15); (©) the stresses in reinforcement are derived from the design stress-strain curve shown in Figure 5.2 (which includes , = 1.15): (for sections subjected to pure axial compression, the compressive strain in the concrete is limited to 0.002; (@) for sections not fully in compression, the limiting compressive strain is taken as 0.0036. In intermediate situations the ultimate strain diagram is defined by assuring that the strain is 0.002 at a level of 3/7 of the depth of the section from the more compressed face (see Figure 53); (h) Longitudinal forces may be ignored if they do not exceed 0.08, times the ‘area of the section. Figure 5.1 Concrete stresses at ultimate limit stateDESIGN FOR THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE wpe om ad E,=200 kn? ‘iain Figure 5.2. Design stress-strain curve for reinforcement. 8 ove | ao (@) Foral profes above the citica pote (e par of sectonin tension), assume utimate strain of 00025 at most compressed lore (a compression lacs). (©) For al casos where there sno tension inthe secton, assume strain of 0002 at 27 fom mest compressed Foxe, Figure 53. Strain distribution at the utimate limit state 5.2 Shear resistance of beams and slabs (1) The design of beams and slabs for shear is carried out using the following procedure. 1, The cfitical design shear force may be taken as that acting at a distance d from the face of a direct support, i.e. where the loading and the support reactions are such that they cause diagonal compression in the member. 6DESIGN FOR THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE 2, The maximum design shear force that can be carried by the section without 43.23. shear reinforcement, Va, is given by 5 ner = Uogh(12 + 40 p,) + 0.150,,}0,0 where ry iS the basic shear strength, and is given in Table 6.1 kis a factor allowing for the section depth. k should be taken as 1 where d > 06 m, or more than 50% of the bottom reinforcement is curtailed, otherwise k = 16 ~ d, where dis in metres 2, is the tension reinforcement ratio, A,/b,d, where A, is the area of tension reinforcement extending not less ‘than d + (,.., beyond the 2 section considered and 1, is defined in Section 74:2 », Should not be taken as greater than 002 0, is the design axial stress (if any) = Ng,/A, ,, is the minimum width of the section It the design shear force is fess than Va. then, for beams, only the : minimum shear reinforcement given in Section 78.2.2 need be provided and, for slabs, no shear reinforcement is required. Table 5.1 Values of 73, (7. = 15 is included) ta 2 Ba 0 35 240 ‘NAD in 026 030 034 osr oat 3, The maximum design shear that a section can support, V,,., is given by Veao = 03 vfyb,d(1 + cota) where » = O7 ~ {,/200 = 05 = «zis the angle between the shear reinforcement and the longitudinal : axis of the beam. (For vetical links, alone or combined with bent-up bars, cota = 0) If the design shear exceeds Vj... a larger section should be used. 4, Where Veg, KMaAdy where A, is the area of bonded reinforcement within the tensile zone A,, is the area of concrete within the tensile zone. The tensile zone is that, part of the section calculated to be in tension just before formation of the first crack. fig ithe tensile strength of the concrete effective at the time when the Cracks are first expected to form. Generally this should not be less than 3 Nimmé, unless the time of cracking can confidently be expected to be less than 28 days. In such cases a value may be obtained from Table 2.1 by taking the concrete strength class as the expected strength at the time of cracking k, is a coefficient which takes account of the form of the stress distribution vwithin the section. k, is 1.0 for pure tension and Q4 for pure bending kis coefficient which allows for the effect of non-linear stress distributions within the member. Where the cause of cracking is likely to be normal loading, shrinkage, or early thermal contraction, k should generally be taken as 08 (but for rectangular sections with a depth greater than 800 mm, a value of 05 may be used). Where the cracking results from deformations imposed externally on the member by, for example, settlement of the foundation, k should be taken as 1.0. (3) Where the minimum area of reinforcement specified in Section 6.2(2) has been provided, crack widths generally will not normally be excessive provided that (@) for cracking predominantly caused by restraint of shrinkage or thermal movernents, the bar sizes given in Table 6.1 are not exceeded. The steel stress should be taken as the value obtained immediately after cracking,SERVICEABILITY which may be calculated from the relation = Kt, ADA, (b)_ For cracks predominantly caused by loading, either the provisions of Table 61 or the provisions of Table 6.2 are satisfied, together with the link spacing rules given in Table 63, where appropriate (ie. where V,, > 3V,.) In this case the stress used in Tables 6.1 and 62 should be that calculated ‘on the basis of a cracked section under the ‘quasi-permanent’ load. The ‘quasi-permanent load may be taken as the permanent load, G, plus a proportion ofthe characteristic variable load. This proportion may be taken as: 022 for dwellings; 03 for offices and stores; 06 for parking areas. 000 for snow and wind (4) Where a beam is less than 1m deep and the cause of cracking is likely 10 be ‘normal loading, the reinforcement obtained in accordance with Section 6.2(2) and (8) may be provided by the main tension reinforcement. For deeper beams, additional reinforcement should be provided to control cracking on the side faces. This reinforcement should be located within the links and be evenly distributed between the main tension reinforcement and the neutral axis, The stress used in Tables 6.1 and 6.2, assuming pure tension, may be taken as halt the value assessed for the main tension reinforcement. Table 61 Maximum bar sizes for high bond bars Stel sess Masinum ar 826 en i Reiorced secions Prosresse sectors 160 ] 32 25 200 2 6 240 20 2 200 6 8 20 2 6 260 fo 5 «00 8 4 450 6 - Table 62 Maximum bar spacings for high bond bars Sioa! sress Maximum bar spacing, mm Nim Pure Pure Prestressed sections flexure version (tending) 300 200 200 250 150 160 200 125 100 150 5 80 100 - = 50 7 : 26SERVICEABILITY Table 63 Maximum link spacing in beams Maximum link spacing, 228 om Nemme Note: See Sections 8.2) fF Yar and = 50 300 "78.2 2{1 for p,. Also soe Tnaximum link spacing reauirements in 78 200 ‘Section 782202) 100 150 150 100 200 50 6.3 Control of deflections (1) The detection of reinforced concrete beams or slabs in buildings wil normally be satisfactory ifthe beams or slabs are dimensioned so that they comply with the spanleffective depth ratios given in Section 6.3(2) to (4) below. The limiting ratios obtained by taking a basic ratio from Table 6.4, and multiplying it, where appropriate, by the correction factors given in 63(2) below. (2) The values in Table 64 need to be corrected in the following cases: (@) for flanged sections where the ratio of the flange width to the rib width exceeds 3, the value should be multiplied by 08; (©) for members, other than flat slab panels, which support parttions liable to be damaged by excessive deflection of the member, and where the span exceeds 7 m, the value should be multiplied by Zispan; (©) for flat slabs where the greater span exceeds 85 m, the value should be muttiplied by 85/span; (@) for steel of characteristic strength other than 460 Nimm®, the values should be multiplied by 460/f,.. Where more reinforcement is provided than is tequired for the uitimat® limit state, the value may be multiplied by A cora/crq» Provided that the resulting value is not greater than that for nominally reinforced concrete. @)If the percentage of tension reinforcement, 1004,,,./bd, is known, then interpolation is permitted in Table 64 on the assumption that (@) ‘highly stressed’ corresponds to 15% (0) ‘lightly stressed’ corresponds to 0.5% (©) ‘nominally reinforced’ corresponds to 0.15%. (4) For two-way spanning slabs (supported on beams), the check on the ratio of span to effective depth should be carried out on the shorter span. For flat siabs, the longer span should be taken.SERVICEABILITY Table 6.4 Basic ratios of spanettective depth for reinforced concrete members without axial compression (/,, = 460) Concrete consition (eirlorcement percentage) oe Highly Lighty—_Nomialy wressed stressed reinforced (15) (05) (015) 1. Simply supported beam 156 a7 236 One-way or two-way spanning simply supported sab 2. End span o: 200 28 303 Continuous beam: or | ‘one-way continuous slab; or two-way spanning slab ‘continuous over one long side | 3. \norior span ot ar 90a a7 < beam: of oneinay oF two-way spanning Sab 4, Sab supported on columns 183 281 37 oe without bears (fat sab), ‘based on fongor span ¢ 5. Cantlever 6: a7 22 fs]7 a DETAILING 71 General (1) The rules given in this Section apply to all reinforcement in normal-weight concrete. They do not apply to structures subject to significant dynamic or fatigue loading, 7.2 General arrangement (1) Cover should be in accordance with Section 4 (2) The clear cistance (horizontal or vertical) between bars should not be less than the maximum bar size, or 20 mm. In addition, when the nominal size of aggregate, d,, exceeds 32 mm, the distance should not be less than d, + 5 mm. (8) Minimum diameters for bends are shown in Tables 7.1 and 7.2. Table 7.1 Minimum diameters of bends Hooks, bends, oops Bentup bars or other curved bars Bar sze Value of minimum concrete cover, perpencicula to plane of curvature 8<20mm ¢=20mm| > 100mm > 50mm 5 50mm ‘and >76 and > 96 and = 3) Plain bars 46 “9 % 859, 1146 Grade 250, High bond bars | 64 8 136 1876 2096 Grade 460 Table 7.2. Minimum diameters for bends in welded mesh fabric Minimum diameter of te mandrel ‘Welds outside bends Welds inside bends ce ee ay ea ed ee Use 208 when d < 46 Table 71 applies when d = 4.6 206, Beeauseee peeerictse ieerenetes eeeesnsra! BRE Se sesiys aes gesanegues, Heenan Sanern, mae fapecusaaue beater de neatnaeceDirectoa of concreting (a) 45 sa = 90° for ah vaues Direction of concreting oe (&) 15250 mm (@) n=600 mm | @and (0) and (a) Good bond conditions ‘Good bond conditions for all bars for bars in shaded zone, oor bend condone foe bare ouside shaded zone. Senne ae ween aon =a Figure 7.1. Good bond conditions 7.3 Bond (1) The quality of bond depends on: (a) the surface characteristics of the reinforcement; (b) the dimensions of the member; (©) the position and inclination of the reinforcement during concreting. Good bond conditions are shown in Figure 71. All other conditions are considered poor. (2) Values of design ultimate bond stress, f , are shown in Table 73. in Table 73 Design values of f,,, for good bond conditions (1, = 15 is included) oe Si 2 1 2 2 3 3 0 4 80 ita Plain bars os 1 ot 12 13 awa High bond bars where 95 22mm, Srwecedmesn | 18 20 fabries made of ribbed 27 30 34 37 4043 Notes: Where bond conaitons are poor the values should be multiplied by O7. Where a mean pressure p (Ninn?) exists transversely tothe plane of spiting, the values ‘should be multiplied by the lesser of (1 = 044), or 1.4 |7.4 Anchorage 7.41 Anchorage methods (1) The usual methods of anchorage are shown in Figure 7.2. iiss age Theat Buahadusae Figure 7.2 Usual methods of anchorage 7.4.2 Anchorage lengths (1) For bars and wires, the required anchorage length is given by fara = eh lAcralAssin) ® Sam 7) where a, = 10 for stright bars, or 2 07 for curved bars in tension if the cover perpendicular to the EEG ue aco plane of curvature is at least 39 geatagauae I= GylA0 96, where # ithe size ofthe reinforcement and f,,isthe fs 4gse bond stress given in Table 73 Bigeran eet Acsea 874 A, rn, 78, Fespectvely, the area of reinforcement required for {22 Seales the ultimate lint state, and the area provided Bota gndue is the greatest of 031,, 109, or 100 mm for anchorages in tension; [EERE a8=! Hgasseed ania oF the greatest of 06), 108, oF 100 mm for anchorages in compression.DETAILING ‘Typical values for anchorage length are given in the Appendix, Tables A10 and Alt (2) For welded mesh fabric made of high bond wires, the anchorage length may be obtained from Equation 7.1. If welded transverse bars are present in the anchorage, the value obtained from Equation 7.1 may be multiplied by 07, (3) Welded mesh fabric made of smooth wires may be used, subject to relevant standards. 7.4.3 Transverse reinforcement (1) Transverse reinforcement should be provided for: (@)_ anchorages in tension, if there is no transverse compression caused by support reactions; (©) all anchorages in compression. (2 The minimum total area of transverse reinforcement required within the anchorage length is 25% of the area of one anchored bar (see Figure 73) Wig Ea AM TAA (@) Beam (©) Sib Figure 73 Transverse reinforcement in anchorage length (@) Intension anchorages, the transverse reinforcement should be evenly distributed along the anchorage length, with at least one bar placed in the region of a hook, bend or loop. (4) Incompression anchorages, the transverse reinforcement should surround the bars and be concentrated at the end of the anchorage. 7.4.4 Anchorage of links (1) Links and shear reinforcement may be anchored using one of the mathods shown in Figure 74. A bar should be provided inside a hook or bend. |DETAILING Figure 74 Anchorage of links 7.5 Laps 7.5.1 General (1) Laps shall be detailed such that forces are transmitted from one bar to the next without causing cracking or spaling of the concrete. Wherever possible, laps between bars should be staggered and should not be located at sections of high stress. The spacing between lapped bars, and between adjacent laps, should comply with Figure 75. gape, iagawes Figure 75 Arrangement of bars at laps 7.5.2 Lap lengths for bars and wires (1) The required lap length is given by loo 2 lenin cee i (7.2)@, = 10 for compression laps @, = 10 for tension laps, where fewer than 30% of the bars ata section are lapped; and with reference to Figure 76, a = 69 and b = 26 @, = 14 for tension laps in which either, () 30% or more of the bars at a section are lapped, or (id) with reference to Figure 76, a < 66 orb < 26 = 200 for tension laps where both () and (i) above are satisfied is obtained from Equation 7.1 Jing iSthe greatest of O3a,a,),, 154, or 200 mm, where a, and /, are calculated in accordance’ with Section 7.4.2, Figure 76 Distances for evaluation of a, in Equation 7.2 7.5.3 Transverse reinforcement (1) No special transverse reinforcement is required when either: (@) the size of the lapped bars is less than 16 mm; or (©) fewer than 20% of the bars in the section are lapped. Ag Ag 2160 _ — & 7a 7 (@ Teron ep Ag Ag 180 ste =} oa 7A, 1B, (©) Compression ap Figure 77 Transverse reinforcement at laps 3%DETAILING 2g (te lapped ba) = 16 mm then taroeroererocanen placed RENAE between the longitudinal reinforcement and the concrete surface, should be provided as shown in Figure 7.7. When in Figure 7.6, a = 10d, the transverse Tertorcement should be inthe form oink in beams. The otal area of tranverso reinforcement, A,,, should be not less than the area of the lapped bat 7.5.4 Laps for welded mesh fabric made of high bond wires (1) Guidance given here is limited to laps made by layering of the sheets. (2) The maximum percentage of the main reinforcement that may be lapped at one section is: (@) 100% if AJs = 1200 mmm; or (©) 609% if AJs > 1200 mm*im, and this mesh is an interior layer of a multiple layer (8) Lap length, 1, is given by $= A sreAsorn = amin 04 + (AJs\I800 and 10 < a, = 20 1, is calculated in accordance with Section 7.4.2 lena = O3a,f, 2 200mm = spacing of transverse wires. (4) All transverse reinforcement may be lapped at the same location, At least two ‘ongitudinal wires should be within the lap length. Recommended lap lengths in the transverse direction are as shown in Table 7.4 Table 7.4 Recommended lap lengths in the transverse direction 'i9of wes, mn o<6 oxo ses aces ze" 5, Bs igh bond wies 2180 = 250 = 950 "6,16 tne spacing of longtucinal wires 7.6 Additional rules for high-bond bars over 32 mm in size 7.6.1 Gener (1) The minimum depth of the element should not be less than 159. For crack control, surface reinforcement should be used (see Section 78.2.3). 7.6.2 Bond 2 (1) The values of f,, given in Table 73 should be multiplied by (132 — 49/100, seransznee where @ is in mm. SRENE SASSDETAILING 7.6.3 Anchorages and joints (1) Bars should be anchored as straight bars or by means of mechanical devices They should not be anchored in tension zones, (2) In the absence of transverse compression, additional transverse reinforcement should be provided as shown in Figure 78, The areas of the bars are given by: Ag = 0, x 025A, Ag, = MX 025A, where A, is the cross-sectional area of an anchored bar 1, 's the number of layers with bars anchored at the same point 1, is the number of bars anchored in each layer ‘The additional transverse bars should be distributed uniformly in the anchorage zone with their spacing not exceeding 54. (9) Lapped joints should not be used. Figure 78 Adcitional reinforcement in anchorage zone 7.7 Bundled bars 527 (1) Bars of the same size and characteristics may be bundled. The rules for individual bars apply to the bundle. (2) In design, the equivalent size of the bundle, ¢,, should be used. This is given 6, = ofr, = 5 73) where 1, is the number of bars in a bundle and is limited to: (@) four for vertical bars in compression and at laps: (6) three for all other cases. (@) Clear distances and concrete cover should be measured from the external contour of the bundle. (4) Bars should be anchored or lapped one at a time. Anchorage or lap lengths for individual bars should be staggered by at least 1.2, 13 and 1.4 times the anchorage or ap length for bundles of two, three and four bars respectively |DETAILING 7.8 Structural members 7.8.1 Columns 7.8.1.1 Minimum dimensions (1) The minimum transverse dimensions are 200 mm when cast vertically, and 140 mm when cast horizontally 7.8.1.2 Longitudinal reinforcement (1) The minimum longitudinal reinforcement is given by Aca = OTEN,J0871,, 2 00034, where ‘Nis the axial compression force A, is the area of the cross-section. (2) The area of reinforcement should not exceed 0.084, anywhere, including laps. (8) The bar size should not be less than 12 mm. At least one bar should be placed at each corner and circular columns should have at least six bars. 7.8.1.3 Transverse reinforcement (1) Transverse reinforcement should not be less than 6 mm, or one quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar, whichever is the greater. (2) The spacing of transverse reinforcement should not exceed any of the following: (@) 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar; or (©) the smallest lateral dimension of the column; or (©) 300 mm, (@) The spacing should be reduced by a factor of O67: ©@ tora distance equal to the larger lateral dimension of the column above and below a beam or a slab; and (b)_ at lapped joints of longitudinal bars > 20 mm size. (4) One set of transverse reinforcement is deemed to secure a maximum of five bbars in, or close to, each corner. 7.8.2 Beams 78.2.1 Longitudinal reinforcement (1) The area of longitudinal tension reinforcement should not be less than 06 bait, = 0.00154 where », is the mean width of the tension zone. Note that the minimum reinforcement provision for crack control, given in Section 62, may also need to be satisfied. (2) Other than at laps, the area of tension or compression reinforcement should not exceed 0044,DETAILING (@) In monoithic construction, even where simple support has been assumed, partial fixity of atleast 2596 of the maximum span moment should be allowed for in the design. (4) In flanged beams, when the flange is in tension, the reinforcement may be distributed over a width of 2 times rib width for a T-beam and 15 times rib width, for an L-beam, (6) Any curtailed reinforcement should be provided with an anchorage length, oo 2. fom the point where it is no longer needed. This should be défermined taking into account both the tension caused by the bending moment and that implied in the truss analogy used for shear design. This can be done by shifting the theoretical point of cut-off, based on the bending moment, by 0.48d in the direction of decreasing moment. (6) The anchorage length of any bentup bars which contribute to the shear resistance should be not less than 133, in the tension zone, and O7 hyo. the compression zone. (7) At least one quarter of the bottom reinforcement in the span should extend to the supports (8) Atan end support where there is tie or no fixity, the bottom reinforcement should bbe capable of resisting a force of O5V.., in addition to any axial tensile force, (9) The anchorage length to be provided at an end support is shown in Figure 79, where l,,q, May be calculated by taking A... as one quarter of the botiom reinforcemertin the span, but nat ess than thal Téquired by condition (8) above ' eH jet fel | (@) Direct support (©) Indirect suppot Figure 79 Anchorage of bottom reinforcement at end supports (10) At an intermediate support, the bottom reinforcement should extend 10$ beyond the face of the support. It is advisable to provide splicing bars across the suppor, lapping J,,., ON each side, to provide resistance to accidental positive moments. 7.8.2.2 Shear reinforcement (1) The shear reinforcement ratio, p,., is given by 2, = A,/sb, sinceDETAILING where A, is the area of shear reinforcement within a length s is the spacing of the shear reinforcement »,, is the breadth of the web of the member ais the angle between the shear reinforcement and the longitudinal axis, Of the member, The minimum values of p, are given in Table 75. The size of shear reinforcement should not exceed 12 mm, when it consists of plain round bars. Table 75 Minimum values of p, Concrete srength class Stee grade 280 460 rans ana C2075 ‘001s ‘00008 628190 to C3545, 0022 0012 (C40¥60 to C50160 ‘00028 0018 (2) The longitudinal spacing of shear links should not exceed the smaller of: (@) 08d or 300 mm, if Veg S$) Vag: (©) 060 oF 300 mm, if (4) Vage < Yeq (2) Ya (©) 08d oF 200 mm, if Veg > (2) Vag The longitudinal spacing of bent-up bars should not exceed O6d{1 + cota) {@) The transverse spacing of the legs of shear links should not exceed (@) oF 800 mm, if Veg S (4) Vous (©) 06d oF 300 mm, if (4) Vagy < Voy. (E) Vau (©) 03d oF 200 mm, if Vay > (2) Voge 7.8.2.3 Surface (skin) reinforcement (1) Surface reinforcement should be provided where bundled bars or bar sizes greater than 32 mm are used. ‘This should consist of welded mesh or small size high bond bars placed outside the links, as shown in Figure 7.10, and should comply with the cover requirements, given in Section 4.2 _ —______—__—______________! sifien-2> Figure 710 Surtace reinforcement ieSeEeaeeSDETAILING (2) The area of surface reinforcement in the longitudinal direction should not be less than 19 of the area of concrete in the tension zone external to the links, as shown in Figure 7.10. The spacing of the reinforcement should not be greater than 180 mm, 7.8.3 Solid slabs 7.83.1 Thickness (1) The thickness of the slab should not be less than 50 mm. 78.3.2 Main reinforcement (1) Sections 78.2.1(1)to (10) apply except that in 7.2.16) the theoretical point of cutoff should be shifted by d instead of 0.46, (2) Bar spacing should not exceed the lesser of 3h or 500 mm, where h is the overall depth of the slab. (3) Half the span reinforcement should be continued up to the supports and anchored therein, 78.3.3 Secondary reinforcement (1) The cross-sectional area should not be less than 20% of the main reinforcement. (2) Bar spacing should not exceed the lesser of 3h or 500 mm, 7.8.34 Shear reinforcement (1) The minimum depth of slab in which shear reinforcement may be provided is 200 mm, (2) Sections 78.2.2(1) to (3) apply, except that the longitudinal spacing of shear links should not exceed 0.754. 7.8.4 Walls (1) Walls subjected predominantly to out-of-plane bending should be detailed as, slabs, 2) The minimum area of vertical reinforcement should be 00044, and the maximum area should be 0044, (8) The spacing between vertical bars should not exceed twice the wall thickness ‘or 300 mm, whichever is smaller (4) Horizontal reinforcement should be placed between the vertical reinforcement and the concrete surface. The area should not be less than 50% of the vertical reinforcement. The size of horizontal bars should not be less than one quarter of that of the vertical bars. The spacing between horizontal bars should not exceed 300 mm, (6) Where vertical reinforcement in excess of 002A, is required to carry loads, the reinforcement should be enclosed by links, as for columns (see Section 78.1). 7.8.5 Indirect supports (1) Suspension reinforcement, in the form of links, should be provided to resist the total reaction between a supporting and a supported beam. The reinforcement may be distributed within the zone shown in Figure 7.11 S47 $483 aDETAILING = — Supported bear sna sn ‘Supporting shia beam 1h, = depth of supporting beam 1h, = depin of supported beam, < hi) Figure 7:11. Extent of intersection zone at indirect support 7.9 Limitation of damage caused by accidental loads (1) Ties may be provided to prevent local damage caused by accidental loads, and to provide alternative load paths should local damage ocout (2) The structure should be tied together using peripheral, internal and vertical ties. Such tying should be provided in each section between movernent joints (8) The ties should be designed in accordance with Clauses 312.3 and 6.18 of BS 8110: Part 1, and Clause 2.6 of BS 8110: Part 2 (@) In design, the reinforcement may be assumed to act atts characteristic strength. (6) Allties should be continuous between the boundaries ofthe building structure,8 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE a 8.1 Scope (1) The guidance given here is limited to structures in normal weight concrete where prestress is provided by fully bonded internal tendons. 8.2 Partial safety factors (1) The partial satety factor, »,, applied to the prestressing force, may generally be taken as 1.0, but see Section 89(1). 8.3 Material properties 8.3.1 Concrete (1) The minimum strength classes of concrete are: (@) C25/30 for posttensioned work; (b) C30/37 for pre-tensioned work. The lowest concrete grade for durability is C30/97 for exposure classes 1 and 2a. For ather conditions of exposure, the grades given in Table 42 apply Properties of concrete are as noted in Section 23(1) 8.3.2 Prestressing steel (1) The stress-strain diagram shown in Figure 8.1, which includes y, = 1.15, may be used. 09.18 Sain Figure 81 Design stress strain diagram for prestressing steel 8.4 Minimum number of bars, wires, or tendons in isolated members (1) A minimum number of bars, wires, or tendons is required to prevent the collapse of isolated members should some bars, wires or tendons fail (2) This requirement applies only to isolated, statically determinate members where no additional load-carrying capacity exists through redistribution of internal forces, and moments, transverse redistribution of loads, or other means. a2PRESTRESSED CONCRETE (8) The requirement is deemed to be satisfied it: is ausS Meee (@) Table 81 is complied with; or (b) at least one strand of seven or more wires, each of not less than 4 mm. size, is provided Table 8.1 Minimum number of bars, wires, or tendons in isolated members, Minimum puriber Invidual bars and wices ‘Bars and wires forming a strand or tendon Tendons, except strands (s0e Secton 8.4(3)) 8.5 Initial prestressing force (1) The maximum tendon force (i. the force at the active end immediately after stressing) is given by Py = A,Somax where A, is the cross-sectional area of the tendon, and o,,,, should not exceed the lesser of O8/,, oF 09F,.,, (2) The prestressing force applied to the concrete immeciately after tensioning (post tensioning) or after transfer (pre-tensioning) is given by Pag = Aso, where pmo SROUIG not exceed the lesser of O75 f,, OF OB5%.o,4 (9) The prestressing force in 85(2) above should be calculated allowing for losses caused by: (@) friction (f applicable), short-term relaxation, and elastic shortening — for pre-tensioned members; and (b) duct friction, anchorage slip, and elastic shortening — for post-ensioned members. 8.6 Loss of prestress (1) The mean effective prestressing force, P. isthe intial force at the active end of the tendon, less the relevant losses. Whenever possible the calculation of the losses should be based on experience and data relating to the materials ‘and methods used. In the absence of more accurate data, the guidance given in this section may be used. (@) Anchorage slip should be determined in accordance with technical approval documents relating to the prestressing system to be used. (@) Elastic shortening may be based on the modulus of elasticity of the concrete, E,,.. given in Table 2.1, where f,, is taken as the concrete strength at translorPRESTRESSED CONCRETE For pre-tensioning, the loss of prestress should be taken as the product of the modular ratio and the stress in the concrete adjacent to the tendon. For post-tensioning, where tendons are stressed sequentially, the loss may be taken as half the product of the modular ratio and the stress in the concrete adjacent to the tendon, averaged along the length of the tendon. (4) Friction. The loss of prestress at a distance x from the active end of the tendon may be obtained from AP,(0) = Pt -orr(4*™y where 11s the coefficient of fricion between the tendons and their ducts, 8 is the sum of the angular displacements (irrespective of sign) over the length x kis an unintentional angular displacement per unit length related to the profile of the tendons. For tendons which fill about 50% of the duct, the following values of x may be assumed: Cold drawn wire 0.17 ‘Sand 019 ‘Smooth round bar 033 Deformed bar 065 The value for k should be given in the technical documents relating to the particular system used and will generally be in the range 0005 to 0.01 radians woe per metre. (6) Creep of concrete. Where concrete is subjected to a compressive stress not $1,255 exceeding 0.45, at first loading, the final creep coelficients (c, {,) given in Table 82 may b used. These values may be multiplied by 07 where the fresh Concrete is of stiff consistency (class S1 in Clause 7.2.1 of ENV 206). Table 82 Final creep coetticient of normal weight concrete Age at yy conations (nse, Humid conations (ouside, feasng th = 50%) th. = 80%) @,) days Notional size (2A Ju), mm Notional size 2A), mm 50 150 600 50 600 1 54 4a 36 35 26 7 39 32 25 25 2a 9 28 32 25 20 19 w 15 2 28 2a 18 18 “4 12 365 20 18 2 | 12 19 410 Notes: A, isthe cross-sectional area of concrete, us the perimeter ofthat area, ‘Tle vaid between ~20°C and 40°C. Linear interpoiaon between the values in ths table is permed, (6) Shrinkage of concrete. The final shrinkage strains shown in Table 83 maybe 31.255 used. These values may be multiplied by 0.7 where the fresh concrete is of sti consistency (class St in Clause 7.2.1 of ENV 206).PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Table 83 Final shrinkage strain (x 10°) of normal weight concrete Notonal size (24), mm Location of Trica eh, member "6 = 150 00 Ine | 0 00 ‘500 Outside 2 320 280 Notes: A. is the cross-sectional area of concrete ts the perimeter of that area. “Table is vakd between ~20°C and 40°0, Linear inerpolation between the values in this table is permitted, (7) Relaxation of steel. The 1000 hour relaxation value may be taken from the certificate of approval or from Figure 8.2. The long-term relaxation losses may bbe assumed to be the 1000 hour values multiplied by the factors in Table 8.4 ‘The initial stress should be taken as the value immediately after stressing for pre-tensioning, and the value immediately after transfer for post-tensioning, Weraposis peakeconae FF enemy Ao | z asa i eens 5 3 45 (class 2) Initial tre55 (655) Characteristic tensile erength (fs) Banaue eeigatians Sovaresape aes Figure 82 Relaxation losses after 1000 hours at 20°C Table 84 Factors for long-term relaxation losses Tendon type: Wire and strand Bar Relaxation class 1 2 3 Pretensioning 15 12 : Posttensoning 20 15 20PRESTRESSED CONCRETE (8) Short-term relaxation may be estimated using Table 85. Table 85 Relaxation losses, 0 to 1000 hours Time, hours +5 20 100-200 500 1000 Relaxation losses 28 Percentages of losses ater 1% 2 85 SS SHO 4000 hours (8) Time-dependent losses should be calculated from EMUIJE, + A 05, + OU NOay + Oe) A tea $ a fey + 089 ())) where ¢,,.,49, i$ the variation of stress in the tendons due to creep, shrinkage and relaxation at location x, at time t «{tt,) is the estimated shrinkage strain, derived from Section &6(6) a= EJE,, E, is the modulus of elasticity of the prestressing steel E,,, _ i the modulus of elasticity of the concrete ‘Ao, isthe variation of stress in the tendons at section x due to relaxation, Gerived from Section 86(7) ttt.) is a creep coefficient, derived from Section 86(5) is the stress in the concrete adjacent to the tendons, due to selt-weight and any other permanent loads go _i8 the initial stress in the concrete adjacent to the tendons, due to prestress A, is the area of all the prestressing tendons at the level being considered ‘A, is the area of the concrete section J, is the second moment of area of the concrete section is the distance between the centre of gravity of the concrete section and the tendons, 8.7 Design value of prestress, P, (1)P, generally may be taken as P,,, for serviceability calculations and at the ullimate limit state (but see Section 89), (2) For checking local effects (eg. bursting at anchorages) the prestressing force should be taken as the characteristic strength of the tendon, 46PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 8.8 Analysis of the structure — ultimate limit state (1) Structural analysis may be either linear (with or without redistribution) or ‘nonlinear. In statically indeterminate structures the secondary (parasitic) effects caused by the redundancies should be allowed for. 8.9 Design of sections — ultimate limit state (1) The design should be carried out in accordance with the guidance given in Section 6.1, using the design value, P,., of the prestressing force. The prestrain corresponding to this force should be taken into account by shiting the origin of the stress-strain diagram by the amount of the prestrain. P, should be reduced to 09 P,, where: (a) more than 259% of the total area of the prestressed steel is within the compression zone; or (0) the stress in the prestressing steel closest to the tension face is less than the maximum value in Figure 81 {2)In the calculation of the design shear force, V,,, account should be taken of the effect of any inclined tendons. IF o,, exceeds 0.271,,, the maximum design shear force that a section can support (see Section 5.2(3)) should be reduced to 1GTVgeghl — 150.) Ithe web contains grouted ducts with a diameter @ > ,/8, the web thickness should be reduced by OSE¢ in the calculation Of"Vae. where Zé is determined at the most unfavourable level. 8.10 Serviceability limit state 8.10.1 Limitation of stress (1) To prevent excessive creep, and the formation of longitudinal cracks and micro- cracking, the compressive stress in the concrete should be limited to the following: (@) 061, under the characteristic loads; (b) 0.45f,, under the quasi-permanent loads (see Section 6.2(3)).. Inthe above calculations the mean value of prestress, P,,, should be used Stresses may be calculated on the basis of an uncracked section i the resuting tensile stress in the concrete, under the characteristic loads, does not exceed oq (S28 Table 2.1). Otherwise, a cracked section should be assumed, (2) The stress in prestressing tendons should not exceed 0.75/,, after allowing for all losses. 8.10.2 Cracking (1) In the absence of more detailed requirements, the limits for crack width given in Table 86 may be adopted.PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Table &6 Crack width criteria | expose Design crack wth, under cas trequent load contin, mm (eee ‘be 41) Posttensoned Pretensioned 1 az oz 2 az 3 Decompression or Decompression coating of the enone 4 ‘ond w, = 02 ‘The decompression limit requires that under the frequent load combination all pparts of the tendons or ducts le at least 25 mm within concrete in compression, The frequent load combination may be taken as the permanent load, G,+ Pa,» Plus the following proportion of the characteristic variable load: 04 for dwellings; 6 for offices and stores; 07 for parking areas; 2 for snow and wind. (2) Except for regions where the concrete remains in compression under the ‘characteristic loading, a minimum amount of bonded reinforcement should be Provided to control cracking, The required area should be determined from Section 6.2(2), with the value of k, for rectangular sections interpolated between 0.4 and zero, where: k, = 04 for pure bending and zero prestress; k, = zero when the concrete remains in compression under the characteristic loads and the relevant prestress. (3) Prestressing tendons may be taken into account as minimum reinforcement within a 300 mm square surrounding the tendon. In the absence of better information concerning the bond behaviour they should be assumed to be only 50% effective, (4) Where the minimum reinforcement specified in Section 8:10.2(2) has been provided, no further measures are necessary for slabs where the overall depth does not exceed 200 mm. In other cases, excessive crack widths generally may be avoided by complying with the recommendations in Section 6.2(3). (6) In cases where no bonded reinforcement is provided (eg. pre-tensioned members) an upper bound to the crack width may be obtained by considering the prestressing force as an external load and the section as unreinforced with ro tensile strength. The crack width may be obtained from W, = 1Th—xFoKE,,, where w, is the design crack width this the overall depth of the sectionPRESTRESSED CONCRETE xis the depth of the compression zone due to the prestressing force and the design moment «, is the stress in the concrete at the compression face Eq i8 the modulus of elasticity of the concrete, Fiaeae Mesaneraae 8.10.3 Deflection (1) Deflections should not be such as to impair the appearance and general utility of the structure, or to cause damage to other members, partitions, fixtures or finishes. The limiting deflections given in Sections 8.10.3(2) and (3) below should ensure a generally satisfactory performance for structures such as dwellings, offices, public buildings and factories. Other limits, to be agreed with the client, may be appropriate in special circumstances. (2) The calculated sag of a beam, slab or cantilever under the quasi-permanent loads (see Section 6.2(3)) should not exceed spani250. The sag should be assessed relative to the supports. {@) The calculated deflection occurring after the construction of other elements that are liable to damage by excessive subsequent movement should not exceed ‘span/500. This limit may be relaxed where the element is designed to ‘accommodate, or is known to be able to accommodate, greater deflections. 8.11 Anchorage zones 8.11.1 Pre-tensioned members “42366005 (1) The tanaisson lng, is den by ie cieae jessaaenen ibgeseceas’ = Boe aeageseane here @ is the nominal size of the tendon. eoubeaaiss sadeseet oe, Values of 8, should be based on experimental data or experience. In the 258580001 absence of other data, the values for 8, given in Table 87 may be used. fio de BOA! Table 87 Values of £8, for transmission length of pretensioned tendons svonah fate oaraec Nee f eoeaeepaet ‘Stands ae indoted wee Ribbed wires eususenuee : eeaasgs 2 B % sindece . 0 0 ‘igaat 36 6s “6 ” «0 0 a 55 25 =o 0 20 [Note:The table apples to strands with a cross-sectional area = 100 mm, indented wires wih @ = 8 mm, and ribbed wires wih ¢ = 12mm. (@) The design value, i, should be taken as 081, oF 1.21,,, whichever is more 5.3655 cit segneseses (@) The dispersal length, 1, for tendons near the bottom of the section, may be taken as hea = agg + 02PRESTRESSED CONCRETE (4) the principal tensile stress at the ultimate limit state does not exceed 07, (ee Table 2 1), the anchorage zone is considered satisfactory. If not, the following should be checked: (MaJ2+ Vodl2) $ UXlg,) Py S Aggorg 1-15 where x is the distance from the support. 8.11.2 Post-tensioned members (1) The bearing stress behind anchorage plates, due to the force A,f., . should not exceed fay = O6Thy (AglAgg)* 5 2.25 where A, is the maximum area, having the same centre of gravity and shape a8'A,, , which itis possible to inscribe in the total area A, in the plane of the IGaded area (see Figure 83) A, is the loaded area. Plan view Figure 83 Anchorage zones of post-tensioned members (2) Tensile forces caused by the concentrated forces should be assessed by a strutand-tie model, or other appropriate idealisation, and the anchorage zone should be reinforced accordingly (see Section 5.7). 8.12 Detailing (1) To ensure adequate durability, the concrete cover to a pre-tensicned tendon, 6 to a duct containing a post-tensioned tendon, should be 5 mm greater than the values given in Table 42, (2) The minimum cover should be not less than twice the tendon size for a pre- tensioned tendon, or the duct diameter for a posttensioned tendon. (@) The covers and minimum member sizes given in Tables 88 and 4.4 will ensure that the requirements for fire resistance are satistied (see Section 43(1). (4) The minimum clear horizontal and vertical spacing between pre-tensioned tendons should be as shown in Figure 8.4 50]PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Table 88 Cover to steel for fire resistance Nominal cover, en Fre eacaetea) Beams Floors ibe period. fr |” Simply — Continuous | Simply Continuous | Simply Continuous supported supported supported os 2 2 20 2 2 2 10 2 2 Ey Ey 8 2 15 35 2 0 25 4s 35 20 Cy 35 0 35 55 8 30 7m cy 55 48 65 55 40 80 n 65 55 75 65 ‘Notes: Cover relate to links for beame and to tendons {or floors and ribs. Where the cover ‘exceeds 40 mm, supplementary reiriorcement wil be required to prevent spaling ofthe ‘concreta This may be avaded by adopting oer space measures enhance We ressianee (600 8S 0: Part 2. ue : e 0... Tr ie om e e aoe ls eae Figure 84 Minimum clear spacing between pre-tensioned tendons (8) The minimum clear spacing between individual ducts in posttensioned members should be the greater of: (@) the diameter of the duct or 40 mm horizontally; (b) the diameter of the duct or 50 mm vertically. (6) Couplers should generally be located away from intermediate supports. (7) Not more than 50% of tendons should be joined at the same section. (®) Anchorage zones of posttensioned members should be provided with distributed reinforcement, near all surfaces, in the form of an orthagonal mesh in three dimensions. {@) Where groups of post-tensioned tendons are spaced apart, suitable links should be arranged at the ends of the member to avoid spitting. (10) At any part of the anchorage zone, the reinforcement ratio on either side of the bblock should be at least 0.15% in each direction, (11) Where a strut and tie model has been used to determine the transverse forces, the following apply: (@ The reinforcement should be distributed within the tension zone over a length approximately equal to the greater lateral dimension of the. if anchorage block. suseazeans (©) The reinforcement should be in the form of closed links, Seaesese stAPPENDIX Al Introduction Britsh codes, particularly in recent years, have tended to provide more design aids than are included in C2, For example, BS 8110 and all previous UK codes have provided coefficients for calculating the bending moments in simple systems of continuous beams, in slabs supported on four sides, and in lat slabs. EC2 provides no such guidance, Recent UK codes have also provided design charts for beams and rectangular columns in a separate part of the code (eg. BS 8110: Part 8). The purpose of this appendix to provide information of this type that the designer has come to expect. In some cases the information has been derived from the assumptions in EC2 and, in other cases, it has been adapted from BS 8110 of similar sources A2 Analysis of simple framed structures ‘A2.1 General (1) EC2 and the Concise Code give basic approaches that are acceptable for the analysis of structures. These approaches are: (a) nonlinear analysis; (b) elastic analysis with or without redistribution; (©) plastic analysis, (@) Rules for the use of these methods ~ and their limitations — are given in EC2, but no direct assistance is given on such matters as acceptable simpifications ofthe structure, bending moment coefficients, etc. This section fil this gap with information taken largely from BS 8110. £C2 permits simpliied methods to be used and there is no reason why the ‘Smpliied methods given in BS 8110 should not be acceptable, provided that the appropriate EC2 partial saety factors and load cases are used. The bending moment coefficients for beams and flat slabs have been taken trom CP 1104, rather than from BS 8110, because the load arrangements in BS 8110 are different fom those in EC2. CP 110 is similar to EC2 in that it requires consideration of alternate and adjacent spans loaded. BS 8110 requires consideration of alternate and all spans loaded, with further simplifications for slabs. ‘A2.2 Simplification of framed structures A2.2.1 Monolithic frames not providing stability (1) Any of the simplifications illustrated in Figure A1 may be used, as described below. (@ The internal forces and moments in a continuous beam and attached columns may be obtained by considering the frame simplified into sub- frames, each consisting of a beam together with the columns above and below the beam. The remote ends of the columns may be assumed to be fixed unless a pinned end is clearly more appropriate (see Figure A(t). ‘The vertical loads to be considered are 1.35 G, on all spans, and 15 Q, arranged as follows: ())_ alternate spans loaded; (i) pairs of adjacent spans loaded. (b) Further simplification may be carried out by considering in turn each individual span, plus the columns and beam spans attached to each end. of the span. The remote ends of the attached beams and columns may @]APPENDIX bbe considered to be fixed unless the assumption of a pinned end is clearly more appropriate. The stiffness of the attached beams should be taken as half their actual value, if the remote ends are considered to be fixed. ‘The moments in the columns may be found using this simplification, provided that the subframe has as its central span the longer of the two spans framing into the column considered (see Figure At(q)). ‘Siiiness halves (© simpiieg subtrame {(@) bear oniy (@) column only Figure A1_ Simplification of a frame for analysis of beams and columns thee? . Sane; eeugeeaees [shAPPENDIX (©) The shears and moments in a continuous beam may be conservatively assessed by ignoring the resistance to rotation at the supports provided by the columns (see Figure A1(d)). Inthis case the moments in the columns may be assessed by considering each joint in turn, with the connected members assumed to be fixed or pinned, as appropriate, at the remote ends (see Figure At(e)) (@ For continuous beams with uniform loading (G, = Q,) and with at least three spans that do not differ by more than 15%, the values given in Table ‘Al may be used. For defining the limiting values of x/d (see Table A8), the moments may be assumed to be elastic values. Table At Ultimate bending moments and shear forces in continuous beams of three or more equal spans. ‘our —Nearmiddle Att. «= At middle A Intorior support atend.span init. of Intnor——SuppOnS support ‘spans: Moment ° 0091 one ore 1081 € ‘Shear ose - oF - ossF = Es Noles: 1 is the elective span F's the tal uate load on the span = 135G, + 180, No redistribution should be carried aut on the moments ‘A2.2.2 Sway frames (1) Because sway frames require more care than braced frames a more thorough analysis of the complete structure may frequently be prudent. However, for sway frames having three or more approximately equal bays, the internal forces and moments may be assessed at each section by taking the most severe of the moments and forces resulting from the following three conditions: (@) The moments and forces resulting from the analysis for the vertical loads calculated in accordance with one of the methads given in A2.2.1. (©) The sum of the moments and forces obtained from: (an elastic analysis using the simplification given in A2.2.1 (a) loaded with 135G, and 135Q,, arranged as described in A2.2.1 (a); and (0. an elastic analysis of the full frame subjected to a loading of only 1135 times wind load. The frame may be simplified by assuring points of contraflexure at the mid-height of all columns. (©) The sum of the moments and forces obtained from: an elastic analysis using the simplification given in A2.2.1 (a) loaded. only with 135G, ; and (Dan elastic analysis as in A2.2.2 (0) (i) above, but with a lateral load of 15 times wind load. It should be remembered that the lateral load used in the analyses should not bbe less than the minimum horizontal load given in Section 3.4 |APPENDIX A3 Analysis of slab systems A3.1 General (1) One-way spanning slab systems may be analysed in the same way as beams (Gee Section A2 above). (@) Aternatively, when using Table At, the support moments may be reduced to (0.09F' atthe frst interior support and to 0.07F1 at other interior supports, In such ‘cases the reinforcement should be high ductility (Class H as defined in pIEN 10080) and x/d should be not greater than 0.25. (8) The following sections deal with twoway spanning slab systems, either supported by beams (see Section A3.2) or acting as flat slabs (see Section A33), 3.2 Slabs supported on four sides with corners prevented from lifting (1) The coetfcients given in Tables A2 and A3 have been derived using yield-ine analysis. This is permitted within EC2, provided that high dustity reinforcement (Class H as defined in prEN 10080) is used and that x/d is not greater than (0.25. The design ultimate moments are obtained from the relations My = BgM2 (at) my = 8,02 (a2) where m,, and m,, are, respectively, the moments per unit width over the cefire three-quarters of the slab breadth in the x and y directions, ‘mis the ultimate load on the slab per unit area = 1389, + 15.4, | is the shorter span (2) The maximum shear force in the slab along the line of the support may be ‘estimated from the relations Vi, = Ball, 3) Vag = Byfl, . (a4) where Vy and V,,, ate, respectively, the shears per unit length along the support perpendicular to the x and y directions. (@) The loads on the supporting beams may be assessed by assuming that the shear force, given by the above equations, acts over the central three quarters of the length of the support, as shown in Figure A2, (4) The resulting moments will be reasonable where the loadings on adjacent panels, are approximately the same as on the panel being considered, and where the spans in any one direction are approximately the same. Where this is not the case the values calculated from the table will require adjustment, (8) The following procedure may be used: 1. Calculate the support moments from Table A2 for all the panels in one direction. Treat these values as fixed-end moments and use moment distribution to adjust the values as a function of the relative stiffnesses of the panels.Table A2 Bending moment coefficients for uniformly loaded rectangular panels supported on four sides with provision for torsion at corners Type of panel and moments considered Short span cooticients 8 Values of 1,1, 10 ul 13 | 14 | 15 | 175 20 Long span oot, ios "ves ot, Ireerior panels Negative moment at ‘continuous e9@ Positive moment at ma-span ‘One shor edge ‘dscontnuous "Nogative moment at ‘continuous edge Positive moment at ‘mid-span ‘One tong edge ‘dscontiuous Negative moment at continous edge Postve mament at migspan Two adjacent edges discananuous Negative moment at ‘continuous edge Positive moment at rmid-span Two shor edges dscontnuous Negative moment at continuous edge Positive moment at mig-span Two long edges scontrueus Negative moment at ‘continuous edge Negative moment at ‘continuous e292 Pskive moment at ‘mié-span Thvee edges ciscontinious (one short edge continuous) Negative moment at continuous edge Postive moment at mig-span’ our edges oscontinuous Postive moment st mid-span 0031 024 0029 089 0030 047 0046 0057 0043 ‘0055 0s 0028 004 0036 0086 0042 0050 0038 (0046 0054 0085 0082 00s 0056 aoe 0063 0047 0s 2040 0086 oor oor ‘0046 | a0s0 | 0053 | 0059 0035 | os7 | ao4o | ao4s (0082 | 0058 | 0058 | 006s ‘0038 | oot | 0043 | 047 ‘0082 | 0068 | 0073 | o062 ‘0087 | 0051 | 0055 | oo62 0068 | 0074 | 0078 | 0067 0081 } 0055 | o0se | 008s 0057 | 0080 | o062 | oo67 04s | 0085 | 0047 | 0050 08s | oo72 | 0078 | 0001 ‘076 | 0081 | 0086 | 0082 0087 | 0060 | 0063 | a069 07: | oo7e | 008s | aoa6 0081 } 0087 | aose | o103 0063 048 oe? (0050 089 087 0083 2070 0083 ‘0100 0098 ors 0105 om 032 024 cos 028 cos 0028 0045 004 0034 0045 0034 0046 0058 0084 0086Table A3_ Shear force coefficients for uniformly loaded rectangular panels supportad on four sides with provision for torsion at corners. 0 ves of, 2. “ype of panel and location | _ w |r faz] ra] se | as [as] 20] | Four edges coninvous ennuoes edge oan | 026 | o2e | o41 | 04s | o45 | 48 | oso | oso ne short edge dscontruaus Scirus ope 036 | 032 | o42 | 046 | 045 | 047 | 80 | ase | 036 DSecontruocs edge 38 | 989 | O82 | 088 | 088 | 087 | 080 | 08 | OO (ne long edge csconinuaus | Sonemases 8300 03 | o40 | ae | o47 | 049 | os: | 085 | 050 | o36 Bacontrovs edge 824 | oz” | a0 | O31 | oae | O34 | oas | aoe | °= Tho acacent edges scontruaus Contnaove e306 a0 | o44 | aar | 080 | a52 | oss | 057 | aso | o20 Secontnuous edge 436 | 029 | 031 | 023 | o3e | 035 | O38 | avo | 028 Ino shor edges discontinvous Coninwous eae ao | 04 | a4s | 047 | o4s | 049 | ose | ase | - Becomnuovs edge ee |e Ine We Ie fo Tho long edges discontinuous Conanoeus sige -|-|-)-]-]-|- | - | ow Secontnovs edge 036 | 030 | 030 | 036 | a3 | 040 | oas | oar | °° Three edges csconincus (one long edge contro) Soranceus ope aus | 049 | ost | 059 | 05s | os7 | 060 | aso | - Decontnovs edge 30 | 032 | 034 | 035 | 038 | O37 | 038 | 0 | 020 Three edges daconinvous (ove shot edge contr) | Gomaaceus 090 ieee ee |e ee (pee eee ee fas Brconinacs 8dge 029 | 033 | 036 | 038 | 040 | 042 | oas | oae | 030, Four edges discontinuous: | Diconeracus edge 028 | 02s | 020 | o41 | o4s | o4s | o48 | aso | 039 Ve kN Seecnseare Beegasere, 7st Note: Vy = Vag when 1 = 1, and V, = Vay, when f Figure A2 Distribution of load on a beam supporting a two-way spanning slab, a7APPENDIX 2. Assuming that the distribution of the moments is parabolic, adjust the mid- span moment fo account for the modified support moments and to maintain, equilibrium. This is achieved by ensuring that the value of M, given by equation AS remains the same before and after adjustment of the moments. y= Me + Me) sy. (AS) 2 where M, and M, are, respectively, the support moments at the left and ‘ight hand’end of the span M, is the moment at the centre. (6) The above procedure, which may need to be carried out in either or both directions, is ilustrated in Figure A. Figure A3_ Procedure for adjusting moments in adjacent panel's (7) To allow for torsions resulting from holding down the corners of the slab, the following rules should be applied when detailing the reinforcement: (@) Torsion reinforcement should be provided at any comer where the slab is simply supported on both the edges meeting at that comer. This should consist of top and bottom reinforcement, each with layers of bars placed Parallel to the sides of the slab and extending from the edges for a minimum distance of one fith of the shorter span. The area of reinforcement in each ‘of these four layers should be three-quarters of the area required for the maximum mic-span design moment in the siab, (©) Torsion reinforcement equal to half that described in the preceding paragraph should be provided at a corner where the slab is continuous ‘over one of the containing edges. (c) Torsion reinforcement need not be provided at any comer where the slab is continuous over both containing edges.APPENDIX A3.3 Flat slabs with or without drops 43.3.1 General (1) The analytical procedures given in this section are also applicable to the analysis of waffle slabs. ‘A3.3.2 Equivalent frame approach (1) In the absence of a more rigorous approach to analysis, such as the use of finite element or grilage methods, flat slab structures consisting of a series of rectangular panels may be divided longitudinally and transversely into a series of plane frames. The frames should consist of a strip of slab extending across the whole structure in the direction considered, plus the columns above and below the floor considered, which are assumed to be fixed at their remote ends, (2) For assessing the loading on the frame, the breadth of the strip should be taken as the distance between the centrelines of the panels on either side of the row of columns considered. Where the analysis is concerned only with vertical loading, the stifness of the slab may also be assessed on the basis of this breadth, However, where the effects of horizontal loads are being considered, the stifness of the slab should be based on half the strip breadth as defined above, (@)An elastic analysis of the frames may then be carried out and redistribution carried out if desired. (4) Where there are at least three rows of panels of approximately equal spans in the direction being considered, the coefficients given in Table Al may be used. These may be modified in accordance with Section A3.1(2) where appropriate. A3.3.3 Distribution of moments within panels (1) The moments obtained from an analysis of the equivalent frames should be distributed across the breadth of the slab in accordance with the rules given below. Thisis to ensure that the distribution of reinforcement corresponds roughly with the distribution of moments that would arise from a full analysis of the slab system, (2) In addition, torsional cracking in the slab in the region of edge columns will limit the moment that can be transferred between the siab and the colurnn. This may result in a need to reduce the negative moments atthe edges below those given by the analysis. (3) The panels are divided into column strips and middle strips as shown in Figures ‘Ad and AS, which show the following details: Figure Ad(a) solid slab with level soffit; Figure A4(b) solid stab with drops, or wattle slab with solid portion around columns; Figure A5 column strips at edge columns. (4) Where there is a support common to two panels which have dimensions such that the strips in one panel do not match those in the adjacent panel over the ‘common suppor, then the division should be adopted from the pane! giving the wider column strip.APPENDIX (&) Sab wih rope Figure A4 Division of panels in flat slabs (6) the edge moment obtained from the analysis exceeds 0.18b,0°.. where b. is the width of the column strip for the edge column, then the moment should be limited to the above value and the positive moment in the end panel increased accordingly to maintain equilbrium. if this requires a reduction of the edge moment of more than 50%, an alternative edge detail should be considered. (6) The design moments should be apportioned between the column and middle Strips as given in Table Ad. For the case shown in Figure Ad(b), the design moments to be resisted by the middle strip should be increased in proportion to the increased width of the strip. The design moments to be resisted by the column strip may be decreased accordingly iAPPENDIX a Wesauseaae i _ | aaes, =a97 T ' | ' ' { | I | ' ' 2, C35/45 @ = 056) ic, = = 056 a 125 (A8(0)) Equations can be derived for u,, and »,, for rectangular sections as a function of bh... These are yg = 0458800), (1-0-4000) (9) Gig = Old) / 918 (ato) Table AG gives values of (x/d),,,. thy, aNd «,,, as a function of the amount of ‘redistribution carried out. Clause 2.5355 of EC2 states that plastic design (ea, yield line analysis) can be used where xd = 0.25. The limits corresponding to this value are also included in the table. (6) Compression reinforcement Compression reinforcement is required in any section where p> p,, The 2) 085050 amount can be calculated from Equation A11 Eetagesn se: fesuteate: = H) ‘eaee grt ~ (a'/d)) (ant) where wl = mechanical ratio of compression stee! a” A’, is the area of compression reinforcement i is the depth from compression face to centroid of compression reinforcement,APPENDIX Table AS Flexural reinforcement in singly reinforced rectangular sections. M | Ale | ng | aa aM] Ale) wa | ae ba), | bal Ba, | bal, 01 | oot | oo | oss cog | oma | oo | 09:9 oor | oo | 0027 | aves o0e2 | one | ozza | oon ‘oor | oo | 0031 | ose7 ores | ono | 0228 | 090 j ‘e016 | oo | 0036 | ase aces | are | 0234 | 0907 S oo | 002 | ooc | 0964 cv | 0125 | 0230 | a0 < : ov20 | aves | oss | o9e2 0100 | o127 | 0245 | 0902 < ooze | ac2s | 0050 | 0980 0102 | axa | 0250 | 0900 = ‘0026 | 0028 | 00s¢ | osra ara | ora | a256 | ose | ‘026 | coi | 0089 | os77 crs | ore | 026 | oases eS 0028 | 0033 | 0063 | 027s cvs | axe | o26r | ose : 0030 | 0035 | 0068 | os7a ‘ono | awe | o2re | oss 0032 | 0038 | oor | os onz | as | o2e | o8eo S 0x | a040 | 0077 | 0969 ona | awe | 0286 | 067 ‘ 036 | 009 | 0082 | ose ‘one | ois | 0280 | ose 0038 | aos | 0067 | 096s one | ors¢ | 0295 | ose oa | aoa | oose | 0960 orzo | a157 | 030 | o8e0 ae ood | aos0 | 0096 | o96t axe | o160 | oso | osrr z cose | o0s3 | oor | as60 ore | area | 0313 | os7s 2 04s | aoss | 0106 | os5e ‘ore | 0165 | oste | 087 ood | ass | om | oss6 ‘ize | 0169 | 0324 | 0870 0050 | ao60 | one | asse ‘130 | 0172 | 0390 | o86e coos | aces | are | asse | ‘ois | 0175 | 0336 | oa6s coos | o06s | o125 | a950 ora | ara | ae | os6a ose | oes | 0190 | ase e136 | arse | oas | aner cose | oor | ors | ass ore | ares | oass | osse 060 | oors | owo | ase 140 | o168 | o261 | 0856 0s | oo | oms | ave ox | or | o26r | o0se cos | co | ors | o940 ora | ares | 373 | 08st 0086 | cost | oss | 0998 ors | a198 | 0380 | oss 0068 | aoe | 0160 | o936 ous | o201 | 0386 | oes 070 | 0086 | 165 | asa corso | 0208 | 0393 | ose 072 | og | oro | asa corse | o2oe | 0399 | oso ‘07 | ooge | ore | a900 ons | azn | 040s | oase 007s | 0094 | ore | o9ze o1s6 | ozs | oa | casas coors | oos7 | ore | a26 ‘rsa | az | oso | ossa 0080 | 0100 | or | 0924 ‘oi60 | 0222 | 0425 | a820 oos2 | o1c2 | 0195 | o921 ‘ois | 0225 | oase | oser ‘086 | 0105 | o202 | oor ‘iss | 0229 | 0439 | o8ze ‘0086 | 0108 | az07 | ooi7 ‘iss | az2 | ous | a8ze oss | om | 2x2 | oot Table AB. Limiting values % ’ a), redisibution 14538 | 1238 | 14535 | 1,295 | 1.535 | 1,35 ° 100 | oes | o3se | over | ora | 0206 | 1695 5 9s | osoe | 0312 | oxsee | orza8 | o2iar | axezr 0 ‘090 | a36a | 0272 | or42a | 01099 | x99 | ove 6 oss | 0328 | 0232 | axz92 | o0vss | ox7s0 | arzi0 20 oo | 0288 | 0192 | omss | o0e03 | o1s0z | or001 25 075 | 0243 | o1se | otra | 00647 | 01203 | aoree 20 070 | 0208 | ane | ooe6e | oowes | o1084 | o0see Prasc design 02s 1020 01203APPENDIX The area of tension reinforcement can now be obtained trom: w= a, +o! (arg) 43 Flanged beams (1) For beams with flanges on the compression side of the section, the formulae for rectangular sections may be applied provided that xid = hid where h, is the thickness of the flange. (2) For beams where the neutral axis lies below the flange, normally it will be sufficiently accurate to assume that the centre of compression is located at mid- depth of the flange. Thus, for singly reinforced beams u OsrA,,(d — ny2) (ata) (@) The neutral axis depth is given approximately by xid = 1918 (bIb)w ~ 1.25(blb, - t)h,/d (ara) where 6, is the rib width, and the defintion of w is Identical to that for a rectangular section. ‘A4.4 Symmetrically reinforced rectangular columns (1) Figures A7(a) to A7(@) give non-dimensional design charts for symmetrically reinforced rectangular columns where the reinforcement can be assumed to bbe concentrated in the comers. (2) Where the reinforcement is not concentrated in the corners, a conservative approach is to calculate an effective value of d" as illustrated in Figure A8. | Fle eT Contd of bare in nat section Figure A8_ Method for assessing an effective value for a for use with the design charts in Figure A7 5APPENDIX 040 035 ‘05 Figure A7 (a) Rectangular columns (d'1h = 0.05) 6APPENDIX Figure A7 (b) Rectangular columns (‘th = 0.10) 050 045, 040 028. 030 025 020 0% 010 (008:APPENDIX ot Figure A7 (c) Rectangular columns (d'ih = 0.15) 050 08 040 035 030 025 020 Om a10 005,APPENDIX 050 Figure A7 (d) Rectangular columns (ath = 0.20) eAPPENDIX e e ee dia | o e e 3 \ % % 1 \ \ \ | tt | v / TS Cx A if CEa LV Poser] Ph PW wks y Lu LAY Y ti = 2 8 2 2 € 8 &§ € 8 $8 8 8 036 030 025 020 ons oo 08 Br Figure A7(e) Rectangular columns (d'th = 0.25) 70NDIX A4.5 Bi-axially bent rectangular column sections (1) No simple approach for dealing with bi-axial bending is given in EC2. Two methods are given here that have been shown to provide a reasonable solution. The frst method, technically more accurate but less convenient, is taken from CP 110. The second method, taken from BS 8110, is simpler (@) A section may be designed for bi-axial bending by checking that the resulting design satisfies Equation At. (M,1M,,)% + (M/M,)% = 10 (ats) where 'M, and M, are the moments, due to ultimate loads, about the major and minor axe’, respectively M,, is the maximum moment capacity, assuming ultimate axial load, N, anid bending about the major axis only M,, is the maximum moment capacity, assuming ultimate axial load, N, and bending about the minor axis only a, is related to N/N,, as given in Table A7 where O5671,A, + O87f,A, (ate) Table A7 Relationship between NIN, and a, NIN, 4, 02 10 04 133 06 167 = 08 20 (0) Amore approximate method is to design for an increased moment about a single axis, The moditied moment is given by whichever of Equations {7A or 18A is appropriate. For Mh’ = Mb’, M,’ = M, + 8 (hilb’) M, (ain) For Mh’ < Mb’, M, i) = M, + B (Din) M, (aie) 1h’ and b’ are as defined in Figure A9, and 8 is a coefficient obtained trom Figure A10.APPENDIX ae ge ema oe Oa 08 a0 Fea | Nsgbhifey Figure A1O. Values of 6 for use in Equations A17 and A18AS Slender columns ‘A5.1 Effective length of braced columns (1) The rules, given in Section 5.5.2(2) for the establishment of the effective length of columns, are a presentation of the equations given in Clause 2.5 of 8S 8110: Part 2. Clause 38.166 of BS 8110: Part 1 provides a set of simpified rules based on these equations. The approach given below should, therefore, remain acceptable for use with EC2, (2) The effective height, /,, of a column in a given plane may be obtained from: 1 = Bly ceccceee (ata) Values of @ are given in Table A8 as a function of the end conditions of the column. It should be noted that a column may have a different effective height in the two plan directions, (8) The end conditions are defined, in terms of a scale from 1 to 3. in Table AB, ‘An increase on this scale corresponds to a decrease in end fixty. An appropriate value can be assessed as follows: Condition 1. The end of the column is connected monoiithically, on both sides, to beams that are at least as deep as the overall dimension of the column in the plane considered. Where the column is connected to a foundation structure, this should be of a form specifically designed to resist moment. Condition 2, The end of the column is connected monolithically, on both sides, to beams or slabs which are shallower than the overall dimension of the column in the plane considered, Condition 3. The end of the column is connected to members that are not spectically designed to provide restraint to rotation of the column, but which will provide some nominal restraint Table AB Values of 6 for braced columns End condition at top End condon at botom 1 2 3 1 07s 080 080 2 080 os 095, a 090 095 100 A5.2 Estimation of second-order eccentricity (see Section 5.5.3(2)) (1) Table A9 provides values of e,/K,d as a function of Id. A value of 460 Nimm? has been assumed for fy (2) Values of K, can be read trom Figures A7(a) to A7(e) by interpolation between the dashed lines.APPENDIX Table A9_ Values of ,/ K,d as a function of 1, /d. ia m hia ms 0 ou 26 0300 2 064 28 034s “ 087 so 0400 6 one 2 oss 8 oma 36 ost 2» ox7s 36 0576 2 025 38 ose 28 0256 “ om AG Serviceability 6.1 Crack control (t) Figure A11 presents Tables 61 and 62 in a graphical form. (2) Where cracking is due to the application of loads, the steel stress may be estimated approximately from G+03Q 1 Bee (1386, + 150; 6 where 8 is the redistributed moment ratio at the ultimate limit state ‘and where cracking is due to restraint of shrinkage or early thermal movements, sed from é where A cu i8 the steel area given in Section 6.2(2) (@) For load.induced cracking, either a maximum bar spacing or a maximum bar size, whichever is the more convenient, may be read from Figure At (4) For restraintinduced cracking, a maximum bar size may be read from Figure Att A6.2 Deflection control (1) Figure A12 presents the provisions of Table 64 in a graphical form that may be more convenient in some cases.APPENDIX ® * :* * i I 5 20) 2 i ; : : 3 0 we § 2 i 7 ° 7 5 oe 180, 200 "250 300° 350 a0” ‘Svea in reilocement under quad permanent oad (nn) Figure Al! Maximum bar sizes and spacings for crack control % A © = oft i Ss » SS >a oe e808 Percentage tension reinforcement 100416 |. Simply supported beam or slab 4 Fat a 2. End span of continous beam of sa 5. Canviever 43. Intenar span of cominvous beam or slab Figure A12_ Spanietfective depth ratios (f,, = 460 Nimm?) Bagar: eae age aae Hibeivccaes Bavkeseces, Fapedeeiaie iepestecaes Hayearons? Seats deal gosees 8% 75]APPENDIX A7 Anchorage and lap lengths (1) Anchorage and tap lengths for type 2 deformed bars are given in Table A10, and for plain bars in Table Att Table A10 Anchorage and lap lengths as multiples of bar size. Deformed bars type 2 (1,, = 460 Nimm?)(0@o | Concrete strength Ninn? o | a |» | a] 0 hechorage ag br alafle lela compression and tension | echo crt a» falala |» ease [Tape conpreson araienaon® | aw | a | |» | ar Laps tos efelele|s Lape? ce | wo | Na re oo 1 eae nel aos godbend condters Se Seton 73) andar xs He eee oe 3. Forearsze > 5, the vals sad be cided by (182 ~ 10, vee he reat (©) Specitic conditions 4, Inthe anchorage region cover perpencicular fo the plane of curvature should be atleast 36 5. Applicable where all ofthe following condltions are sated: percentage of bars lapped at the secton < 2006 Clear spacing between bars = 66 side cover tothe outer bar = 2¢, 16. Anplicable where one but not mare of the folowing conditions are satise: percentage of bars lapped at the secton > 30% Clear spacing between bars < 68 ‘id0 cover tothe outer bar < 2¢. 7. Applicable where the first and one ether of the folowing conaltions are satsied Percentage of bars lapped at the section > 2096 ‘lear spacing between bars < 6% side cover tothe outer bar < 2APPENDIX Table Att Anchorage and lap lengths as multiples of bar size. Plain bars (f,, = 250 Nim?) Concrete strength f,. Nin? a | 2 | 0 | 3 | 4 Anchorage «straight bas, ‘compression and tension so | ws | 2 | 9 | x {ot appicable to bar sizes > 8 mm) ee | Laps ~ compression and tensior!® 50 46 42, ao wT | pe me re Lape ~ anion 100 au | | [Notes tothe taba: (8) General 1. The values in the table apply to good bond conditions. 2. For poor bond conditions (se Secon 730) the values nthe abe should be die by 07. (©) Specie conations ‘3 Inthe anchorage region, cover perpendicular tthe plane of curvature shouldbe at east. 4. Applicable where all ofthe fofowing concltions ae satisfied: Peroertage of bars lapped atthe section < 908% oar spacing between bars = 6% ‘Side cover tothe outer bar 2 2¢. 5. Applicable where one but not more othe folowing condtons are satisfied percentage of bars lapped al the section > 909% Clear spacing between bars < 64 ‘de cover fo the outer bar < 2 6. 6 Applicable where the frst and one ether of the folowing conditions are sated: percentage of bars lapped atthe section > 90% ‘lear spacing between bars < 6 ‘side cover tothe outer bar < 26, A8 Simplified rules for the curtailment of reinforcement A8.1 General (1) In appropriate circumstances, the simplified rules given in AB.2 and ABS may be used, instead of a detailed calculation, for beams subjected to predominantly uniformly distributed loads. ‘A8.2 Near internal supports in continuous beams (1) The following rules for the curtailment of top and bottom reinforcement in the region of an internal support may be used for continuous beams, of approximately equal spans, where the characteristic imposed load does not ‘exceed the characteristic permanent load. (2) For curtailment of top reinforcement, atleast 259 of the reinforcement required at the support for the ultimate limit state should be made effectively continuous through the spans. Allof the reinforcement needed at the support should extend sepenaaze rer +t 7APPENDIX into the span for a distance from the face of the support of O! + Ian + 45d. The anchorage length, 1,4, may be taken from Table A10 of Table Att, whichever s appropriate Afléast 50% ofthe reinforcement at the support should extend into the span for a distance from the face of the support of 0251 + 1,,., + 045d. @)For curtailment of bottom reinforcement, at least 30% of the reinforcement required at mid-span should extend to the support. The remainder should extend to within a distance of 0.21 ~ J, ~ 0.460 from the centreline of the support. A8.3 Bottom reinforcement near end supports (1) At least 50% of the reinforcement required at mid-span should be taken into the support and be anchored in accordance with Section 78.2.1 (9). A check should be made to ensure that this amount of reinforcement satisies Section 78.2.1 (8). The remaining reinforcement should extend to within a distance of O15/ ~ 1, ~ 045d of the centreline from the support. ‘A8.4 Curtailment in slabs (1) The simpitied curtaiment rules for continuous slabs, given in BS 8110, which are based on the single load case ofall spans loaded, have given a satisfactory performance even though they do not cater forthe full extent of negative moment that could arise with alternate spans loaded as required by EC2, re soasie neue ie, = ps aREFERENCES 1, BRITISH STANDAROS INSTITUTION. DD ENV 1992-1-1: 1992. Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures. Part 1. General rules and rules for buildings (together with United Kingdom National Application Document). xvi, 254 pp. Mitton Keynes, BSI, 1992, 2. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 8100, Structural use of concrete. Part 1: 1986. Code of practice for design and construction. 124 pp. Part 2: 1985. Code of practice for special circumstances. 52 pp. Part 3: 1985. Design charts for singly reinforced beams, doubly reinforced beams and rectangular columns. 112 pp. Milton Keynes, BSI 3. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTTUTION. Eurocode 2. United Kingdom National Application Document. Included in reference 1 4, BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, BS 6399, Loading for builaings. Part 1: 1984, Code of practice for dead and imposed loads. 16 pp. Part 3: 1988. Code of practice for imposed roof loads. 28 pp. Milton Keynes, BSI 5, BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. CP 3, Code of basic data for the design of buildings. Chapter V. Loading, Part 2: 1972, Wind loads. 64 pp. Milton Keynes, BSI 6. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. DD ENV 206: 1992. Concrete - Performance, ‘production, placing and compliance criteria. 40 pp. Milton Keynes, BSI 7. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION. ISO Technical Committee 72. Concrete and reinforced concrete structures — Classification of environmental conditions. Geneva, ISO. Draft proposal ISO/DP 9690. ‘AJ. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. CP 110. The structural use of concrete. Part 1 1972. Design, materials and workmanship. 154 pp. Milton Keynes, BSI, (Out of print. Repiaced by BS 8110 — see reference 2). ‘A2, EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANOARDIZATION. Stee! for the reinforcement of concrete ~ weldable ribbed reinforcing stee! 8 500 - technical delivery condition for bars, coils and welded fabric. Brussels, CEN. Draft prEN 10080, 1991. 54 pp. (Issued by BSI as a draft for comment, dacument no. 91-44813D0, 1991)Concise Eurocode for the design of concrete buildings pe: BRITISH CEMENT ASSOCIATION PUBLICATION 43504 24012400877 © conGrete