Project Report

On

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING

PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)

Department: Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering (E.I.E)

Year : 4th Year – 7th Semester

Project Guide : Mr. Ganesh Roy

Prepared by:

1. Poulomi Mukherjee (5056)

2. Debadrita Dalal (5046)

3. Debashis Ghosh (5003)

4. Anusree Chattopadhayay (5016)

 TEMPERATURE CONTROL
As the name implies a temperature controller is an instrument used to control temperature. The
temperature controller takes an input from a temperature sensor and has an output that is
connected to a control element such as a heater or fan.

Working Principle:
To accurately control process temperature without extensive operator involvement, a
temperature control system relies upon a controller, which accepts a temperature sensor such as
a thermocouple or RTD as input. It compares the actual temperature to the desired control
temperature, or set point, and provides an output to a control element. The controller is one part
of the entire control system, and the whole system should be analyzed in selecting the proper
controller. The following items should be considered when selecting a controller:

1. Type of input sensor (thermocouple, RTD) and temperature range

2. Type of output required (electromechanical relay, SSR, analog output)
3. Control algorithm needed (on/off, proportional, PID)
4. Number and type of outputs (heat, cool, alarm, limit)

Different types of controller

There are three basic types of controllers: on-off, proportional and PID. Depending upon the
system to be controlled, the operator will be able to use one type or another to control the
process.

ON/OFF CONTROL
An on-off controller is the simplest form of temperature control device. The output from the
device is either on or off, with no middle state. An on-off controller will switch the output only
when the temperature crosses the set point. For heating control, the output is on when the
temperature is below the set point, and off above set point. Since the temperature crosses the set
point to change the output state, the process temperature will be cycling continually, going from
below set point to above, and back below. In cases where this cycling occurs rapidly, and to
prevent damage to contactors and valves, an on-off differential, or “hysteresis,” is added to the
controller operations. This differential requires that the temperature exceed set point by a
certain amount before the output will turn off or on again. On-off differential prevents the
output from “chattering” or making fast, continual switches if the cycling above and below the
set point occurs very rapidly. On-off control is usually used where a precise control is not
necessary, in systems which cannot handle having the energy turned on and off frequently,
where the mass of the system is so great that temperatures change extremely slowly, or for a
temperature alarm. One special type of on-off control used for alarm is a limit controller. This
controller uses a latching relay, which must be manually reset, and is used to shut down a
process when a certain temperature is reached.

PROPORTIONAL CONTROLLER
Proportional controls are designed to eliminate the cycling associated with on-off control. A
proportional controller decreases the average power supplied to the heater as the temperature
approaches set point. This has the effect of slowing down the heater so that it will not overshoot
the set point, but will approach the set point and maintain a stable temperature. This
proportioning action can be accomplished by turning the output on and off for short time
intervals. This "time proportioning" varies the ratio of “on” time to "off" time to control the
temperature. The proportioning action occurs within a “proportional band” around the set point
temperature. Outside this band, the controller functions as an on-off unit, with the output either
fully on (below the band) or fully off (above the band). However, within the band, the output is
turned on and off in the ratio of the measurement difference from the set point. At the set point
(the midpoint of the proportional band), the output on: off ratio is 1:1; that is, the on-time and
off-time are equal. if the temperature is further from the set point, the on- and off-times vary in
proportion to the temperature difference. If the temperature is below set point, the output will be
on longer; if the temperature is too high, the output will be off longer.
PID CONTROL

The third controller type provides proportional with integral and derivative control, or PID. This
controller combines proportional control with two additional adjustments, which helps the unit
automatically compensate for changes in the system. These adjustments, integral and derivative,
are expressed in time-based units; they are also referred to by their reciprocals, RESET and
RATE, respectively. The proportional, integral and derivative terms must be individually
adjusted or “tuned” to a particular system using trial and error. It provides the most accurate and
stable control of the three controller types, and is best used in systems which have a relatively
small mass, those which react quickly to changes in the energy added to the process. It is
recommended in systems where the load changes often and the controller is expected to
compensate automatically due to frequent changes in set point, the amount of energy available,
or the mass to be controlled.
OMEGA offers a number of controllers that automatically tune themselves. These are known as
auto tune controllers.

OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
I. SELECTION OF SENSOR.
II. SIGNAL CONDITIONING.
III. APPLICTION OF INVERTING AMPLIFIER.
IV. APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER.
V. COMPARE THE SET POINT AND AMPLIFIER OUTPUT USING A
VOLTAGE COMPARATOR.
VI. RS-232 INTERFACING WITH COMPUTER.
VII. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT.
VIII. CONTROLLING TEMPERATURE.
IX. SCR SWITCHING DEVICE.
X. INTERFACING OF CONTROLLER WITH HEATER.
PROJECT MOTIVATION
DISADVANTAGES OF MAN CONTROLLED SYSTEM
 MANUAL CONTROL COMES WITH INHERITED ERRORS.
 MANUAL CONTROL IS COSTLY, BECAUSE IT REQUIRES ONE OR MORE PEOPLE .

ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL

 AUTOMATIC CONTROL IS CHEAP FOR LONG TERM USE.
 IT HAS MINIMUM ERROR PROBABILITY.
 IT IS MORE RELIABLE.

SENSOR USED
The sensor is a device which can sense a form of energy depicted by a change in the
characteristics of the sensor which can be used to generate a signal or produce a variation in a
constant signal which varies with the variation of physical quantity being measured.

Here in our project we are using six NTC-Thermistor (0 c to 100 c) Connected in series. A
change of resistance occurs with the change of atmospheric temperature around the
thermistor.since it is NTC-Themistor,it’s resistance decreases with increase in temperature. To
increase the net sensitivity we are using six thermistors connected in series with each other.

INVERTING AMPLIFIER
An inverting amplifier is used for this purpose. The output of sensor is fed to the inverting input
of the Op-Amp Rf=100Ω & Ri=(470+227)Ω producing a gain of,

A1=-Rf/Ri

We saw in the last tutorial that the Open Loop Gain of an ideal Operational Amplifier can be
very high, up to about 1,000,000 (120dB) or more. However, this very high gain is of no real
use to us as it makes the amplifier both unstable and hard to control as the smallest of input
signals, just a few micro-volts, would be enough to cause the output to saturate and swing
towards one or the other of the voltage supply rails losing control. As the open loop DC gain of
an operational amplifier is extremely high we can afford to lose some of this gain by connecting
a suitable resistor across the amplifier from the output terminal back to the inverting input
terminal to both reduce and control the overall gain of the amplifier. This then produces and
effect known commonly as Negative Feedback, and thus produces a very stable Operational
Amplifier system.

Negative Feedback is the process of "feeding back" some of the output signal back to the input,
but to make the feedback negative we must feed it back to the "Negative input" terminal using
an external Feedback Resistor called Rf. This feedback connection between the output and the
inverting input terminal produces a closed loop circuit to the amplifier resulting in the gain of
the amplifier now being called its Closed-loop Gain.

This results in the inverting input terminal having a different signal on it than the actual input
voltage as it will be the sum of the input voltage plus the negative feedback voltage giving it the
label or term of a Summing Point. We must therefore separate the real input signal from the
inverting input by using an Input Resistor, Rin. As we are not using the positive non-inverting
input this is connected to a common ground or zero voltage terminal as shown below, but the
effect of this closed loop feedback circuit results in the voltage potential at the inverting input
being equal to that at the non-inverting input producing a Virtual Earth summing point because
it will be at the same potential as the grounded reference input.

Circuit diagram

In this Inverting Amplifier circuit the operational amplifier is connected with feedback to

produce a closed loop operation. There are two very important rules to remember about
inverting amplifiers are that, "no current flows into the input terminal" and that "V1 equals V2".
This is because the junction of the input and feedback signal (X) is at the same potential as the
positive (+) input which is at zero volts or ground then, the junction is a "Virtual Earth".
Because of this virtual earth node the input resistance of the amplifier is equal to the value of
 the input resistor, Rin and the closed loop gain of the inverting amplifier can be set by the ratio
of the two external resistors.

We said above that there are two very important rules to remember about Inverting
Amplifiers or any operational amplifier for that matter and they are.

 1.  No Current Flows into the Input Terminals

  
 2.  The Differential Input Voltage is Zero as V1 = V2 = 0 (Virtual Earth)

Then by using these two rules we can find the equation for calculating the gain of an inverting
amplifier, using first principles.

Current ( i ) flows through the resistor network as shown.

INSTUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
An instrumentation (or instrumentation) amplifier is a type of differential amplifier that has
been outfitted with input buffers, which eliminate the need for input impedance matching and
thus make the amplifier particularly suitable for use in measurement and test equipment.
Additional characteristics include very low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very high open-loop
gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very high input impedances. Instrumentation
amplifiers are used where great accuracy and stability of the circuit both short- and long-term
are required.

The output of the transducer part has to be amplified so that it can drive ADC, indicator or
display system. This function is accomplished by the instrumentation amplifier having the
following features.

1. High gain accuracy.

2. High CMRR.

3. High gain stability with low temperature co-efficient.

4. Low dc offset.

5. Low output impedance.

The amplified input signal obtained from the instrumentation amplifier is fed to the analog to
digital converter or any other conditioning part
Although the instrumentation amplifier is usually shown schematically identical to a standard
op-amp, the electronic instrumentation amp is almost always internally composed of 3 op-amps.
These are arranged so that there is one op-amp to buffer each input (+, −), and one to produce
the desired output with adequate impedance matching for the function.
The most commonly used instrumentation amplifier circuit is shown in the figure. The gain of
the circuit is

The most commonly used instrumentation amplifier circuit is shown in the figure.
The gain of the circuit is
 The rightmost amplifier, along with the resistors labeled R2 and R3 is just the standard
differential amplifier circuit, with gain =R3 / R2 and differential input resistance = 2·R2.
The two amplifiers on the left are the buffers. With Rgain removed (open circuited), they
are simple unity gain buffers; the circuit will work in that state, with gain simply equal
to R3 / R2 and high input impedance because of the buffers. The buffer gain could be
increased by putting resistors between the buffer inverting inputs and ground to shunt
away some of the negative feedback; however, the single resistor Rgain between the two
inverting inputs is a much more elegant method: it increases the differential-mode gain of
the buffer pair while leaving the common-mode gain equal to 1. This increases the
common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of the circuit and also enables the buffers to
handle much larger common-mode signals without clipping than would be the case if
they were separate and had the same gain. Another benefit of the method is that it boosts
the gain using a single resistor rather than a pair, thus avoiding a resistor-matching
problem (although the two R1s need to be matched), and very conveniently allowing the
gain of the circuit to be changed.
precision resistors, but are also available in integrated circuit form from several
manufacturers (including Texas Instruments, National Semiconductor, Analog
Devices, Linear Technology and Maxim Integrated Products). An IC instrumentation
amplifier typically contains closely matched laser-trimmed resistors, and therefore offers
excellent common-mode rejection. Examples include AD620, MAX4194 and INA128.
PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM (TEMPERATURE OF CONTROL
SYSTEM)

D.C
SUPPLY

SENSOR INVERTING INSTUMENTATION

AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER

INVERTING PRINTER PORT

AMPLIFIER

VOLTAGE
COMPARATOR RS-232

ELECTRIC SWITCHING
HEATER RS-232
CIRCUIT

COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS
 Temperature control of Room Heaters.
 Remote control of Temperature by using telemetry with computer systems.

LIMITATIONS
 It cannot be used for high temperature ranges because the Thermistors used have max
temp rating of 100 c.
 The inherent noise level is very high.
 Errors occur due to heat loss from the heater while calibration
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank all the respected teachers of A.E.I.E department, who have helped us to
proceed in our project. We would like to thank Mr.GANESH ROY especially for his guidance
in this project. Without him it wouldn’t have been possible to proceed.

Thanking you.

Yours obediently,

1. Poulomi Mukherjee (5056)

2. Debadrita Dalal (5046)

3. Debashis Ghosh (5003)

4. Anusree Chattopadhayay (5016)