Power Control in WCDMA–Background

Bo Bernhardsson

Dept. of Automatic Control

Lund Institute of Technology

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Contents

I The WCDMA System

I Overview
I CDMA modulation
I Power Control
I Handover
I xx
I Power Control - Analysis, next lecture

References:
I System overview: Links on home page
I Gunnarsson, Gustafsson, Control theory aspects of power
control in UMTS ,Control Engineering Practice 11 (2003),
pp. 1113-1125

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 IMT-2000

IMT-2000 global standard for third generation (3G) International

Telecommunication Union.
In 1999 ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a
part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation. The most
important are
I WCDMA Direct Spread
I CDMA Multi-Carrier, evolution of IS-95
I EDGE, a 2.5G, evolution of GSM

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 UMTS

UMTS=Universal mobile telephony system

www.umts-forum.org
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background
 License cost per country

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 3GPP

The UMTS standard is developed in 3GPP (third generation

partnership project) and 3GPP2, see www.3gpp.org

“Collaboration” between operators, network providers, UE

(=User Equipment) manufacturers.

Standardisation: Open interfaces. Critical parts for operability

standardized, other parts open for implementation,
performance requirements. MANY test requirements.

Release 99, 4,5,6, etc.

Implementation often starts before standard finalized.

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Power Control and standardization

Power control critical, since it is the main form of resource

allocation

My personal view: Not sufficient requirements on power control

behavior in standard to guarantee a well working system.

Interoperability issues

Egoistic behavior must be avoided.

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Network

Will focus on the air interface: between BTS=nodeB=base

station and UE=mobile unit

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Code Division Multiple Access

TDMA,FDMA: Good “orthogonality” between tranmitters. Can

turn off radio when not used. Must turn on and off transmission
correctly, synchronization, reuse factor > 1
CDMA: Can share the same frequency, flexibility by code
allocation, good interference immunity

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 DL and UL, multiaccess

Downlink: Basestation transmits, UE receives

Uplink: UE transmits, basestation receives

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 DL vs UL

DLs from a common basestation are easily synchronized,

harder to synchronize ULs well. Problem hence not symmetric,
One-> Many, vs Many->One
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background
 Power Control

Both UL and DL are power controlled

Power control commands for the UL are sent on the DL

Power control commands for the DL are sent on the UL
Interference couples all power control loops.
“Orthogonality” would be good
What is the mechanism behind the coupling?
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background
 Spreading Sequence

Assume each symbol S (= I + jQ, in the figure only real part

shown) is multiplied with a known code sequence.

Here spreading factor sf=4 is illustrated. (sf=4-512)

High sf gives low data rate, but good noise protection.
Chip rate 3.84 Mchips/sec (on I and Q each)
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background
 Spreading Factors

For DL
I Voice high quality, sf=128, 60kbps over air, 12.2kbps user
data rate
I Video sf=32, 240kbps over air, 64kbps user rate
I Packed Data Service, sf=8, 960kbps over air, 384kbps
user rate

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Spread Spectrum

Techniques developed in military in 40s and 50s to hide signals

below noise level, and to be robust against blocking interferers

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 CDMA Transmitter

Example: Two signals from same transmitter

Note: Change s1
and s2 to d1 and d2

Assume C1 and C2 “orthogonal”, i.e.

sf
X sf
1 X 2
C1 ( k) C2 ( k) = 0, C1 ( k) = 1
sf
k=1 k=1
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background
 Receiver, ideal orthogonality case

Assume good RX-TX synchronization and no interchip

interference=“echos” in channel

Assume di ( k)  di , i = 1, 2; k = 1, . . . s f
sf sf
1 X 1 X
c1( k) ⋅ (d1 ( k)c1( k) + d2 ( k)c2( k) + e( k)) = d1 + e( k)
sf sf
k=1 k=1
| {z }
N (0,σ 2e / s f )

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Practical limitation

I In UL, transmissions from different UEs can not easily be

synchronized with needed accuracy. It is also not possible
to find useful codes that are orthogonal after time shifts, i.e.
sf
X
c1( k)c2 ( k − τ ) = 0
k=1
I In both DL and UL, signals will often arrive with several
echos τ f
Xsf
c1( k)c1 ( k − τ f ) = 1
k=1
Generates interference between signal streams
1 chip = 78 meter
Remedy: Use codes where correlation between delayed
versions is small
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background
 Transmitter, one signal

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Transmitter

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Transmitter, three signals

At chip k send

u( k) = s( k)(c1( k)d1 ( k) + c2( k)d2 ( k) + c2( k)d3 ( k))

s( k) scrambling code, E(s∗( k)s( k − τ )) = 0; hs( k)h2 = 1

c( k) channelisation code
d1 ( k), d2 ( k), d3 ( k) data at chip k

Different transmitters have different scrambling codes

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 (One finger) Receiver

Assume we want to receive data stream 1 and d1 ( k) = d1 for

k = 1, . . . , s f . Ideally
sf
1 X ∗
d̂1 ( k) = s ( k)c1∗( k)u( k) = . . . = d1
sf
1

With one echo of size α we instead get

sf
1 X ∗ 1
d̂1 ( k) = s ( k)c1∗ ( k)(u( k) + α u( k − τ ))  d1 + α N (0, )
sf sf
1

Suppression of echos.
Suppression of other codes
sf = spreading gain
More advanced receivers exist with better suppression
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background
 Walsh codes

Used to create a tree of “channelisation” codes

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Channelisation Codes

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Code tree

Can allocate codes with different sf in a flexible way

Orthogonality between codes guaranteed if channelisation

codes belong to separate subtrees.

256 different codes with sf=256, etc.

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background
 Spreading Codes and Channelisation
codes

Transmitter j sends

u j ( k) = s j ( k)(c1 ( k)d1 ( k) + c2( k)d2 ( k) + c2( k)d3 ( k))

Spreading codes s j ( k) with small correlation after time shifts,

Gold codes, used to separate transmitters, (correlation 1/sf)

Channelisation codes=Walsh codes ck used to separate

parallell data streams from the same transmitter (correlation
between 0(ideally) and 1/sf (if many echos))

Receiver knows transmitter codes s j ( k) and ci( k) (by clever

mechanism not discussed here).

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Summary

UL: Other UEs power become noise suppressed by 1/sf

Codes from same UE are ideally orthogonal

DL: Codes from same base station ideally orthogonal

Codes from different base stations suppressed 1/sf

In practice perfect orthogonality is not obtained, suppression

will be between 0 and 1/sf

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Some more facts about the WCDMA
System

Frequency band:1920 MHz -1980 MHz and 2110 MHz - 2170

MHz (Frequency Division Duplex) UL and DL
Minimum frequency band required: 2x5MHz
Frequency re-use: 1
Carrier Spacing: 4.4MHz - 5.2 MHz
Voice coding: AMR codecs (4.75 kHz - 12.2 kHz, GSM
EFR=12.2 kHz) and SID (1.8 kHz)
Channel coding: Convolutional coding, Turbo code for high rate
data
Receiver sensitivity: Node B: -121dBm, Mobile -117dBm at
BER of 10-3
Mobile peak power: class 3 +24 dBm, class 4 +21 dBm
Modulation: QPSK
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background
 Modulation scheme

QPSK = Quadrature phase shift keying

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Power Control Commands

BPSK = Binary phase shift keying

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 More about the WCDMA System

Pulse shaping: Root raised cosine, roll-off = 0.22

Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps
Channel raster: 200 kHz
Maximum user data rate (Physical channel): 2.3Mbps
(spreading factor 4, parallel codes (3 DL / 6 UL), 1/2 rate
coding), but interference limited.
Maximum user data rate (Offered): 384 kbps (year 2002),
higher rates ( 2 Mbps) in the near future. HSPDA will offer
data speeds up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems)
Physical layer spreading factors: 4 ... 256 UL, 4 ... 512 DL

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 More about the WCDMA System

Number of chips / slot: 2560 chips

Number of slots / frame: 15
Frame length: 10ms (38400 chips)
Power control period: Time slot = 1500 Hz rate
Power control step size: 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 dB (Variable)
Power control range: UL 80dB, DL 30dB
Handovers: Soft, Softer, (interfrequency: Hard)

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Base stations

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Soft Handover

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Power Control

DL PC: UE master, nodeB “slave”

UL PC: nodeB master, UE slave
TPC commands 1500 times per second, up/down

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Inner and Outer loop power control

Not standardized, but most use the inner/outer loop control

structure

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Assignment 4

Investigate (matlab) outer loop power control of the DL for a

single UE, with one service with block error rate target
BLERre f = p percent. The outer loop has block errors as input
(a sequence of 1 and 0) and innerloop SNR-target as output.

We will not study the inner loop functionality at this point, so we

assume the block error ratep is given by
B LER = normcdf(− k(t) ∗ SN Rtarg et ) Here SN Rtarg et is the
SNRtarget and k(t) depends on coding rate, baseband
performance, radio conditions, UE speed etc.

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background

 Assignment 4

Assume one block arrives each 10ms with the block error rate
BLER given by the formula above.

Try to find an outerloop controller that converges sufficiently

fast to follow these changes: k(t) = 2 for t<30 sec, k(t) = 2.5
for 30<t<60, and k(t) = 1.5 for 60<t<90. How large variations
will your controller have for a stationary k(t) (E.g. k(t) = 2 for
0<t<100),

Plot true BLER, BLER-estimate, and SNR-targets. Also handin

the matlab code.

Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMA–Background