What is Respiration?

 a process of oxidizing food to release energy

inside cells
 Burning of Food
A demonstration of energy released from food
oxygen food (sugar)

Burning

energy carbon dioxide

water
 food(sugar) + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water + energy (heat + light)
does not occur in living cells because the reaction is too fast and cells would die as they become so
hot
 Respiration
 reactions are catalyzed by enzymes

 main food substance which oxidized in cells is glucose

enzymes
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
 as it takes place in all living cells, it is called cellular
respiration which is used to produce energy for cells
to use
 Comparison of Burning an
d Respiration
 Similarities

- both involve oxidative processes

- both require the use of oxygen and food and
they produce the same products of carbon
dioxide and water
- both reactions release energy
 Differences

Burning Respiration

 takes place in air  takes place in cells

or oxygen
 a single-step  a series of
process chemical reactions
 no enzymes involved  controlled by
enzymes
 Differences

Burning Respiration

 energy release is  energy release is

vigorous and not under slower and under
control control
 energy is released in  energy is released in
form of heat and light (a form of heat and an
flame can result) energy-rich compound
 To Demonstrate Heat
Production by Respiring
Animals using a Differential
Air Thermometer
 graph paper
clip clip
A B

stoppered
air-filled te stoppered air-fil
st tube led test tube

U-shaped capillary t
cotton ube filled with colou
cotton woo
wool red liquid
l
mouse

What is the function of the clips ?

Ans: To equalize the pressure on the two sides of the c
apillary tube.
 graph paper
clip clip
A B

stoppered
air-filled te stoppered air-fil
st tube led test tube

U-shaped capillary t
cotton ube filled with colou
cotton
wool red liquid
wool
mouse

Why should the containers be wrapped in cotton wool ?

Ans: It acts as an insulator to prevent heat loss.
 graph paper
clip clip
A B

stoppered
air-filled te stoppered air-fil
st tube led test tube

U-shaped capillary t
cotton ube filled with colou
cotton woo
wool red liquid
l
mouse

Which is preferable, a capillary tube with a wide bore or one

with a narrow bore ?
Ans: A capillary tube with a narrow bore is preferred than the
wide one as it is more sensitive and will give better resu
lts.
 graph paper
clip clip
A B

stoppered
air-filled te stoppered air-fil
st tube led test tube

U-shaped capillary t
cotton ube filled with colou
cotton
wool red liquid
wool
mouse

What happens to the levels of the coloured liquid ?

Ans: The coloured liquid rises up the left arm of the U-s
haped capillary tube.
 graph paper
clip clip
A B

stoppered
air-filled te stoppered air-fil
st tube led test tube

U-shaped capillary t
cotton ube filled with colou
cotton
wool red liquid
wool
mouse

Why ?
Ans: Because the mouse in container B carries out respirati
on to release heat energy which warms up the air in th
e test tube.
 To Demonstrate Heat
Production by Germinating
Seeds using Thermos Flasks
 A B

thermos flask

germinating Seeds killed

seeds by boiling

cotton wool

thermometer

Which thermos flask shows a higher temperature

at the end of the experiment ?
Ans: Flask A showed a higher temperature at the end of
the experiment.
 A B

thermos flask

germinating Seeds killed

seeds by boiling

cotton wool

thermometer

Why ?
Ans: It is because living seeds produce heat energy.
 A B

thermos flask

germinating Seeds killed

seeds by boiling

cotton wool

thermometer

What is the purpose of washing the seeds with a

disinfectant ?
Ans: To kill any bacteria and fungi present on the s
eeds.
 A B

thermos flask

germinating Seeds killed

seeds by boiling

cotton wool

thermometer

It is advisable not to fill the flasks completely with

seeds. Why ?
Ans: To provide air for the seeds to respire.
 A B

thermos flask

germinating Seeds killed

seeds by boiling

cotton wool

thermometer

Why are the flasks supported in the upside-down

position ?
Ans: The flasks are supported in the upside-down
position because
 carbon dioxide, produced during respiration of
the living seeds, is a heavier gas and may
escape through the cotton wool.
 hot air rises up, and inverting it will ensure that
heat will not escape through the cotton wool.
 it is easier to read the thermometer as the
thermos flasks are not transparent.
To Show Production of
Carbon Dioxide by a
Respiring Animal
 to suction
pump

A B C
bell jar

lime water
potassium
lime water glass plate
hydroxide
mouse
solution
Why is it necessary to bubble the incoming air through
potassium hydroxide solution before it is supplied to the
mouse ?
Ans: It is used to remove carbon dioxide in the incomi
ng air.
 to suction
pump

A B C
bell jar

lime water
potassium
lime water glass plate
hydroxide
mouse
solution

Which solution changes colour at the end of the experim

ent ? What does this show ?
Ans: The lime water in flask C turns milky. It is because car
bon dioxide is given off by the mouse.
To Show the Release of
Carbon Dioxide by
Germinating Seeds
 thread thread

muslin bag
seeds
(heat-killed)
germinating
seeds moist cotton wool

hydrogencarbonate indicat B
A
or solution

Why is it necessary to wash the seeds with a disinfectant ?

Ans: It is used to kill microorganisms.
 thread thread

muslin bag
seeds
(heat-killed)
germinating
seeds moist cotton wool

hydrogencarbonate indicat B
A
or solution

What is the function of the moist cotton wool inside the

muslin bag ?
Ans: It prevents the seeds from drying out.
 thread thread

muslin bag
seeds
(heat-killed)
germinating
seeds moist cotton wool

hydrogencarbonate indicat B
A
or solution

What has happened to the hydrogencarbonate indicator s

olution in the two tubes ?
Ans: Indicator solution in tube A turns yellow while the in
dicator solution in tube B remains unchanged.
 thread thread

muslin bag
seeds
(heat-killed)
germinating
seeds moist cotton wool

hydrogencarbonate indicat B
A
or solution

What can be concluded from this experiment ?

Ans: Carbon dioxide is released by the germinating seeds.
 Uses of the Energy Released duri
ng Respiration
Human Other Animals Plants
 muscle  produce light  absorb
contraction in fireflies mineral salts
by active
transport
 keep warm  produce sound  transport food
in some birds substances
 absorb food by  produce smell in
active transport some mammals
 ATP
 energy is mainly released as heat and ATP
during respiration in cells

 however, during respiration, some ATP should

be consumed first before other ATP can be
formed

 the ATP consumed is used to form other ATP

from ADP and phosphate groups
 + energy
ADP + phosphatebreakdown (from
of glucose) ATP

 ATP is a high-energy compound while ADP is a

low-energy one

 ATP can only store energy for a short period

 ATP is made inside organelles, mitochondria,
which is scattered in the cytoplasm of a cell
 Anaerobic Respiration
 respiration in human is mainly aerobic
respiration as oxygen is essential

 when oxygen is not needed during respiration,

it is called anaerobic respiration

 yeast and muscle cells are examples which

they can respire anaerobically for a short time
 Alcoholic Fermentation
 without oxygen, yeast cells respire as follows:
enzymes
C6H12O6 2CO+2 2C2H5OH (ethanol)+ energy

 amount of energy released anaerobically is

smaller when compared with the aerobic
method
 aerobic anaerobic
respiration respiration
amount of energy large small
released

oxidation of
glucose completely partly

place of
mitochondria cytoplasm
occurrence
Industrial Use of
Yeast Fermentation
 alcohol produced is used for:
 brewing beer
 making wine
 carbon dioxide released is used for:
 baking bread
 Lactic Acid Fermentation
 extra oxygen is required for undertaking

sternuous exercise
 people cannot supply enough oxygen to
muscles even they breathe faster and deeper
 muscle need to produce energy anaerobically
by breaking down glucose into lactic acid
enzymes
C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + energy

 lactic acid will cause muscle fatigue and muscle

cramps if they are allowed to accumulate

 a large amount of oxygen is needed to break

down the accumulated lactic acid into carbon

dioxide and water or turn to glycogen in liver for
storage so we pant after doing exercise
 the amount of oxygen required to get rid of lactic

acid is called oxygen debt

 To Show Anaerobic
Respiration of Germinating
Seeds in Oil
 germinating seeds gas

wire gauze
paraffin oil
syringe

at the start after two days

hydrogencarbonate indi
cator solution

Does the boiling tube contain a gas after 2 days?

Ans: Yes.
 germinating seeds gas

wire gauze
paraffin oil
syringe

at the start after two days

hydrogencarbonate indi
cator solution

What happens to the hydrogencarbonate indicator s

olution when the gas is bubbled through it?
Ans: The solution turns yellow.
 germinating seeds gas

wire gauze
paraffin oil
syringe

at the start after two days

hydrogencarbonate indi
cator solution

What is the gas produced?

Ans: It is carbon dioxide.
 germinating seeds gas

wire gauze
paraffin oil
syringe

at the start after two days

hydrogencarbonate indi
cator solution

What can be learned about the respiration of germinating

seeds from this experiment?
Ans: Germinating seeds can respire anaerobically and releas
e carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen.
 To Show Production of
Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide
during Fermentation of
Glucose by Yeast
 thermometer

thermos
flask

liquid
paraffin

yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
then cooled down indicator solution

Why is it important to boil the glucose solution?

Ans: This drives off any dissolved oxygen.
 thermometer

thermos
flask

liquid
paraffin

yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
then cooled down indicator solution

Why must the glucose solution be cooled down before

yeast is added?
Ans: It is because yeast would be killed when hot.
 thermometer

thermos
flask

liquid
paraffin

yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
then cooled down indicator solution

What is the function of liquid paraffin?

Ans: It prevents the mixture from coming into contact wit
h air.
 thermometer

thermos
flask

liquid
paraffin

yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
then cooled down indicator solution

What has happened to the hydrogencarbonate indicator so

lution?
Ans: The hydrogencarbonate indicator solution has chan
ged from red to yellow.
 thermometer

thermos
flask

liquid
paraffin

yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
then cooled down indicator solution

What does this show?

Ans: This shows that yeast can respire anaerobically to p
roduce energy.
 thermometer

thermos
flask

liquid
paraffin

yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
then cooled down indicator solution

What has happened to the reading of each thermometer?

Ans: The reading of the thermometer of the experimental
set-up rises.
 thermometer

thermos
flask

liquid
paraffin

yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
then cooled down indicator solution

At the end of the experiment, what new substance would

you expect to find in the glucose solution containing living
yeast?
Ans: We can find alcohol in it.
 Comparison of Aerobic and Anae
robic Respiration
 Similarity

 Sugar is broken down to release energy

 ATP is made

 Both are controlled by enzymes

 Differences
aerobic anaerobic
respiration respiration
oxygen
essential nil
requirement
oxidation of complete incomplete
sugar oxidation oxidation
energy large small
released amount amount
 aerobic anaerobic
respiration respiration
organic:
end inorganic:
ethanol or
products CO2 and H2O
lactic acid
in lower organisms
in most (e.g. bacteria and
occurrence
living cells yeast) and
vertebrate muscles
Differences between Respirati
on and Photosynthesis
aerobic photosynthesis
respiration
produces carbon requires carbon
dioxide and water dioxide and water
energy is energy (light)
released is absorbed
an oxidative a reductive
process process
 aerobic photosynthesis
respiration
a breaking down a synthetic process
process
occurs in all occurs in green
living cells at plants only when
all times light is available
occurs in occurs in
mitochondria chloroplasts
~ END ~