Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Car parks
in steel
Economical
Sustainable
Safe
Contents
Your partners 29
1
1. CAR PARK DESIGN
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Advantages of steel structures 5
1.3 Architectural design 5
3
1.1 Introduction 1. Car park design
Cost of construction
l reduced weight of the structure
l insensitivity to settlements
l elastic deformation behaviour
l hinged simple supports
5
2. CAR PARK layout
2.1 How to optimise car park layout ? 8
2.2 How to optimize parking space ? 11
2.3 Which loads are applicable in car park design ? 12
7
2.1 How to optimise 2. Car park layout
2.1.2
5,00
5,00
illustrated (fig. 2.1.2), table 2.1.3 shows
5,50
5,50
31,00
31,00
the required space and the distances for
10,00
10,00
entry and exit routes of a 4-storey building
5,50
5,50
designed according to the Humy system.
5,00
5,00
2,50
Another project of the same capacity A: entry and exit ramps adjacent, at the ends of the building,
B: ramps at the ends of the building with traffic in both directions
one-way traffic
and intermittent occupation shows the
performance of an arrangement with external
helical ramps. Here, larger area requirements 70,00 72,50
7,50 55,00 7,50 5,00 22,50 5,00 10,00 5,00 20,00 5,00
and a more complex construction have
5,00
5,00
however to be taken into account.
5,50
5,50
31,00
31,00
10,00
10,00
5,50
5,50
5,00
5,00
2,50 2,50
C: entry and exit traffic separated, exit route shortened D: entry and exit traffic mixed, exit route shortened
5,00
5,50
31,00
,40
10,00
21
5,50
5,00
3,50
2.1.3
Floor
Total area
Number area per Distances
Ramp of each
of spaces parking
arrangement level
per level space
[m2] Entry Exit
[m2] [m] [m]
9
2. Car park layout
R=
Generally, the ramp width corresponds to
20
the width of two parking spaces in case of
,00
%
R=
12
one-way traffic or three spaces with two- =
m
20
n2
way traffic. When the lanes are one-way, it
,00
n2 - n1 R
t= = 1,20 m
100 2
A: rounded
n3 = 0 %
6%
%
12
=
n2
n1 + n2
=6%
2
n1 = 0 %
> 4,00 m
parking space?
2.2.1
Ü
L B
X
(2,500)
1,750
2,300
X
Y 4,70 Y
5,00
2.2.2
Although cars come in many shapes and
sizes, it is possible to arrive at a statistical
2,
2,3
A B
2.2.3
When the spaces are set at right angles to the
lanes (fig. 2.2.3), they are 5 m long and either
2,30 m or 2,50 m wide, depending on whether
the lane has a width of 6,50 m or 5,50 m.
2,30
2,50
15,50 16,50
90˚ 90˚
C D
2.2.4
Table 2.2.4 shows that by arranging the
parking spaces at an angle of 45° against the
Projection Area required
Angle of Width of traffic lanes, the width of the building can be
of width per parking space
spaces building reduced to 14 m. If sufficient surface area is
of space
[°] [m] available, it is however preferable to arrange
[m]
[m2] [%] the spaces at right angles to the lanes. By doing
so, unusable lost space along the lanes and
A 45° 3,253 13,82 22,48 118
outside walls is minimized. The minimum free
B 60° 2,656 15,46 20,53 108 height (2,10 m) and the depth of the floor
decks add up to the height between the storeys
C 90° 2,500 15,50 19,38 102
which must be connected by the ramps.
D 90° 2,300 16,50 18,98 100
11
2.3 Which loads 2. Car park layout
are applicable in
car park design?
13
3. SUITABLE CAR PARK STEEL STRUCTURES
3.1 Columns 16
3.2 Floor beams 17
15
3.1 Columns 3. Suitable car park steel structures
3.1.1
The steel bearing structure consists of In underground car parks, the position of the
vertical columns and horizontal beams, columns normally depends on the grid of the
usually connected by bolting (pic. 3.1.1). The framework of the building above. In this case,
horizontal forces due to wind and breaking it is important to limit the cross-section of
of cars are transferred horizontally through the columns to the strict minimum by using
the floor slabs to the vertical wind bracings hot-rolled sections or composite columns,
or shear walls (e.g. stiff staircases). which are ideal for this type of construction.
In multi-storey car parks, the outer columns For the column sections, it is recommended
are spaced at intervals corresponding to the to choose the steel grade S355 in order
width of one or more parking spaces (units both to save weight and to reduce the size
of 2,30 m to 2,50 m). Where the spacing of the columns. In large-scale structures,
between two columns exceeds 5 m, secondary it may be advantageous to choose the
beams are foreseen between the columns. high-strength steel S460 featuring a 30%
Ideally, the distance between columns should higher yield strength than grade S355.
correspond to the one of the main girders
in order to avoid secondary beams, thus For hot-rolled H-beams over 260 mm in
optimising the weight of the steel structure. height, steels with a yield strength up to
460 MPa are produced within ArcelorMittal
An optical delimitation of the parking using the particularly economic Quenching
spaces is obtained when the distance and Self-Tempering (QST) rolling
between columns coincides with the process. These steels are commercialized
border width of each parking space. under the brand name of HISTAR.
3.2.2
3.2.1
fy/a
17
3.2.3 3.2.5
3.2.4
3.2.7
Span 16,00 m
Prefabricated
120 mm
slab thickness
Linear weight of
196 147 122
section (kg/m)
3.2.8
3.2.6
Span 16,00 m
Prefabricated
140 mm
slab thickness
Linear weight of
122 106 91
section (kg/m)
19
4. CORROSION AND FIRE PROTECTION OF STEEL STRUCTURES
4.1 Corrosion protection 22
4.2 Fire protection/application of the Natural Fire Concept 22
21
4.1 Corrosion 4.2 Fire
protection protection
Application of the
Natural Fire Concept
Experience shows that usual paints provide Unlike open car parks, closed or underground
protection lasting from 10 to 20 years, car parks are subject to more stringent
depending on the atmospheric conditions. At fire resistance requirements.
the end of this period, it is usually sufficient
to renew the finishing coat, whereby the use
of a new colour can be considered to change
the outside appearance of the building. 4.2.2
4.2.1
1400
HE 120 A
Roof steel section
IPE 400 AA
HE 160 B
the H-sections are filled with reinforced
concrete (pic. 4.2.4). These composite
columns and beams transmit the loads by
800
23
5. DURABILITY OF STEEL STRUCTURES
25
The environmental policy of the ArcelorMittal Steel structures built with our H-sections make
Group aims at sustainable development it possible to:
in view of a long-term balance between
environment, social well-being and economy. l reduce the quantity of construction
materials by using high-strength steels,
The long product mills of ArcelorMittal l limit transportation thanks to the lower
operate according to the requirements of weight of the structural elements,
the environmental management system as l save construction time by making
defined in EN ISO 14001:1996. Most of use of prefabrication,
ArcelorMittal’s long product mills use the l reduce waste and other nuisances at the
electric arc process for the steel production. job site by using dry assembly methods,
l design structures that can be dismantled
This new technology uses mostly recycled and reused for other purposes,
scrap as the base material and allows l increase the usable floor area by favouring
operating with low primary energy high strength S355 or S460 steels,
consumption and limited emissions. l meet environmental requirements by using
recyclable products made from recycled scrap.
5. Durability of steel structures
27
Technical
assistance
& Finishing
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ArcelorMittal
Version 2008-1
Commercial Sections
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