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Applications:
Network reliability.
Clustering problems
Al-Qaeda
© 2010, Quoc Le & Van Nguyen Probability for Computing 8
Example
F
A
B E
G
C
D
F
A
B E
G
C
D
E1 = BE
© 2010, Quoc Le & Van Nguyen Probability for Computing 10
Karger algorithm
Edge contraction (collapsing an edge): To
collapse edge {u,v}, we
Create a new node uv
Replace any edge of form u, w or v, w with new edge uv,
w
Delete original vertices u and v.
Resulting graph is denoted G/{u,v}.
B E G
C
D
A FG
B E
C
D
© 2010, Quoc Le & Van Nguyen Probability for Computing 14
Example
F
A
contract
B E G
C
D
A FG
B E
C
D
© 2010, Quoc Le & Van Nguyen Probability for Computing contract
15
Example
F
A
contract
B E G
C
D
A FG
FGD
A B E
B E C
D
C
© 2010, Quoc Le & Van Nguyen Probability for Computing contract
16
Analysis
Let k be the size of the min-cut set of G
We want to compute the probability of finding one such
set C.
C partition V (set of vertices) in to S and V-S
If the algorithm never choose an edge in C in its n-2
iterations, then the algorithm will return C as minimum
cut-set.
Let Ei = edge contracted in iteration i is not in C
Let Fi = Union of Ej (j = 1i) = no edge of C was
contracted in the first i iterations.
We need to compute Pr(Fn-2)
© 2010, Quoc Le & Van Nguyen Probability for Computing 17
Analysis
All vertices have degree k or larger graph must have ≥ nk/2
edges.
Pr(F1) = Pr(E1) ≥ 1 – k/ (nk/2) = 1 – 2/n
Conditionally:
Pr(E2|F1) ≥ 1 – k/ (k(n-1)/2) = 1 – 2/(n-1).
Similarly: Pr(Ei|Fi-1) ≥ 1 – 2/(n-i+1)
Therefore:
Pr(Fn-2) = Pr(En-2|Fn-3)* Pr(Fn-3)+ Pr(En-2|Fn-3c)* Pr(Fn-3c)
= Pr(En-2|Fn-3)* Pr(Fn-3) since Pr(En-2|Fn-3c)=0
So,
Pr(Fn-2) = Pr(En-2|Fn-3)* Pr(Fn-3) = Pr(En-2|Fn-3)* Pr(En-3|Fn-4) * Pr(Fn-
4) =
Pr(En-2|Fn-3)* Pr(En-3|Fn-4) *… * Pr(E2|F1) * Pr(F1) = 2/n(n-1).
Complexity = O(n4logn).