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Exponential by Gaurav
Exponential by Gaurav
We have expended the eqn (1) to obtain eqn (6) . The expansion could
be continued further, but it is not necessary for illustrating our point;
the eqn (6) shows the relative weight that is placed on each past
period’s demand in arriving at a new forecast.
• Since 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 ,the terms α(1- α)º, α(1- α)¹, α(1- α)², (1- α)³ and so
on successively smaller in eqn (6).
• More specifically, these weights decrease exponentially.
• The most recent demand, Dt-1,is given the most weight ,while the
older data are weighted less and less heavily.
NUMERICAL BASED ON THE EXOPNENTIAL SMOOTHING :
QNS : Phoenix General Hospital has experienced irregular, and usually increasing, demand for
disposable kits throughout the hospital. The demand for a disposable plastic tubing in pediatrics
for September was 300 units and for October ,350 units. The old forecast procedure was to use
last year’s average monthly demand as the forecast for each month this year. Last year’s
average monthly demand was 200 units. Using 200 units as the September forecast and a
smoothing coefficient of 0.7 to weight recent demand most heavily, the forecast for this month,
October, would have been (t = October).
Soln :
As we know ,
Period
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Actual
dem and 10 12 8 11 9 10 15 14 16 15 14 15
Solution :The forecast for various periods can be calculated in the following tabular form.
Here we consider α =0.1 and then compare the forecast for α =0.7.
0 10 10
1 10 10 10 0.0 10 10 0.0
2 12 10 10.20 0.2 10 11.40 2.0
3 8 10.20 9.98 -2.20 11.40 9.02 -3.40
4 11 9.98 10.08 1.02 9.02 10.41 1.98
5 9 10.08 9.97 -1.08 10.41 9.42 -1.41
6 10 9.97 9.97 0.03 9.42 9.83 0.58
7 15 9.97 10.47 5.03 9.83 13.45 5.17
8 14 10.47 10.82 3.53 13.45 13.84 0.55
9 16 10.82 11.34 5.18 13.84 15.35 2.16
10 15 11.34 11.71 3.66 15.35 15.11 -0.35
11 14 11.71 11.94 2.29 15.11 14.33 -1.11
12 15 11.94 12.25 3.06 14.33 14.80 0.67
Now we calculate MAD =E |et| / 12
=2.42 for α = 0.1 and 1.62 for α = 0.7
Since MAD for α = 0.7 is lesser than MAD for α
= 0.1 , α = 0.7 gives better forecast.
EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING
FORECASTING
SYSTEM
Initial Transformation
Process
Ft-1 Ft-1+α et
demand
Feedback
et
Box- Jenkins Method
• This forecasting approach has been borrowed from the
control theory.
• In a control system, there is a target which has to be
tracked where the target itself is moving or changing its
value or position.
• The control mechanism measures the difference
between the target and actual output.
• Analogous to the target is the demand in the forecasting
system that is sought to be tracked by the forecasting.
• Any error is used alongwith its derivatives and integrals
for improving the forecast for the next period and so on,
The Basic equation is :
New forecast = Old forecast + the direct
term :A(error in old forecast) + time
derivative term : B (change in error
between last time and time immediately
before) + the integral term : C
(sum of the errors so far)
Ft = Ft-1 + (r-1) (et -1 –et-2) +re(et-1) + r1