PHYSIOLOGY

LECTURE 3
- BREATHING MECHANICS 2 1
LECTURE OVERVIEW

LUNG VOLUMES

SURFACTANT

COMPLIANCE 2
 REL TI
RELATIONSHIPS
PRESSURE

O
)
a‹nssa‹g

Fipuye 3P-2 Changes in lung volume, alveolar pressure, pteu ra l

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pressu re, an<J transpu lrnona ry pressu re d uring normal breathing.
 SURFACTANT
 It is produced by type II alveolar epithelial
cells.

 It is mixture of protein and phospholipids.

 Surface tension inversely proportional

to the concentration of surfactant molecules
per unit area. 4
 SURFACTANT
 Some of the protein–lipid
protein complexes in
surfactant are recycled by endocytosis in type
II cells.

5
 COMPOSITION OF SURFACTANT
COMPONENT %

DIPHOSPALMITOYLPHATIDYLCHOLINE 62

PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL 5

OTHER PHOSPHOLIPIDS 10

NEUTRAL LIPIDS 13

APOPROTEINS 8

CARBOHYDRATES 2

CALCIUM IONS
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 SURFACTANT
 Lipid–protein surfactant complexes are
assembled in alveolar pneumocytes in the
form of tightly packed membranes, which are
stored in specialized organelles called lamellar
bodies (LB).

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 SURFACTANT
 Surfactant proteins A, B, C, D.


 SP B and SP C form monomolecular film of


phospholipid.

 SP A and SP D function in host defense (part


of the innate immune system).
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 SURFACTANT
 SP-A and SP--D are hydrophilic in nature.

 consist of large macromolecular assemblies

belonging to the family of collectins.
collectins

 possess both collagen-like and carbohydrate-

recognition domains (CRD). 9
 SURFACTANT
 SP-A binds multiple ligands, including
sugars, Ca2+, and phospholipids in a
cooperative manner.

 allows SP-A to bind to the surface of

multiple pathogens.

 part of the innate defense response. 10

 SURFACTANT

 SP-B is the most important protein in

surfactant.
 Inactivation of the expression of the SP-B
gene leads to a lethal respiratory failure at
birth, as a result of the impossibility of
maintaining the lungs open.
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 FUNCTIONS OF SURFACTANT
 Reduce work which is needed to overcome
elastance
 Elastance is reduced owing to the reduction of
surface tension.

 Promotes even inflation of the lung

 According to Laplace’s law, P = 2T/r.
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 CONT’
 If tension is the same throughout large and
small alveoli, then small alveoli will have
particularly large pressures 
collapse thesmall alveoli.
 To compensate, the coating of surfactant is
thicker in smaller alveoli  
pressure through  surface tension.
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 CONT’
 Plays role in preventing pulmonary
oedema
 DPPC has hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends,
therefore forms a lipid monolayer.
 As  surface area ,  DPPCs ,  surface
tension.

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 CONT’
 DPPC reduces surface tension by: by:
 not dissolving uniformly in the fluid lining the
alveolar surface.
surface.
 Instead, part of the molecule dissolves while
the remainder spreads over the surface of
the water in the alveoli.

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 LUNG VOLUMES
 Static Volumes:
Volumes:
 Tidal volume (TV)
 Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
 Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
 Residual volume (RV)

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 LUNG CAPACITIES
 A lung capacity is a combination of two or
more lung volumes:
volumes:
 Total lung capacity (TLC = TV + IRV + ERV
+ RV)
 Vital capacity (VC = TV + IRV + ERV)
 Inspiratory capacity (IC = TV + IRV)
 Functional residual capacity (FRC = ERV +
RV) 17
 LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities for an Average Young Adult Male
Measurement Tpical Value Deñnition
RespiraDry Volumes
@ 1daI volume (TV) DO ITII AmDunt of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath during relaxed, quiet breathing
@ Inspiratoy reserve vDlume (IRV) 3D00 ITII AmDunt of air in exEess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum ePort
@ Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 1200 ml Amount of air in exCess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled wiD maimum effort
@ Residual ¥olume (RV) 1200 ml Amount of air emaining in the lungs aéer maximum expiatiDn; keeps alveoli in1ated
between breaths and mixes w1D Pesh air on next inspiration
Respiradry Capacities
@ Vital capaCig (VC) 4700 ml Amount of air that can be exhaled \lrith maximum eñorl aRer maximum inspiration
(ERV + TV + IRV); used to assess strenQh of thoracic muscles as well as
pulmDnay LnCion
@ Inspiratoy capaElg (IC) 3D0 ml Maximum amount 4 air that can be inhaled aker a nomal tidal expiration (TV + IRV)
@ FMnEâonal residual capacity (FRC) 2400 ITII AmDunt of air emaining in the lungs aéer a normal tidal expiration (RV + ERV)
@ Total lung capacity (TLC) 5B00 ml Maximum amount d air the lungs can Eontain (RV + VC)
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 SPIROMETRY
Bell

Inspiration Expiration Insjairation Expiration

— 0.5

lms
When tha eubjacl inhalae, usr movas into tha lungs
The volume of the bell decraaaes, and tha per
rises on tha tracing.

e rinuRE 17-7 A SR•-=meter. The subject inserts a mouthpiece that is attached

to an inverted bell filled with air or oxygen. The volume of the bell and the volume
of the subject’s respiratory tract create a closed system because the bell is suspended
in water.

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 SPIROGRAM

lnspiratory reserve @Vital @ lnspimtory

vo unle capacity capaci y
<- Lng vAui e» ]nlJ •••>

3000

2000

§ 1000
 FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY
 FRC: important for continuous ventilation of pulmonary
capillary blood.

 Complete emptying of alveoli at expiration would have

negative physiological effects:

 Lead to fluctuation in arterial oxygen tension

 Increase work of breathing required to reopen

collapsed alveoli
 At FRC there is equilibrium between elastic recoil of lungs
and thoracic cage. 21
 DYNAMIC LUNG VOLUMES
 Flow rate and time factor are now taken into
consideration. 
 Respiratory minute volume (RMV): total
volume of air expired in 1 min. RMV = TV x f.
RMV = 0.5 x 12 = 6 l/min.
 Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV): max
ventilation that can be achieved in a 15 to 20
second interva al. Normal ~ 150 to
o 170 l/min.
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 FEV1
 Forced expiratory volume in 1 second
(FEV1.0): fraction of VC that can be
expired in the first second of the forced
vital capacity (FVC).
 FEV1.0 is normally 80% of VC
(FEV1.0/FVC x 100)
 FEV1.0 is reduced in COPD
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 PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW
 Peak expiratory flow (PEF): max flow rate
during a forced max expiratory effort
following a max inspiration.
 PEF of 12 l/sec achieved within
expiration of 25% VC
 PEF reduced in emphysema and
asthma.
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FEV1/FVC CURVE

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FEV1/FVC CURVE

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 COMPLIANCE

Expirati a n

I^Ie u«aIp reos u¥"e (c¥"ra F•1gO )

F ij¿ure ZV -Z Co rT3 pl ian ce é ia;gra rri in a healthy pe
persc•n. Th i s 4ia -
;grarr« s hcrw s corrñ{zliance of c he I un ;gs a lone.
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 WORK OF BREATHING
 Work of breathing
includes:

 Elastic work

 Airway resistance work

 Viscous resistance
resistance

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 ELASTIC WORK
Vduns(L) Y dus (L)
-s
0
-+-15

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 FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

 relatively small during quiet breathing,

 causes the intrapleural pressure changes to lead the lung

volume changes during inspiration and expiration,

 hysteresis loop rather than a straight line when

pressure is plotted against volume.
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 FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE
 Turbulent flow
produces more
resistance than
laminar flow e.g
during exercise

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 QUIZ
Q1) The forced vital capacity is

A. the amount of air that normally moves into (or out of) the lung with each
respiration.

B. the amount of air that enters the lung but does not participate in gas
exchange.

C. the amount of air expired after maximal expiratory effort.

D. largest amount of gas that can be moved into/out of the lungs in 1 3m

2
in
 QUIZ
Q2) The tidal volume is

A. the amount of air that normally moves into (or out of) the lung with each
respiration.

B. the amount of air that enters the lung but does not participate in gas
exchange.

C. the amount of air expired after maximal expiratory effort.

D. the amount of gas that can

c be moved into and out of the lungs in 1 3m
3
in.
 QUIZ
Q3) Surfactant lining the alveoli

A. helps prevent alveolar collapse.

B. is produced in alveolar type I cells and secreted into the

alveolus.

C. is increased in the lungs of heavy smokers.

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D. Increases surface tension
THE END

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 NEXT LECTURE

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

INTELLECTUAL GROWTH SHOULD COMMENCE FROM BIRTH AND CEASE AT DEATH – ALBERT EINSTEN