Locomotion and Movement

Flashcards for NEET Biology: Locomotion and Movement
A bundle of muscle fibres
Many fascicles held together

Fascicles by fascia (collagenous
connective tissue) to form a
skeletal muscle
The plasma membrane

Sarcolemma of a muscle fibre
The cytoplasm of a
Sarcoplasm muscle fibre
The endoplasmic reticulum

Sarcoplasmic of a muscle fibre, which
reticulum stores Calcium ions
The functional unit of

contraction
Sarcomere Part of a myofibril
between two
consecutive ‘Z’ lines
Attached to the ‘Z’ line
(elastic fibre)
Thin or Actin Made up of:- ‘F’-actin, which

is a polymer of ‘G’ (globular)
filaments actin, Tropomyosin and
Troponin, which masks the
active binding sites of
myosin
Attached to the ‘M’ line in the

middle (thin fibrous membrane)
Thick or Myosin
Monomeric unit- Meromyosins
filaments Heavy meromyosin (HMM)-
globular head and short arm
Light meromyosin (LMM)- tail
ATPase activity
Globular myosin
The binding site for
head calcium ions and actin
filament
Formed by overlapping actin

and myosin filaments
Anisotropic (‘A’) or
dark band The length remains the
same during contraction
Made up of actin
filaments
Isotropic (‘I’) or light
band The length reduces
during muscle contraction
The middle portion of the

thick filament, which is
‘H’ Zone not overlapped by the
thin filament in the resting
state
Anaerobic breakdown of
glycogen leading to lactic
acid accumulation
Muscle fatigue
Occurs due to repeated
activation and low oxygen
availability
Aerobic muscles
Myoglobin content is high

Red fibres
Large amount of
mitochondria are present
Anaerobic muscles
Myoglobin content is low

White fibres
Fewer mitochondria but
more sarcoplasmic
reticulum
8 in number
Cranial bones Frontal, parietal (2),

temporal (2), occipital,
sphenoid, ethmoid
14 in number
A pair of lacrimal, nasal,

zygomatic, maxillae,
Facial bones palatine, nasal conchae
and one vomer and
mandible (lower jaw,
movable)
A single u-shaped bone

Hyoid bone at the base of the buccal
cavity
First vertebra, which

Atlas articulates with the occipital
condyles of skull
Made up of 26 vertebrae
Cervical- 7
Vertebral column Thoracic- 12
Lumber- 5
Sacral- 1 (fused)
Coccygeal- 1 (fused)
One flat bone present

Sternum ventrally
12 pairs
True ribs- 1st to 7th
Ribs Vertebrochondral or false

ribs- 8th to 10th
Floating ribs- 11th and

12th
Thoracic vertebrae,
Rib cage ribs and sternum
30 bones
Humerus, radius, ulna,

Forelimb carpals (8, wrist bones),
metacarpals (5, palm),
phalanges (14, digits)
30 bones
Femur (longest bone), tibia,

Hindlimb fibula, patella (knee cap),
tarsals (7, ankle bones),
metatarsals (5, sole),
phalanges (14, digits)
Each half is made up of

clavicle (collar bone) and
scapula
Pectoral girdle
Head of the humerus
articulates with the glenoid
cavity, forming shoulder joint
2 coxal bones, each coxal

bone is made up of ilium,
ischium and pubis
Pelvic girdle
Head of the femur
articulates with acetabulum
cavity
Formed by two halves of

the pelvic girdle joined
Pubic symphysis ventrally by fibrous
cartilage
No movement
Bones are joined by dense

Fibrous joints fibrous connective tissues
E.g. skull bones in the

cranium
Limited movement
Bones are joined by

Cartilaginous joints cartilage
E.g. vertebrae in the

vertebral column
Considerable movement
Synovial cavity between

articulating surfaces of two
bones
Synovial joints E.g. Pivot joint- between atlas

and axis
Saddle joint- between carpal
and metacarpal of the thumb
Gliding joint- between the
carpals, Ball and socket, Hinge
joint, etc.
Autoimmune disease of the

neuromuscular junction
Myasthenia gravis
Antibodies destroy or block
the acetylcholine receptors
Genetic disorder due to

defective gene
Muscular dystrophy Progressive weakness and
degeneration of skeletal
muscles
Metabolic disorder due to

calcium deficiency
Tetany
Continued contractions
leading to rapid spasms
Bacterial disease, caused by

Clostridium tetani
Tetanus
Also known as lockjaw,
painful muscle spasms
Age-related disease
Decreased bone mass

Osteoporosis
Low estrogen level is a
common cause
Metabolic disorder
Gout Accumulation of uric acid

crystals in joints causing
inflammation

Locomotion and Movement

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Locomotion and Movement

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Flashcards for NEET Biology: Locomotion and Movement

A bundle of muscle fibres

Many fascicles held together

The plasma membrane

The endoplasmic reticulum

The functional unit of

Thin or Actin Made up of:- ‘F’-actin, which

Attached to the ‘M’ line in the

Formed by overlapping actin

The middle portion of the

Myoglobin content is high

Myoglobin content is low

Cranial bones Frontal, parietal (2),

A pair of lacrimal, nasal,

A single u-shaped bone

First vertebra, which

One flat bone present

True ribs- 1st to 7th

Ribs Vertebrochondral or false

Floating ribs- 11th and

Humerus, radius, ulna,

Femur (longest bone), tibia,

Each half is made up of

2 coxal bones, each coxal

Formed by two halves of

Bones are joined by dense

E.g. skull bones in the

Bones are joined by

E.g. vertebrae in the

Synovial cavity between

Synovial joints E.g. Pivot joint- between atlas

Autoimmune disease of the

Genetic disorder due to

Metabolic disorder due to

Bacterial disease, caused by

Decreased bone mass

Gout Accumulation of uric acid

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