Course : F0112 - Accounting for Non-Profit Organizations

Year : February 2011

Governmental and Non-Profit Accounting (G&NP):

Environment and Characteristic
Session 1
 Agenda
• Course Introduction
• Characteristics and Types of G&NP Organizations
• Objectives of G&NP accounting and financial reporting
• How do G&NP differ from business organizations?
• Accounting and Financial Reporting objective
• Authoritative Sources of G&NP Accounting Principles and
Reporting Standards

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 Course Introduction

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Characteristic of G&NP Organizations
Government and other non-profit organizations are unique in the
following ways:
•They do not attempt to earn profit – and most are exempt from
income taxes – so typical business accounting, including income tax
accounting usually is not appropriate;
•They are owned collectively by their constituents – and because
ownership is not evidenced by equity shares that can be sold or
traded – residents who are dissatisfied with their government usually
must await a change in its elected governing body or move elsewhere

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Characteristic of G&NP Organizations (2)
Government and other non-profit organizations are unique in the following
ways:
•Those contributing financial resources to the organizations do not
necessarily receive a direct or proportionate share of their services. For
example homeowners pay property taxes to finance public schools even if
they do not have children in school.
•Their major policy decisions and perhaps some operating decisions,
typically are made by majority vote of an elected or appointed governing
body (e.g. a local legislature or a hospital board of directors) whose
members serve part time, receive modest or no compensation, and have
diverse background, philosophies, capabilities and interests.

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Major types of GNP*:
• Governmental: Central, local, municipal, township, village and other local
governmental authorities and special districts;
• Educational: kindergartens, elementary and secondary schools, vocational and
technical school and colleges and universities.
• Health and welfare: hospitals, child protection agencies, the Indonesia Red
Cross (PMI)
• Religious: Salvation Army, Dompet Dhuafa
• Charitable: Dana Kemanusiaan Kompas (DKK) and similar fund-raising
agencies;
• Foundations: private trusts and corporations organized for educational, religious
or charitable purposes;
• Non government organisations: Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW), YLBHI,
Kontras etc
*This general classification scheme has much overlap among the classification. Many charitable organisations are
operated by mosque/churches, and governments are deeply involved in education, health and welfare activities.

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The G&NP Environment
G&NP organizations are similar in many ways to profit-seeking enterprise. For
example:
•They are integral part of the same economic system an use financial, capital and human
resources to accomplish their purposes;
•Both must acquire and convert scarce resources into their respective good and services
•Both must have viable information system, including excellent accounting system to
assure that managers, governing bodies and others receive relevant and timely
information for planning, controlling and evaluating sources;
•Cost analysis and other control and evaluation techniques are essential to ensure that
resources are utilized economically, effectively and efficiently;
•In some cases, both produce similar product. For example: both governments and
private enterprise may own and operate transportation systems, sanitation services and
electric utilities.

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 How Do Governmental and Not-For-Profit
Organizations Differ From Business Organizations?

 No direct and proportional relationship between

resources provided and the benefits received
 Absence or Lack of a profit motive
 Absence of transferable ownership rights
 Collective ownership by constituents
 Policy-setting process

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 How Do Governmental and Not-For-Profit
Organizations Differ From Business Organizations?
 For businesses, annual report is the most significant financial document. For
governments and non-profits, budget is very important.
 Budget is the culmination of the political process.
 Need to ensure inter-period equity for most governments and non-profits.
 Revenues may not be linked to constituent demand or satisfaction.
 No direct link between revenues and expenses.
 Many of the assets of government and non-profits are restricted to particular
activities and purposes.
 No distinguished ownership interests.
 Less distinction between internal and external accounting and reporting.

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 How Do Governmental and Not-For-Profit
Organizations Differ From Business Organizations?

 Power ultimately rests in the hands of the people

 People vote and delegate that power to public officials
 Created by and accountable to a higher level government –
ex. State Governments are accountable to Federal
Governments while City Governments are accountable to
State Governments, etc.
 Power to tax citizens for revenue

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 MAJOR FINANCIAL RESOURCE
COMPARISON
AN EXAMPLE
GOVERNMENT BUSINESS
• For Operations • For Operations
– Taxes – Sales
• For Capital • For Capital
– Grants – Stock
– Debt – Debt

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ACCOUNTING & FINANCIAL REPORTING
OBJECTIVES

• Making resource allocation decisions

• Setting goals and objectives
• Directing and controlling resources
• Reporting on resource custodianship
• Contributing to efficiency and effectiveness

American Accounting Association

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ACCOUNTING & FINANCIAL REPORTING
OBJECTIVES

• Objectives address needs of external users of financial information

• Managers and other internal users have specialized needs for
financial information

FASB - Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 4

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ACCOUNTING & FINANCIAL REPORTING
OBJECTIVES

For general purpose external financial reporting:

• Making resource allocation decisions
• Assessing services and ability to continue
• Assessing management stewardship responsibilities and
performance

FASB - Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 4

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FINANCIAL REPORTING INFORMATION
NEEDS
• Economic resources, obligations, net resources
• Effects of transactions / events on resources
• Performance measurement of resource changes
• Service efforts and accomplishments
• Sources of cash flows and liquidity

FASB - Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 4

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Authoritative Sources of G&NP Accounting
Principles and Reporting Standards
• SAP (Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan)
– Disahkan lewat Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) no 24 tahun 2005
– Diterbitkan oleh Komite Standar Akuntansi Pemerintah (KSAP)
• PSAK 45 (Pelaporan Keuangan Entitas Nirlaba)
– Direvisi tahun 2010 dengan memasukkan pilihhan standar ETAP (entitas
tanpa akuntabilitas publik) bagi entitas nirlaba
– Diterbitkan oleh Dewan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (DSAK) Ikatan
Akuntan Indonesia

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Latar belakang
• Sebelum UU Nomor 17 Tahun 2003 dan UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2004
ditetapkan, sesuai dengan tugas pokok dan fungsi Departemen
Keuangan di bidang fiskal, Menteri Keuangan RI telah menetapkan
Keputusan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 308/KMK.012/2002 tanggal
13 Juni 2002 tentang Komite Standar Akuntansi Pemerintah Pusat
dan Daerah (KSAP), sebagaimana telah beberapa kali diubah
terakhir dengan Keputusan Menteri Keuangan Nomor
379/KMK.012/2004 tanggal 6 Agustus 2004.

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Profil
• KSAP bertugas mempersiapkan penyusunan konsep Rancangan
Peraturan Pemerintah tentang SAP sebagai prinsip-prinsip
akuntansi yang wajib diterapkan dalam menyusun dan menyajikan
laporan keuangan pemerintah pusat dan/atau pemerintah daerah.
Dalam pelaksanaan tugas sehari-hari, KSAP melaporkan
kegiatannya secara berkala kepada Menteri Keuangan. KSAP
bertanggung jawab kepada Presiden melalui Menteri Keuangan.

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Keanggotaan
• Keanggotaan KSAP berasal dari berbagai unsur pemerintahan,
praktisi, asosiasi profesi, dan akademisi yang mempunyai
kompetensi akademik di bidang akuntansi sektor publik, register
akuntan negara dan reputasi baik di bidang profesi akuntansi.
Dalam bertugas KSAP dapat bekerja sama dengan lembaga
pemerintah, swasta, dan lembaga pendidikan atau pihak lain yang
dianggap perlu.

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Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan
• Kerangka Konseptual Akuntansi Pemerintahan;
• PSAP 01: Penyajian Laporan Keuangan;
• PSAP 02: Laporan Realisasi Anggaran;
• PSAP 03: Laporan Arus Kas;
• PSAP 04: Catatan atas Laporan Keuangan;
• PSAP 05: Akuntansi Persediaan;
• PSAP 06: Akuntansi Investasi;
• PSAP 07: Akuntansi Aset Tetap;
• PSAP 08: Akuntansi Konstruksi Dalam Pengerjaan;
• PSAP 09: Akuntansi Kewajiban;
• PSAP 10: Koreksi Kesalahan, Perubahan Kebijakan Akuntansi, dan Peristiwa Luar
Biasa
• PSAP 11: Laporan Keuangan Konsolidasian
Reference: http://ksap.org/standar.php
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 PSAK 45 (Revisi 2010)
• Pelaporan Keuangan Entitas Nirlaba
– Tujuan
• Pernyataan ini bertujuan untuk mengatur pelaporan keuangan entitas nirlaba.
Dengan adanya standar pelaporan, diharapkan laporan keuangan entitas nirlaba
dapat lebih mudah dipahami, memiliki relevansi, dan memiliki daya banding
yang tinggi.
– Ruang lingkup:
• PSAK 45 dapat diterapkan oleh lembaga pemerintah, dan unit-unit sejenis
lainnya. Dengan ketentuan bahwa hal ini tidak bertentangan dengan peraturan
perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
– Isi
• Mayoritas menjelaskan mengenai atribut pengakuan, penyajian dan
pengungkapan
• Atribut pengukuran dan penilaian dapat menggunakan SAK ETAP atau SAK
Umum
• Lebih jelasnya akan didiskusikan pada pertemuan-2

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