J R.

Baker
乃e Controvef･Sy On FF
poverty could generate disease･ He tuned towards hberahsm,and his poh-
tical convictions never changed from that time onwards･ Throughout lUe together practical ideahsll

he was able to combine two deep interests-in science on one hand (espe- have meant.

cially cytology･ pathology, and anthropology)'and in politics on the other. He now turned to educai
He was a dominating person not only a thinker, but a doer, restless in his the teaching of mere facts

scientific and public activities , vehement and passionate, too, even in some approach their work wi比

of his scientiac wrltlngS･ He reached his highest achievement in the Cellu_ themselves, 'wie ist das efi_
larpathologie of 1859,3 in which hefirmiy estabhshed pathology on a cytol be the subject of study in

logical basis and expounded the origin of cells from pre-existing ce山S, in evolutionary doctrine in紘∈

endless series. pology, and血guistics.

Haeckel's education had been in medicine, hke that of so many bio- Haeckel went on to a d
logists of his time, and his teacher in pathology at w缶rzburg was no other ancient myths about creatio

than virchow himself･ Like the la"er･ he was both scientist and po"ician, a Naturreligion based on tj
and he, too, was a hberal･ In the Germany of his day the ･advanced, social instincts or animals｡

thinkers in pohtics and rehgiOn were the chief adherents to Darwin,S theory kind of theology that wage5
of the evolution of hving organisms in general and of man in padicular. 0fevolution, but to a re堰く

And it was here that Haeckel found his bent for althoughhe was no mean nizes it, and utilizes it.

investigator, yet it did not fan to his lot to make many striking discoveries
of a factual kind･ His fame rested chiefly on his sknl in expounding the Ⅵrchow had recently mag

doctrine of evolution･ In his love of speculation he seemed almost hke a evolution･ 7 He had deplorei
re-incarnated Oken･ Like Ⅵrchow, he was a doer as well as a血lker, and exhibited by the Darwimists..
he set out to inBuence public opinion on man,s place in nature, but he was of Oken's s血ool. He had e]

so carried away by enthusiasm that some of his writings-ISPeCiany Die the need for demonstrable I

perigenesis der Plastidule-were httle short of fantastic. the mutab山ty of species eve

The great debate between these two men took place at t九e Congress or felt that the younger genera･i

German Naturalists and Physicians held at Munid in September 1877 5 Ⅵrchow had not arrived il

Although eighteen years had elapsed since the publication of The Origin of he obtained a copy of it｡ fi
species,6 Haeckel felt it necessary to use the occasion to support the theory conflicted with his own. He
of evolution･ He claimed that exact or experimental proofs were only sary It appears that he had

applicable to a part of science･ Elsewhere, and especially in morphology, it s叫ect, bllt decided to cha=

was proper to adopt the ` historical-philosophical･ method, since organ- Haeckel･ Four days after tと

isms could only be understood through a study of theh evolutionary his- eXtemporary speech, wbicb

tory He admitted that the theory of recapitulation was not capable of been in gemial mood, for his
direct experimental proof･ yet he claimed that its vahdity was similar to teen times by the merriment
that of the accepted theories in history, archaeology'and linguistics. Pose Was Serious enough. As
Haeckel let himself go on a favourite theme-the i soul, in amimate and anxious lest the nation sh｡Ti:

inanimate nature･ The single-Gelled animals showed sensitiveness, imagma- would happen if也ey abando

tion (vorsiellung), volition, movement･ The ･Monera, or stu simpler suffer if theories were expouこ

organisms were also sensitive and capable of movement･ This was only be untrue･ If the doctrine of el

possible if the plastidule or molecules of protoplasm were themselves of

in the schools, even thoughit
similar nature, and it was therefore necessary to beheve in the existence of he emphasized how fragmen-i

a plastidulseele･ Since the combination of carbonwith hydrogen, oxygen, schliche Wissen Stiickwerk isF
and sulphur to form plasiidule involves the production of a soul, it was ziert, ist eben die Kenntmiss E
legitimate to speak also of atom-souls･ Haeckel considered these beliefs to He attacked Haeckel's clail
be consistentwith his monistic phhsophy, which, in his view, bound should be based on the Plastid
of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, I
90