Flashcards for NEET Biology: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Diaphragm contracted, ribs

and sternum raised

Inspiration Increase in thoracic and

pulmonary volume resulting
in decrease in
intrapulmonary pressure

Diaphragm relaxed and

arched upwards, ribs and
sternum returned to original
position
Expiration
Decrease in thoracic and
pulmonary volume resulting
in increase in
intrapulmonary pressure

Volume of air inspired or

expired normally
Tidal volume
500 ml
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Additional air inspired by

a forcible inspiration
Inspiratory reserve 2500-3000 ml
volume (IRV)
Inspiratory capacity (IC) =
TV+IRV

Additional air expired by

a forcible expiration,1000
Expiratory reserve -1100 ml
volume (ERV)
Expiratory capacity (EC)
= TV+ERV

Air remaining in the lungs

after forcible
Residual volume expiration,1100 - 1200 ml
(RV)
Functional residual
capacity = ERV+RV
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

The maximum volume of air

that can be inspired or
Vital capacity (VC) expired = ERV+TV+IRV

Total lung capacity = VC+RV

Formation of
oxyhaemoglobin in alveoli -
high pO2, low pCO2, H+ and
temp
Oxygen transport
Dissociation of
oxyhaemoglobin in tissues -
low pO2, high pCO2, H+ and
temp

Carbamino-haemoglobin
- 20-25%
Carbon dioxide
transport Bicarbonate - 70%

Dissolved in plasma - 7%
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Rhythm centre - medulla

region
Neural regulation of
respiration Pneumotaxic centre -
pons region

Chemosensitive area in
medulla oblongata -
sensitive to CO2 and H+
Chemical control of conc.

respiration Receptors in aortic arch and

carotid artery - sense
changes in CO2 and H+
conc.

Due to damage in
Emphysema
alveolar walls
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Thin squamous epithelium

of pneumocyte cells

Type I - smaller and help in

gaseous exchange
Alveoli
Type II - larger and secrete
lecithin, which acts as a
surfactant and decreases
surface tension

Alveolar thin squamous

epithelium
Diffusion Middle basement membrane
membrane
Endothelium of blood
capillaries