Xg}g{ Boqg`mo

]jmob omo`zo xg{qxgb}jd }gc{j}jb zo`n qgao{o fwoq kjqo mj}g{jlo lg`ng`oj bgnjo}o`
bgloeoqjq~oo` & lw`awf objko} mo{j lgfjlxoe {woe`zo iwlfoe }wfjqo` }g`}o`n
loeoqjq~o mofol }oew` ?:48,o` . Ko`zob xg`wfjq zo`n lg{oqo koe~o xg{kgmoo`,
xg{kgmoo` `oqjc`of & }{omjqj obomgljb & mo` ng{obo`,ng{obo` loeoqjq~o kgnj}w kg{kgmo
qgej`nno }jmob lw`nbj` lgfobwbo` ng`g{ofjqoqj zo`n lglomoj . Xo{o xg`wfjq qgxg{}j
Dgwg{ %?:4:* o}ow Ljfgq % ?:>?* & zo`n lglkwo} ng`g{ofjqoqj zo`n qo`no} wlwl & mjb{j}jb
qgkonoj }jmob kg{eoqjf lglxg{ej}w`nbo` qgiwlfoe xg`nofolo` `oqjc`of zo`n lglomoj .
Lgqbjxw` ko`zob qgbofj mo}o }g{qgmjo zo`n lg`zo`nbw} bgnjo}o` bgloeoqjq~oo` mj
kg{konoj }o}o`o` `oqjc`of mo` kg{konoj xg{jcmg ejq}c{jq zo`n kg{kgmo,kgmo & qgbo{o`n j`j
}jmob }g{qgmjo dc{lwfoqj }gc{j}jb zo`n mj}g{jlo qgao{o fwoq cfge ag`mjbjo~o` mofol kjmo`n
}g{qgkw} . Xg`mgbo}o` lg}cmgfcnjq zo`n kg{kgmo qg{}o bgqwboo` jmgcfcnjq zo`n kg{kgmo
xwfo lglkwo} qglobj` qwfj} lw`awf`zo fo`moqo` }gc{j}jb j`j }gfoe lg`neolko} xg`gfj}jo`
fgkje fo`iw}& bo{g`o loqj`n,loqj`n ag`mjbj~o` o}ow xg`wfjq eo{wq lg`nglko`nbo` qwo}w
bg{o`nbo oawo` qg`mj{j o}ow lwfoj mg`no` }o`xo lgloboj bg{o`nbo oawo` zo`n igfoq .
konj kwbw,kwbw qg{}o o{}jbgf,o{}jbgf mo` bg}jbo awbwx }g{qgmjo mo`o w`}wb j}w & bglkofj
bgxomo }cxjb,}cxjb xg`gfj}jo` zo`n fgkje loxo` mofol kjmo`n lg{gbo loqj`n,loqj`n .
Qgbofjxw` ko`zob mjokojbo` mofol bgxwq}oboo` & xg{kgmoo`,xg{kgmoo` zo`n }oiol o`}o{o
xg`nofolo` xo{o ob}jtjq loeoqjq~o mj `gno{o,`gno{o j`mwq}{j mo` Mw`jo Bg}jno lw`nbj`
lg{wxobo` to{jokgf o`ofjq}jb bw`aj mofol boijo` }g`}o`n bgnjo}o` bgloeoqjq~oo` .
Qgqw`nnwe`zo & ijbo qwo}w bg{o`nbo }gc{j}jb low mjbglko`nbo` lobo bg{o`nbo }g{qgkw}
qgbw{o`n`zo eo{wq mjkonj bgmofol mwo bg}gnc{j o`ofj}jb & bo{g`o xg`nofolo`,xg`nofolo`
bgmwo`zo qo`no} kg{kgmo . Bj}o kjqo lgfjeo} ko`zob bglj{jxo` mj bofo`no` `gno{o,`gno{o
j`mwq}{j G{cxo Ko{o} mo` Olg{jbo W}o{o . Ng{obo`,ng{obo` }oew` ?:48,o` kg{bglko`n
mofol ~ob}w zo`n eolxj{ kg{qoloo` & qgkonoj {gqxc` }g{eomox {o`nqo`no` zo`n qolo &
mo` ng{obo`,ng{obo` }g{qgkw} lg`w{w` xomo xg{jcmg zo`n eolxj{ qolo %mg`no` kgkg{oxo
to{joqj * . Omo bgqg{wxoo` mofol }{omjqj obomgljb & xg{o` mo` dw`nqj w`jtg{qj}oq mo`
qgkonoj`zo .
Bgxwq}oboo` mofol kjmo`n j`j bgqo``zo lg`iomj xg`}j`n & bo{g`o xg{jcmg ob}jd
x{cmwb}jtj}oq`zo zo`n xg`mgb mo` }jmob kjqo & mo` mofol bg{onolo``zo . Bgxwq}oboo`
}g{qgkw} & zo`n iwlfoe`zo o`icb qolxoj qgmjbj} qgbofj
& lg`zoijbo` qgiwlfoe
xg`ng}oewo` dob}wof zo`n qjn`jdjbo` `olw` loqje bgbw{o`no` }gc{j . Xo{o jflw~o` qcqjof
zo`n lg`wfjq lg`ng`oj bgnjo}o` bgloeoqjq~oo` & bg}jbo }g{qgmjo xoqo{ zo`n igfoq konj
kwbw,kwbw qg{}o o{}jbgf,o{}jbgf mo` bg}jbo awbwx }g{qgmjo mo`o w`}wb j}w & bglkofj bgxomo
}cxjb,}cxjb xg`gfj}jo` zo`n fgkje loxo` mofol kjmo`n lg{gbo loqj`n,loqj`n .
Qgbofjxw` ko`zob mjokojbo` mofol bgxwq}oboo` & xg{kgmoo`,xg{kgmoo` zo`n }oiol o`}o{o
xg`nofolo` xo{o ob}jtjq loeoqjq~o mj `gno{o,`gno{o j`mwq}{j mo` Mw`jo Bg}jno lw`nbj`
lg{wxobo` to{jokgf o`ofj}jb bw`aj mofol boijo` }g`}o`n bgnjo}o` bgloeoqjq~oo` .
Qgqw`nnwe`zofoe & ijbo qwo}w bg{o`nbo }gc{j}jb low mjbglko`nbo` lobo bg{o`nbo
}g{qgkw} qgbw{o`n`zo eo{wq mjkonj bg mofol mwo bo}gnc{j o`ofj}jb & bo{g`o xg`nofolo`,
xg`nofolo` bgmwo`zo qo`no} kg{kgmo . Bj}o kjqo lgfjeo} ko`zob bglj{jxo` mj bofo`no`
`gno{o,`gno{o j`mwq}{j G{cxo Ko{o} mo` Olg{jbo W}o{o . Ng{obo`,ng{obo` }oew` ?:48,o`
kg{bglko`n mofol ~ob}w zo`n eolxj{ kg{qoloo` & qgkonoj {gqxc` }g{eomox {o`nqo`no`
1
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Xg}g{ Boqg`mo
zo`n qolo & mo` ng{obo`,ng{obo` }g{qgkw} lg`w{w` xomo xg{jcmg zo`n eolxj{ qolo
%mg`no` kgkg{oxo to{joqj * . Omo bgqg{wxoo` mofol }{omjqj obomgljb & xg{o` mo` dw`nqj
w`jtg{qj}oq mo` qgkonoj`zo .
Bgnjo}o` loeoqjq~o mj Mw`jo Bg}jno fgkje qwfj} mjkwo} bo}gnc{j`zo . @olw` igfoq koe~o
bg`mo}jxw` loeoqjq~o mj `gno{o j`mwq}{j }jmob xg{`oe lolxw lg`nnwfj`nbo` qwo}w
xglg{j`}oeo` % lgqbjxw` mj Igxo`n mo` Xg{o`ajq mofol }oew` ?:48,o` lg{gbo eolxj{
qoio lgfobwbo` eof j}w * & mj qgiwlfoe `gno{o Mw`jo Bg}jno loeoqjq~o lg{wxobo`
xg`zgkok ew{w,eo{o xcfj}jb qgao{o fo`nqw`n . Mg`no` bo}o foj` & mo{j ~ob}w bg ~ob}w xo{o
loeoqjq~o Mw`jo Bg}jno gdgb}jd mofol lg{o`nqo`n xg{wkoeo` qcqjof mo` & mofol
kgkg{oxo xg{jq}j~o qgxg{}j eof`zo {gdc{loqj Ac{mcko }oew` ?:?5 mj Olg{jbo Fo}j` &
mofol lg{o`nqo`n xg{wkoeo` kgqo{ mj w`jtg{qj}oq . Qgfo`iw}`zo & xo{o loeoqjq~o mj
Mw`jo Bg}jno lg{wxobo` konjo` mo{j xg{qoloo` xcfj}jb zo`n bc`qjq}g` & xg`}j`n & mo`
koebo` okqoe . Mofol kg{konoj boqwq & loeoqjq~o omofoe ‖ aoko`n bgglxo} ‖ mo{j
xglg{j`}oeo` mo` bolxwq lg`mwmwbj xcqjqj bw`aj mofol qjq}gl xcfj}jb . Mg`no`
bgmwmwbo` qcqjof mo` xcfj}jb lg{gbo zo`n xg`}j`n & lobo lg`neg{o`bo` koe~o ng{obo`
loeoqjq~o mj Mw`jo Bg}jno eo`zo qgmjbj} qgbofj mjo`ofjqjq cfge xo{o ag`mjbjo~o` .
Qgkonojlo`o zo`n mj`zo}obo` cfge Mo`jgf Fgtz & bc`mjqjq,bc`mjqj xcfj}jb mofol `gng{j
mj qwo}w `gno{o Mw`jo Bg}jno kjqo lg`nwkoe fj`nbwx mo` molxob bg}g{fjko}o` xcfj}jb
loeoqjq~o . Ljqof`zo & bgmjb}ob}c{o` ljfj}g{ zo`n qgbo{o`n j`j omo mj Olg{jbo Fo}j`
qgkonjo` kgqo{ lg`agnoe xo{o loeoqjq~o w`}wb lgloj`bo` xg{o` xcfj}jb ob}jd mg`no`
ao{o ob}jd lg`gbo` ng{obo` loeoqjq~o. @olw` mgljbjo` & bgnjo}o` bgloeoqjq~oo` mj
Mw`jo Bg}jno }g}ox lg{wxobo` qwo}w dob}c{ xg`}j`n & mo` omo qgiwlfoe qgkok zo`n kjqo
mjbglwbobo` mj qj`j . Loeoqjq~o mj W`jtg{qj}oq mj Mw`jo Bg}jno lglkg`}wb qwo}w gfj}
zo`n ko{w lwfoj & mo` mj ko`zob `gno{o lglko`nw` xg{oqoo` koe~o lg{gbo lglxw`zoj
obqgq konj xg`mjmjbo` xoqao -QL]O mo` bgqglxo}o` lg{gbo w`}wb lg`moxo}bo` obqgq
konj xcqjqj,xcqjqj bgbwoqoo` mo` bg~g`o`no` zo`n iowe fgkje kojb mjko`mj`nbo` c{o`n
kjoqo.. Xg{kgmoo`,xg{kgmoo` o`}o{o lg{gbo zo`n lgljfjbj fo}o{ kgfobo`n xg`mjmjbo`
xoqao QL]O mo` lg{gbo zo`n }jmob lgljfjbj fo}o{ kgfobo`n qgxg{}j j`j qo`no} xg`}j`n
o{}j`zo mj Mw`jo Bg}jno .[gfo}jd qgmjbj} `gno{o mj Mw`jo Bg}jno zo`n qgao{o gdgb}jd
lg`iofo`bo` qjq}gl xcfj}jb zo`n mglcb{o}jq . Objko} bgomoo` j`j & mo` lgfwoq`zo
xg{qcofo` kw}o ew{wd qg{}o kw{wb`zo bclw`jboqj & loeoqjq~o qg{j`n mjo`nnox qgkonoj
c{o`n,c{o`n zo`n kjqo lg`zwo{obo` xcxwfoqj zo`n fgkje fwoq. Qgmjbj} ko`zob lg{gbo
lgljfjbj bg~g`o`no` zo`n lgfolxwj qgiwlfoe lg{gbo zo`n bgajf& mo` lg{gbo zo`n
lglgno`n bgbwoqoo` qg{j`n lglxg{fobwbo` mglc`}{oqj mo` bg}jmobxwoqo` loeoqjq~o
qgao{o qg{jwq bo{g`o ofoqo` j`j . Mofol kg{konoj boqwq & mglc`}{oqj loeoqjq~o zo`n
`olxob`zo bgajf }g{`zo}o gdgb}jd mofol lglckjfjqoqjbo` ng{obo` qcqjof zo`n fgkje kgqo{
qgao{o agxo} o}ow lg`nobjko}bo` molxob zo`n lg`ngiw}bo` konj xg`nwoqo . Qgmjbj}
ko`zob loeoqjq~o mj Mw`jo Bg}jno kg{}j`mob qgkonoj ‖eo}j `w{o`j ‖ loqzo{obo} lg{gbo .
Dob}c{,dob}c{ j`j lg{wxobo` xg`igfoqo` xo{qjof o}oq gdgb}jdj}oq {gfo}jd ng{obo`,ng{obo`
ob}jtj}oq loeoqjq~o mj Mw`jo Bg}jno mofol mwo xwfwe }oew` }g{obej{ j`j. @olw` qglwo
ng{obo` bgloeoqjq~oo` mj Mw`jo Bg}jno }jmob gdgb}jd & mo` qg{j`n mjbg`obo` {gx{gqj
zo`n gdgb}jd mofol lg`neo`aw{bo` ng{obo`,ng{obo` }g{qgkw} . Lglo`n & bgbg{oqo` zo`n
mjfobwbo` }g{eomox xo{o loeoqjq~o qg{}o bglo}jo` objko} bgbg{oqo` }g{qgkw} fgkje
=
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ko`zob }g{iomj mj Mw`jo Bg}jno mjko`mj`n `gno{o,`gno{o j`mwq}{j . Bc{go Qgfo}o` mo`
Lwo`n}eoj lg{wxobo` ac`}ce,ac`}ce }g{obej{ }g`}o`n {gx{gqj kgqo{,kgqo{o` o}oq
loeoqjq~o. % Of}koae & ?:55 9 1 - ?8 *
O{bgcfcnj Ng{obo` Loeoqjq~o
Xomo kwfo` Io`wo{j ?:8? [o}w ^jfegflj`o lg`nwlwlbo` mj mgxo` Xo{fglg` x{cn{ol
Xglg{j`}oe Kgfo`mo zo`n ko{w qoio }g{xjfje . Xglg{j`}oe lg`njbw}j koe~o qglg`}o{o mj
loqo fofw ko`zob xg{wqoeoo` mo` c{o`n,c{o`n Kgfo`mo }gfoe lglxg{cfge bgw`}w`no`
zo`n kg{fjlxoe,fjlxoe mo{j Ej`mjo Kgfo`mo & xg`mwmwb mj }o`oe ioioeo` j}w qg`mj{j
qglobj` ljqbj` . ]wiwo` w}olo xglg{j`}oe ioioeo` mj loqo
lg`mo}o`n jofoe
lglxg{kojbj bgqgioe}g{oo` {obzo} . [o}w ^jfegflj`o lg`olkoebo` koe~o ko`nqo
Kgfo`mo 9 }gfoe kg{ew}o`n kwmj 9 bgxomo {obzo} Ej`mjo Kgfo`mo . Mg`no` kg{`ow`n mj
ko~oe oxo zo`n bglwmjo` mjbg`of qgkonoj xcfj}jb g}jq & xglg{j`}oe Ej`mjo Kgfo`mo
xg{foeo`,foeo` lglxg{fwoq bgqglxo}o` konj o`ob,o`ob J`mc`gqjo mo{j ncfc`no` o}oq
w`}wb lg`njbw}j Qgbcfoe,qgbcfoe kg{koeoqo Kgfo`mo }j`nbo} moqo{ mo` lg`g`noe .
Qolxoj obej{ Xg{o`n Mw`jo J bgkjiobqo`oo` zo`n ko{w mofol xg`mjmjmjbo` }g{qgkw}
lg`neoqjfbo` kgkg{oxo fwfwqo` zo`n iwlfoe`zo qglobj` lg`j`nbo} % J`ngfqc` &?:51 9 ? *
Xglg{j`}oe Ej`mjo Kgfo`mo iwno lg`mj{jbo` qgbcfoe bgmcb}g{o` }j`nbo} lg`g`noe xomo
}oew` ?:8; mg`no` `olo Qaeccf ]c} Cxmgfj`n to` J`fo`mqaeg O{q}g` % Q]CTJO *& zo`n
lg{wxobo` bgfo`iw}o` mo{j Qgbcfoe Mcb}g{ Mio~o % ?57? * . .Xomo }oew` ?:?= Q]CTJO
mj}j`nbo}bo` fonj bo{g`o aofc`,aofc``zo eo{wjq mjolkjf mo{j fwfwqo` LWFC . Xomo }oew`
j}w xwfo mj Qw{okozo mjmj{jbo` qgbcfoe qgig`jq mg`no` `olo @gmg{fo`mq J`mjjqaeg O{}qg`
Qaeccf % @JOQ*. Ko{w xomo }oew` ?:;> xglg{j`}oe lg`mj{jbo` Qgbcfoe ]j`nnj
Bgmcb}g{o` % Ng``gqbwmjng Eccngqaeccf * o}ow NE zo`n lg`nolkjf fwfwqo` OLQ mo`
EKQ .
W`}wb }g`ono,}g`ono bgiobqoo` mo` xg`nomjfo` & xomo }oew` ?:8: mjmj{jbo` [gae}q
Qaeccf.Xomo }oew` ?:;= & bg}jbo fwfwqo` Qgbcfoe Lg`g`noe qwmoe ko`zob & mjmj{jbo`
Qgbcfoe Ewbwl ]j`nbo} ]j`nnj mg`no` `olo [gae}q Eccngqaeccf . .Xg`mjmjbo` xg{
}wbo`no` qwmoe mjacko mo{j loqo bg loqo qgiob okok bg,?: . Qgkonjo` kgqo{ qgbcfoe,
qgbcfoe j}w }jmob kg{fo`nqw`n folo& Mofol o~of okom bg,;8 mjacko fonj mo` bofj j`j fgkje
kg{eoqjf . Qgkwoe qgbcfoe }gb`jb }j`nbo} }j`nnj ko{w mjmj{jbo` xomo }oew` ?:;8 & mo`
j`jxw` cfge ncfc`no` q~oq}o . Xomo }oew` ?:;= qgbcfoe zo`n kg{`olo ]gae`jqaeg
Eccngqaeccf % ]E * j}w mjolkjf ofje cfge xglg{j`}oe . .
Xg{fw mjqgkw}bo` mj qj`j koe~o qgbcfoe,qgbcfoe }j`nnj bgeobjlo` & }gb`jb mo` bgmcb}g{o`
}jmob mjmj{jbo` bewqwq w`}wb c{o`n J`mc`gqjo qgxg{}j qgbcfoe,qgbcfoe bgiw{wo` moqo{ mo`
lg`g`noe . Xomo lwfo`zo lofoe ncfc`no` Kgfo`mo mo` Aj`ofoe zo`n fgkje lg`c`icf .
J`j mjqgkokbo` bo{g`o qgbcfoe fo`iw}o` o}oq konj xg`mwmwbo` bgxwfowo` J`mc`gqjo kgfwl
ko`zob . Aofc`,aofc` mo{j bofo`no` c{o`n,c{o`n J`mc`gqjo lobj` ko`zob lgloqwbj
qgbcfoe,qgbcfoe }j`nnj qg}gfoe c{o`n,c{o`n J`mc`gqjo mjxg{bg`o`bo` lgloqwbj qgbcfoe,
qgbcfoe lg`g`noe o}oq zo`n bewqwq mjmj{jbo` w`}wb ncfc`no`,ncfc`no` Kgfo`mo