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Arivaran Chemistry Folio
Arivaran Chemistry Folio
CLASS: 4 Amanah
SUBJECT : Chemistry
BIODATA
Class : 4 Amanah
Address : No. 9, Jalan Indah 2/8, Taman Puchong Indah, 47100 Puchong,
E-mail : r.arivaran@yahoo.com
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CONTENT
Content Page
Biodata 2
9.1 Sulphuric acid
9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid 4
9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid 5
9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid 9
9.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid 13
9.2 Ammonia and its salt
9.2.1 Properties of ammonia 14
9.2.2 The uses of ammonia 16
9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 17
9.3 Alloys
9.3.1 Arrangement of Atoms in Metals 19
9.3.2 What are Alloys 20
9.3.3 Composition, Properties, Uses of Alloys 21
9.4 Synthetic polymers
9.4.1 What are Polymer, Properties of Polymers 23
9.4.2 Monomers in synthetic Polymers 24
9.4.3 Examples of Synthetic Polymers & Their Uses 25
9.5 Glass and ceramics 26
9.5.1 Glass 27
9.5.2 Ceramics 29
9.6 Composite material 31
Conclusion of Topic 33
Acknowledgment 34
References 35
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9.1 SULPHURIC ACID
Soluble in
water
Non-volatile Diprotic
acid acid
Properties of
Highly sulphuric acid Dense
corrosive
Oily Viscous
liquid colourless
liquid
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9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid
1) To manufacture fertilizers
There are many fertilizers that can be made of sulphuric acid. Some of them are:
b) Ammonium sulphate
c) Potassium sulphate
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2) To manufacture detergents
Sulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is then
neutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce detergents. Examples of hydrocarbon
Synthetic fibres are polymers ( long chain molecules). Rayon is an example of a synthetic
fibre that is produced from the action of sulphuric acid on cellulose.
The white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, BaSO4. The neutralization of
sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium sulphate.
7) To manufacture pesticides
a. As a strong acid
b. As a drying or dehydrating agent
c. As an oxidizing agent
d. As a sulphonating agent
e. As a catalyst
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Remove metal Manufacture
oxides from pesticides
As an
metal surfaces electrolyte in
before lead-acid
electroplating accumulators
Manufacture
detergents Manufacture
synthetic
fibres
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making fertiliser
18%
1%
38% paints
12%
chemicals
18% detergents
13%
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9.1.2 The industrial process in manufacture sulphuric acid
S + O2 → SO2
2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3
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6. Stage III: Production of sulphuric acid
7. In stage II, sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to
produce sulphur trioxide. This is:
a) To remove water vapour
b) To remove contaminants
8. In stage III, sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric
acid. This is because:
a) sulphur trioxide has low solubility in water
b) sulphur trioxide reacts violently and mists are formed instead of
a liquid
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\
Sulphur Oxygen
In the converter
S(s) + O2(g)SO2(g) 2SO(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
Temperature: 450-500°C
Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres Unreacted
Oxygen Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide 2%so2 is
flowed back
to converter
together with
SO2 (g) + H2SO4 (aq)H2S2O7(l) oxygen
H2S2O7 (l) + H2O (l)2H2SO4(aq)
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Sulphur or metal sulphide
burned in air
Oleum, H2S2O7
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9.1.3 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid
i. Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust
gases
ii. Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium
carbonated before it is released
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9.2 AMMONIA AND ITS SALT
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9. Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II) hydroxide
dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form complexes.
Extremely
Weak soluble in
alkali water
Properties of ammonia
Colorless Pungent
smell
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USES OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY:
Examples are ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and
urea. The first two are prepare through neuralisation but urea is
produced by the reaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide. The
To reaction involved are as the following:
manufacture a) 2NH3 (g) + H2SO4 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (s) ammonium
nitrogenous sulphate b) NH3 (g) + HNO3 (aq)
fertilisers
NH4NO3 (aq) ammonium nitrate c)
2NH3 (g) + CO2 (g) (NH2)2CO (s) + H2O (l) urea
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9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia
C + H2O → CO + H2
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The Haber process
Nitrogen Hydrogen
In cooling chamber
Liquid ammonia
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9.3 ALLOYS
9.3.1 ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN METALS
1. The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the metal to have a
hight density
2. The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More heat
energy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apart
during the melting. This is why metals usually have hight melting point.
3. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibration. This
make metal good conduct of heat.
4. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metal’s structure are able to
conduct electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors.
5. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in a regular
layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of atom slide easily over one
another. This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.
Force
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9.3.2 WHAT ARE ALLOYS
1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance to
corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.
2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element
(usually metal) is added to form another an alloy.
3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific
proportion. For example:
a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)
b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)
4. The purposes of making alloys include the following:
a) Increase the strength
i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added
to iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the
steel becomes.
ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of copper and
magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy call
duralumin is produced.
b) Improving the resistance to corrosion
i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of
carbon, 18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties
make stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery.
ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which
is known as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion.
c) Enhancing the appearance
i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also
has a more beautiful white silvery appearance.
ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an
attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable for making
coins.
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9.3.3 Composition, Properties, Uses of Alloy
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Examples Of Alloys
Brass
Stainless
Bronze
Steel
Manganese
Steel
Pewter
Manganese Stainless steel
steel
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9.4 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
9.4.1 WHAT ARE POLYMER
1. Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joined
together repeatedly are called polymer.
2. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are caller
monomer.
3. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain
polymer is called polymerisation.
4. Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are
found in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose,
protein and rubber.
5. Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional
polymerisation.
6. Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation.
large molicule
that is in the
form of long
chain with high
RMM
Properties
of
Polymers
made up of many
two types:- monomers which
- natural polymer join together
- syntetic through process
polymer called
polymerisation
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9.4.2 Monomers and repeat units
The identity of the monomer residues (repeat units) comprising a polymer is its
first and most important attribute.
Polymer nomenclature is generally based upon the type of monomer residues
comprising the polymer.
Polymers that contain only a single type of repeat unit are known as
homopolymers, while polymers containing a mixture of repeat units are known as
copolymers.
Poly(styrene), for example, is composed only of styrene monomer residues, and is
therefore classified as a homopolymer.
Ethylene-vinyl acetate, on the other hand, contains more than one variety of
repeat unit and is thus a copolymer.
Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally
related monomer residues;
for example, polynucleotides such as DNA are composed of a variety of
nucleotide subunits.
A polymer molecule containing ionizable subunits is known as a polyelectrolyte
or ionomer
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Some Common Addition Polymers
Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses
Polyethylene
–(CH2- ethylene film wrap,
low density soft, waxy solid
CH2)n– CH2=CH2 plastic bags
(LDPE)
Polyethylene electrical
–(CH2- ethylene rigid, translucent
high density insulation
CH2)n– CH2=CH2 solid
(HDPE) bottles, toys
atactic: soft, similar to
Polypropylene
–[CH2- propylene elastic solid LDPE
(PP) different
CH(CH3)]n– CH2=CHCH3 isotactic: hard, carpet,
grades
strong solid upholstery
Poly(vinyl
–(CH2- vinyl chloride pipes, siding,
chloride) strong rigid solid
CHCl)n– CH2=CHCl flooring
(PVC)
Poly(vinylidene vinylidene
–(CH2- dense, high- seat covers,
chloride) chloride
CCl2)n– melting solid films
(Saran A) CH2=CCl2
hard, rigid, clear
toys, cabinets
Polystyrene –[CH2- styrene solid
packaging
(PS) CH(C6H5)]n– CH2=CHC6H5 soluble in organic
(foamed)
solvents
Polyacrylonitrile high-melting solid
–(CH2- acrylonitrile rugs, blankets
(PAN, Orlon, soluble in organic
CHCN)n– CH2=CHCN clothing
Acrilan) solvents
non-stick
Polytetrafluoroet tetrafluoroethy
–(CF2- resistant, smooth surfaces
hylene lene
CF2)n– solid electrical
(PTFE, Teflon) CF2=CF2
insulation
Poly(methyl methyl
–[CH2- lighting covers,
methacrylate) methacrylate hard, transparent
C(CH3)CO2 signs
(PMMA, Lucite, CH2=C(CH3)C solid
CH3]n– skylights
Plexiglas) O2CH3
Poly(vinyl –(CH2- vinyl acetate
latex paints,
acetate) CHOCOCH3 CH2=CHOCO soft, sticky solid
adhesives
(PVAc) )n– CH3
Uses of synthetic polymer
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9.5 GLASS AND CERAMICS
1. The main component of both glass and ceramic is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2.
2. Both glass and ceramic have the same properties as follow
a) Hard and brittle
b) Inert to chemical reactions
c) Insulators or poor conductors of heat and electricity
d) Withstand compression but not stretching
e) Can be easily cleaned
f) Low cost of production
3. Differences between glass and cerement are, glass is transparent, while ceramic is
opaque. Ceramic can withstand a higher temperature than normal glass.
4. Types of glass are
a) Fused glass
It is consist mainly of silica or silicon dioxide
It has high heat resistance
b) Soda lime glass
It cannot withstand high temperatures
c) Borosilicate glass
It can withstand high temperature
d) Lead glass
High refractive index
5. Uses of improved glass for specific purpose
a) Photochromic glass
It is sensitive to light intensity
b) Conducting glass
It conducts electricity
6. Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the main constituent of
aluminosilicate with small quantity of sand and feldspar.
7. Superconductor is one improved ceramics for specific purposes.
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GLASS
Glass:-
The major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO2 which found in
sand.
Impermeable
to liquid
Electrical
Transparent
insulator
Properties
of glass
Chemically
inert
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TYPES, COMPOSITION,
PROPERTIES, AND USES OF
GLASS
GLASS COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES
Low melting point Glass container
SiO2 – 70% Mouldable into shapes Glass panes
Na2O – 15% Cheap Mirror
Soda lime glass
CaO – 10% Breakable Lamps and bulbs
Others – 4% Can withstand high Plates and bowls
heat Bottles
High density and Containers for drinks
refractive index and food
SiO2 – 70%
Glittering surface Decorative glass
Lead glass (crystal) Na2O – 20%
Soft Crystal glassware
PbO – 10%
Low melting point Lens for spectacles
(600˚C)
Resistant to high heat Glass apparatus in lab
SiO2 – 80%
&chemical reaction Cooking utensils
Borosilicate glass B2O3 – 13%
Does not break easily
(Pyrex) Na2O – 4%
Al2O3 – 2% Allow infra-red rays
but no ultra-violet rays
High melting point Scientific apparatus
(1700˚C) like lens on
Expensive spectrometer
SiO2 – 99%
Fused silicate glass Allow ultraviolet to Optical lens
B2O3 – 1%
pass through Lab apparatus
Difficult to melt or
mould into shape
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CERAMICS
Ceramics:-
Ceramic is manufactured substances made from clay that is dried, and heated in a
kiln at a very high temperature
The main component of clay is aluminosilicate (aluminum oxide and silicon
dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar. Unlike glass, ceramic cannot
be recycled.
Kaolinite is a high quality white clay that contains hydrated aluminosilicate,
Al2O3•2SiO2•2H2O.
extremely
hard &
strong but
brittle
good
insulator of inert to
electricity chemicals
and heat
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THE DIFFERENT CLASES OF
CERAMIC
GROUP COMPOSITION
Mineral Quartz – SiO2
Calcite – CaCO3
Cement material Mixture of CaSiO3 and ammonium silicate
Oxide of ceramic Aluminium oxide – Al2O3
Silicon dioxide – SiO2
Magnesium oxide – MgO
Non-oxides of ceramic Silicon nitride – Si3N4
Silicon carbide – SiC
Boron nitride – BN
Boron carbide – B4C3
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9.6 COMPOSITE MATERIAL
9.6.1 WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Uses of
composite
material
car part now use
composite material
sronger buildings
instead iron and
are built by using
steel. this increase
reinforce concrete
the speed of the car
and fuel saver
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COMPOSITE PROPERTIES OF PROPERTIES OF
COMPONENT USES
MATERIAL COMPONENT COMPOSITE
concrete hard but brittle stronger construction of road
low tensile strengh higher tensile strength rocket launching pads
does not corrode high-rise buildings
easily
cheaper
Reinforced concrete can be moulded into
shape
steel strong in tensile can withstand very
strength high applied force
expensive can support very
can corrode heavy load
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CONCLUSION OF TOPIC
We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is by
doing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials used to
improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting
more complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problems we
face in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation
and shortage of natural materials. New technological developments are used by scientists
to make new discoveries.
New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily
life are developed continuously for the well-being of mankind. New needs and new
problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new
use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and
lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic composite materials may
one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become
necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.
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Acknowledgment
First of all, I wish to express my sincere thanks to GOD for his
care and generosity throughout of my life.
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REFERENCES
1. Tan Yin Toon, Loh Wai Leng, Tan On Tin, 2008, SUCCESS Chemistry SPM,
Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.
2. Website http://www.answers.com
3. Website http://www.wikipedia.com
4. Eng Nguan Hong, Lim Eng Wah, Lim Yean Ching, 2009, FOCUS ACE SPM,
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn.Bhd.
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