MANAGING

INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION

CHAPTER 2

COMPUTER SYSTEMS
E. Wainright Martin  Carol V. Brown  Daniel W. DeHayes
Jeffrey A. Hoffer  William C. Perkins
 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
First Generation of Computers

1. Vacuum tubes

1946-1959

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 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
Second Generation of Computers

1. Vacuum tubes
2. Transistors

1946-1959 1957-1963

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 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
Third Generation of Computers

1. Vacuum tubes
2. Transistors
3. Integrated circuits

1946-1959 1957-1963 1964-1979

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 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
Fourth Generation of Computers

1. Vacuum tubes
2. Transistors
3. Integrated circuits
4. VLSI (very-large-scale integrated) circuits

1946-1959 1957-1963 1964-1979 1980 - present

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 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
The Development of Minicomputers

Data General
DEC
Hewlett-Packard
IBM

1946-1959 1957-1963 1964-1979 1980 - present

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 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
The Development of Microcomputers

Apple
IBM PC
1981

1946-1959 1957-1963 1964-1979 1980 - present

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Underlying Structure

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Figure 2.4 Logical Structure of Digital Computers Page 28
 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output

Terminal
 Simpler than a PC
 Designed strictly for input and output
 Has keyboard and screen
 Does not have a processor
 Connected to computer with
telecommunication line
 Allows user to key data directly into computer

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output

Terminal
 Special types:
Point-of-sale (retail)
ATMs (banking)

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output
 Common input methods:
 Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) –
used to process bank checks
 Optical character recognition (OCR) – directly
scans typed, printed, or handwritten material
 Imaging – inputs digital form of documents and
photos
 Bar code labeling – scans bar codes on
packages or products, and reads into computer

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output

 Common output methods:

 Print – output to paper using various types of
printers
 Computer output microfilm (COM) – microfilm
generated for archive copies in small space
 Voice response units – computer recognizes
input, generates verbal response messages

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Input/Output

…
t e rest
n
Of i
Multimedia –
relatively new term for computer input and output
in the form of text, graphics, sound, still images,
animations, and/or video

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Computer Memory

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Computer Memory

Memory
 All data flows to and from memory
 Divided into cells:
Each has a unique address
Memory cell types:
 Byte – stores one character of data
 Word – stores two or more characters of data

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Arithmetic/Logical Unit

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Arithmetic/Logical Unit

 Consists of VLSI (very-

large-scale integrated)
circuits on a silicon chip
 Carries out:
 arithmetic – add, subtract,
multiply, divide …
 logical operations –
comparing two numbers
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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Computer Files

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Computer Files
 When power is off, everything stored in
memory is lost
 Computer files are used to store data long
term
 File storage devices:
 Magnetic tape drives, disk drives, floppy
drives
 Optical CD or DVD drives

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Computer Files

 Types of DASD
(Direct Access
Storage Device)
 Removable:
Floppy drives
Zip drives
Newest: portable
DASD for PCs –
keychain drive
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Figure 2.8 Iomega’s Mini USB Keychain Drive Page 34
 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Computer Files
 Newer type of DASD
 Optical Disk Storage

 CD-ROM 700 megabytes read-only

 CD-R recordable
 CD-RW rewritable

 DVD-ROM 4.7 gigabytes read-only

 DVD-R recordable
 DVD-RW rewritable

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Control Unit

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 BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Control Unit

 Controls computer to take advantage of

speed and capacity of other components
 Directed by list of operations (program)
that tells control unit what to do
 Uses the stored-program concept

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 THE STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT

 Program – list of what computer needs to

do for an application
 Instruction – each individual step or
operation in a program
 Control unit – carries out one step or
instruction at a time at electronic speed

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 THE STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT
Note: One of the primary measures of
power of computers is the number of
instructions it can execute in a given
period
MIPS – millions of instructions per second
executed by the control unit

MFLOPS – millions of floating point operations per

second

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