J R.

Baker
The Controversy on fI-;
Huxley realized that the advance of science required the collaboration of
men of two very diWerent kinds･ 'The one intellect is imaglnative and syn- did, if it had not been con;
thetic, its chief aim is to amive at a broad and coherent conception of the neither of the contestants g…

relations of phenomena ･ the other is positive, Critical, analytic, and sets evidence on this s叫ect.

the highest value upon the exact dete血nation and statement of the showing characters interm∈

phenomena themselves･, Huxley mentions仏at ne地er Haeckel nor Vir- to be expected,16 and Virch
chow is a typical example of either of these schools･ Hemight have said like than certain existing :
that Haeckel was an extremist of the first, and that Virchow himselfcould known for many years, doe
laylittle claim to represent the second･ however much hemight admire it.14 skeleton･ Although nowad己

Although Huxley is considerate towards Ⅵrchow, he rebukes him for ancestry of modern man,
trying to establish a connection between the evolutionary doctrine on one
paid so little attention to hil
hand, and socialism and revolution on the other merely remarking on his lal

preface to the English editii

ln his book, Haeckel had made the sensible observation that it was for Ⅵrchow's claim that no iz:

the teachers to decide what should be taught･ There is, indeed, no freedom modern human cranium i5
of leaming if a central orgamization determined the curricula of all the Although this is true, yet先
educational estabhshments in a country. It is essential that some at least the 1870S, and Virchow's at
of the schools and universities should be autonomous. Article 20 0f the
prussian Charter laid it down that 'Die Wissenschaft und ihre Lehre ist
frei', but in fact there was central planning of all education under a
Mimister･ In a sense the latter supported Virchow, for he forbade school- 1･ M･ PoLANⅥ, `Rights an

masters to teach Darwimism･ but at the same time he excluded biology Stud･, Oct･, 1939, p. 1
2･ ANON･,乃e Society for
from the curricula of all senior classes in schools･15 This was a result of the
Constitution. 3rd editi4
controversy that neither Haeckel nor Ⅵrchow could血ave fわreseen and
3･ R･ VIRCHOW, Die Cellll!i
both must have deplored.
cher und pathologische
4･ E･ HAECKEL, Die Perig6-
This account of the controversy on freedominscience in the ･Seventies Lebensteilchen, Berlin,
5･ EI HAECKEL, `Ueber d三
of the last century wdI have shownhow radically it differed from the more
zur Gesamtwissenscha
serious and more protracted struggle of the 1930s and ,40S･ =n the latter,
14-22･ R･ Virchow, Ve
the whole of science was at stake･ Jf the propaganda for the central plan-
(no titld.
ning Of all scientific research had succeeded, science could scarcely have 6･ C･ DARWIN, On the OITj
survived･ In the 'seventies no one had any intention of restricting the free- London, Murray, 18.'玉
7 R･VIRCHOW, `Ueberdie三
dom of research workers to choose the subjects of their investigations. The
Arch･ Path. Anal. P毎首
proposed restriction was in a less important丘叫and it is not possible 8･ R･ VIRCHOW, Versatnm.
now to assert exactly what restriction Virchow proposed. Did he really Ereiheit der Wisse72SClit;
intend that lecturers at Germanmiversities should not be permitted to Berlin, Wiegandt, 187-
discuss scientific theorieswith their students? Zt seems scarcely credible, 2nd edition, translateflj
and in fact he did not make any clear statement to this effect. It seems that Murray, 1 878.
9･ M･ PoLANYT, Science, Fir
he was thinking rather of schools, where it is appropriate that the instruc-
Pres5, 1946.
tioninscience should be mainly factual･ He was genuinely alarmed. He 10･ E･ HAECKEL, Fyeie Wi55と

feared that under Haeckel,s i-ence theremight be a recrudescence of the Rudulf Virchow's Ml-ii;C
Naturphilosophie of Oken･ He himself had come under Oken,s sway in modernen staat', stut若き

early life, had seen the errors of Naturphilosophie, had revolted against it, 11･ E･ HAECKEL, Freedom ij;
fatory note by T H. H1
and now showed a convert,s enthusiasm.
12･ R･ VIRCHOW, Die Cellltla.1
It is very doubtful whether this controversy would have Eared up as it 13･五･ HAECXEL, Freedom in i
14･ It may be mentioned in p;
94