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ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ
ﳘﻴ ٍﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐ ٍﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺕﺃﹼﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ :ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨ ﹶﺔ ﺫﺍ
ﺎ ،ﻭﺇ ﹾﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻐ ِﺔ .ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ َﺀ
ﺚ ﻭﺍﳉﺪ ِﻝ ﰲ ﺩﻗﺎﺋ ِﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ِﺔ ﻭﺇ ﹾﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺧﺎﺿﻮﺍ ﻣﺜﺎ ﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤ ِ
ﻋﻠﻮ ِﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔِ ،ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﱂ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺛﻮﺍ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣ ِﺮ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻨـﺘﺒﻬﻮﺍ ﻟﻪ
ﺑﻜ ﱢﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﱡ ﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎ ٍﻡ .ﻭﻟﻌ ﹼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴ ﺪ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺠﺒﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ
ﻯ.ﺏ ﺃﹸﺧﺮ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻪِ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺎﺷﺌﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺒﺎ ٍ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎ ﹸﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ،ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ؛ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ
ﺐ ﺯﻣﻨﻴ ﹲﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔ ﹲﺔ .ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ
ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺗ
ﺻﻴ ٍﻎ
ﺃﴰﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ِ
ﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎ ِﻥﺙ .ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﹶﻏ ﺮﺿﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮ ﺛﻼ ٍ
ﻒ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﳝﻴ ﺰ ﻩ ﻋﻦ
ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓﹰ ،ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺃﺭﺍﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺻﻠﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺮﻳ ٍ
ﺍﻹﺳ ِﻢ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑِ ،ﻓﺎﻗﺘﺼﺮﻭﺍ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﱃ
ﻀ ﻬ ﻢ
ﲰ ﻰ ﺑﻌ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ .ﻭﻗﺪ
ﺼﻴ ﹶﻎ ﺑﺎﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ .ﻟﺬﺍ ،ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻠ ﹶﺔ ﻏ ﲑ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔٍ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟ
ﺃﻥ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻐ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ِﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ،
ﺼﻴ ِﻎﻓﻴﺘﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟ
ﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔِ؟
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴ ِﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗ ِ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ :ﺇﳕﺎ ﱂ ﻳ ﺪ ﺧ ﹾﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ِﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻓﻴﲔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺑﺎ ِﺀ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﲡﻨﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﰲ
ﻼ ﻟﻄﻠﺒ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠ ِﻢ ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻣ ﹾﻘِﻨ ٍﻊ.
ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ،ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴ ﹰ
ﻭﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺭﻛﹼﺰﻭﺍ ﺟ ﱠﻞ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ
ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎﻗﻴ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴ ِﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ،ﻭﺣﺮﺻﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ: ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺛﻼﺛ ِﺔ ﺃﻫﺪﺍ ٍ
ﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﺤﻦِ،
1ـ ﺍﻟﻨﻄ ﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴ ﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﻟ
2ـ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺼ ﹸﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻂِ،
3ـ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺼ ﹸﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻹﻣﻼﺋ ﻲ
ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋ ﻲ.
ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒ ﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻷﻣ ﺮ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹶﻞ
ﻳﻜﺜ ﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﹸﻟ ﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ِﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺏﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍ ِﺤ ِﻮ ﻭﺗﺘﺸ ﻌ
ﺐ ﺍﻟﻨ
ﺐ ﻛﹸﺘِ
ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻞﱡ ﺎ ﻏﺎﻟ
ﻑ ﺍﻹﺳ ِﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪِ ،ﻭﻷ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹶﻞ ﻣﻘﺮﻭ ﹲﻥ ﺑﺰﻣﺎ ٍﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ً ،ﲞﻼ ِ
ﺻ ﹰﺔ ﰲ
ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑِ ،ﻭﺃﻧ ﻪ ﺗﺰﺩﺍ ﺩ ﺃﳘﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻋﻼﻗ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﺎ
ﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳ ِﺮ ﻭﺃﻣﺜﺎِﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮ ِﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎ ِ
ﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳ ِﺔ.
ﺕ ﺍﻷﺛ ِﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎ ِ
ﺫﺍ ِ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ،ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍﹰ ،ﺃﻭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺮﺍﻭﻱ .ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﺈ ﱠﻥ
ﻋﻼﻗ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺗ ﻌ ﺪ ﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ
ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ ِﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛ ٍﺔ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻌﺪ ﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐ ٍﺔ
ﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭ ِﺓ.ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌِﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﺴﺠﺎ ِﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻐﺎ ِ
ﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴ ٍﺔﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄ ﹶﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎ ٍ ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻐﺎ ِ
ﺻﻴ ٍﻎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﺗﺐ
ﲔ ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ ِﻝ ِ
ﻭﻻ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺣﺎﺟ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻘ
ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ ِﺔ.
ﺖ * ﺃﹸﻧﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻛﹶﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻭﺃﻧﻄﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍ ِﻫ ﻢ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ﺻﻤ ٍ
ﺳﻜﹸﻮﺗﺎ
ـ ٍﻞ * ﻭ ﹶﻻ ﻋ ﺮﻓﹸﻮﺍ ِﻟ ﻤ ﹾﻜﺮ ﻣ ٍﺔ ﹶﻓﻤﺎ ﻋ ﹶﻄﻔﹸﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﹶﺃ ﺣ ٍﺪ ِﺑﻔﹶﻀ ْ
ﺛﹸﺒـُﻮﺗﺎ
)ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ ،ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ ﺹ ، 30ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ،ﺑﲑﺍﻭﺕ1974 -ﻡ (
ﺕ
ﻉ ﱂ ﻳﻨ ﹾﻞ ِﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻨﻰ * ﻭ ﺟﺒﺎ ٍﻥ ﻧﺎ ﹶﻝ ﻏﹶﺎﻳﺎ ِ
" ﹶﻛ ﻢ ﺷﺠﺎ ٍ
ﺍ َﻷ ﻣ ﹾﻞ"
ﺨِﺒﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﱢ ﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﻭِﺛ ِﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴِﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳ
ﺖ ﻣ ﻌﻴ ٍﻦ .ﻛـ )ﻳﻨِﺒﺊﹸ( ﰲ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﹶﺜ ِﻞﻳﺘﻜﱠﻠ ﻢ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﲢﺪﻳ ٍﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﻗ ٍ
ﻚ ﹶﻻ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻮﻋِﻴ ﺪ .ﻓـ )ﻳﻨِﺒﺊﹸ( ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻌ ﹲﻞ
ﻕ ﻳﻨﺒ ﹸﺊ ﻋﻨ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ ":ﺍﻟﺼﺪ
ﻀ ﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺜ ﹸﻞ ﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻟ ِﺔ ﻉ ﻣﻄﹶﻠ ﻖ ﻻ ﺣﺪﻭ ﺩ ﻟﻮﻗﺘ ِﻪ .ﺇﺫ ﻳ ﻣﻀﺎﺭ
ﻟﻠﺠﺒﺎﻥِ ،ﻳﺘﻮﻋ ﺪ ﺛﱠﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ .ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳊﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ،
ﺖ ﻣ ﻌﻴ ٍﻦ .ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮ ﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻐ ِﺔ ﻱ ﻗﻴ ٍﺪ ﺑﻮﻗ ٍﺩﻭﻥ ﺃ
ﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ " :ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ ﺗﺄﻭﻳ ِﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ِ
ﺼِﺒ ﺮ ﻳ ﹾﻈ ﹶﻔﺮ ،ﰲ ﺍﳊﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻳ ﺻﺒ ِﺮ ﹶﻇ ﹶﻔ ﺮ" ﺃ
ﻱ ﻗﻴ ٍﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﱪ .ﻓﺎﻟﻈﻔﺮ ﻣﻮ ﹶﻛ ﹲﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﱪ ﰲ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺣﺎ ٍﻝ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﺃ
ﺑﺰﻣﺎ ٍﻥ ﻣ ﻌﻴ ٍﻦ .ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﻥ ﰲ ﲨﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﻨﻔ ِﻲ
ﻭﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕِ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ" :ﻣﺎ ﺾ ﺃﺣ ﺪ ﻏﺎﺿﺒﹰﺎ ﺇ ﱠﻻ
ﺲ ﺧﺎﺳِﺮﹰﺍ" ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻚ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﻏﻀﺒﹰﺎ ﻭ ﺟﹶﻠ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻩ ،ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳜﺴﺮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻥ ،ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ.
***
ﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﺗ ِﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ
ﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻞﱡ ﺑﺈﺣﺪ
ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ
ﺍﻵﰐ .ﻭﳘﺎ )ﺍﻟﺴﲔ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ( ﻛـ) ﺳﻴ ﻌﹶﻠﻢ (ﰲ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﱯ:
ﺴﻌﻰ
ﺴﻨﺎ * ﺑِﺄﻧﻨِﻲ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ
ﺠِﻠ ﺿ ﻢ ﻣ ﺠ ﻤ ﻊ ِﻣ ﻤ ﻦ
ﺳﻴ ﻌﹶﻠﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ
ِﺑ ِﻪ ﹶﻗ ﺪﻡ
)ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﱯ ـ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﱯ ﺹ ـ ،332ﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﲑﻭﺕ ـ 1980ﻡ (
ﻱ" ﰲ ﻗﻮ ِﻝ ﺯﻫﲑ ﺑﻦ ﺃﰊ ﻑ ـ ِﺇﺧﺎ ﹸﻝ ـ ﹶﺃﺩﺭ ِ ﻭ ِﻣﹾﺜﻠﹸﻪ " ﺳ ﻮ
ﺳﻠﻤﻰ:
ﺼ ٍﻦ ﹶﺃ ﻡ ِﻧﺴﺎ ُﺀ.
ﻱ * ﹶﺃﹶﻗ ﻮ ﻡ ﺁ ﹸﻝ ِﺣ ﻑ ِﺇﺧﺎ ﹸﻝ ﹶﺃﺩﺭ ِ
ﻱ ﻭ ﺳ ﻮ
ﻭﻣﺎ ﹶﺃﺩﺭ ِ
ﺴ ٍﺔ .ﻭﻫﻲ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﹼﺒ ﹸﺔ :ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛ ِﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎ ِﻡ ﺭﺋِﻴ
ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺪ ،ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺪ .ﻭﻛ ﱞﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
ﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦﺻ ٍﺔ ﻳﺘﻤﻴ ﺰ ﺎ ﺑﻌ
ﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔ ٍﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﻮ ٍﺩ ﺧﺎ
ﻣﻨﻘﺴ ﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺮﻭ ٍ
ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ .ﻭﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴ ِﺪ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻮ ﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ِﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳ ِﺪ ﻋﻼﻗ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎ ِﻥ ﺑﻪ ،ﻓﻜﺜﲑﺓﹲ؛ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ
ﻑ :ﻛ ﹶﻘﺪ ،ﻭﱂ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ،ﻭﺇﻥﹾ ،ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ...ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﻌﺎ ﹲﻝ ﺣﺮﻭ
ﺕﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔﹲ ،ﻣﺜﻞ :ﻛﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻭﺻﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺃﺻﺒ ﺢ ...ﺇﱁ .ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﺍ
ﺑﺴﻴﻄ ﹲﺔ :ﻛﺄﻣﺲِ ،ﻭﺣﻴﺚﹸ ،ﻭﺇﻳﹶﺎﻙ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣ ﺮﻛﱠﺒ ﹲﺔ :ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺣِ ﻜ ﻲ
ﻱ ﺃﻧ ﻪ( ،ﻭ)ﻗﻴ ﹶﻞ ﺃﻧ ﻪ( ،ﻭ)ﻗﺎﻝ( ،ﻭ)ﺣﺪﺛﲏ(، ﺃﻧ ﻪ( ،ﻭ)ﺭِ ﻭ
ﻭ) ﺳ ِﻤ ﻌﺖ ﻳﻘﹸﻮ ﹸﻝ( ،ﻭ) ﺳﺒ ﻖ ﺃ ﹾﻥ( ﺍﱁ .ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ
ﺏ ﺯﻣﻨﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ،ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﺮ
ﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻀ ِﻪ ﺍﻵ ﺧ ِﺮ .ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻮﺍ ٍﺍﳌﺘﻜﱢﻠ ِﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺇﻟﻴ ِﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌ ِ
ﺖ ﹶﺃﺭﺍ ﻩ"؛
ﺖ " :ﹸﻛﻨ
ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹸﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍ ِﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻠ
ﻑ"ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻛﻼ ﻡ ﻳﻮ ِﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍ ﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮ ﺩﺩِ ،ﲞﻼ ِ
ﺖ ﹶﺃﺭﺍ ﻩ" ،ﺃﻱ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺃﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﹶﺪ ﺭﹶﺃﻳﺘﻪ"؛ ﺇﺫ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ " :ﹸﻛﻨ
ﺣﲔٍ؛ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ " :ﹶﻗ ﺪ ﺭﹶﺃﻳﺘﻪ ،"ﻳﺪﻝﱡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻗﺪ
ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹰﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺭ ٍﺓ ﺟﺎﺯﻣ ٍﺔ .ﻭﺳﻴﺄﰐ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺐ ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﺮﻛﱠ ِ
ﺗﻌﺎﱃ.
***
***
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺪ:
THE PERESENT PERFECT TENSE ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ:
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﻴﻐ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺐِ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺒﺔِ ،ﻭﺍﳌﹸﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺒﻴﻦِ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃِﺒﲔ،
ﺏﲔ .ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ،ﺃﻗﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺒﺎﺕِ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﱢﻠﻢِ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﱢﻠ ِﻤ
ﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ ِﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﱢﻠ ِﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗ ِ
ﺤﺒﺘﻢ، ﺴ ﺖ ،ﻭﻗ ﺮﺑﺘﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻧ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿﻲ .ﳓﻮ :ﹸﻗ ﹾﻠﺖ ،ﻭﺃ ﹾﻛ ﺮ ﻣ ِ
ﺴ ﹾﻜﺖ ،ﻭﺍ ﺳﺘ ﻐ ﹶﻔ ﺮﻧﺎ .ﹸﻛﻠﱡﻬﺎ ﺟﺎ ِﺯ ﻣ ﹲﺔ .ﻭﻻ ﻭﺗﻨﺎ ﺟﻴﺘﻦ ،ﻭﺗ ﻤ
ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ
ﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑ ﺪﺃﹶ، ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ .ﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ
ﺻﺒﺢ ،ﻭﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝﹶ، ﻭﹶﺃ ﺧﺬﹶ ،ﻭ ﹶﻃ ِﻔﻖ ،ﻭ ﺟ ﻌﻞﹶ ،ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺻﺎﺭ ،ﻭﹶﺃ
ﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺸﺄﹶ ،ﻭ ﹶﻇﻞﱠ ،ﻭﺑﺎﺕ؛ ﻧﻌﻢ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ﻭﹶﺃﹶﻗﺒﻞﹶ ،ﻭﹶﺃﻧ
ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬ ِﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝِ ،ﻳﺪﻝﱡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ
ﻼ ِﻃﻔﹸﻪ ،"ﻭ"ﹶﺃ ﺧ ﹶﺬ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻔﻴ ﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍ ﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺘﺪﺍ ﺩ ﳓﻮ" :ﺑ ﺪﹶﺃ ﻳ ﹶ
ﺠﺮ ﻩ ِﺇﹶﻟﻴ ِﻪ") ،ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻑ (150/ﻭ" ﻭ ﹶﻃ ِﻔﻘﹶﺎ ﺱ ﹶﺃﺧِﻴ ِﻪ ﻳ ِﺑ ﺮﹾﺃ ِ
ﺠﻨ ِﺔ" ،ﻭ"ﺟﻌﻞ ﻳﻐﺮِﻳ ِﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻕ ﺍﹾﻟ ﺼﻔﹶﺎ ِﻥ ﻋﹶﻠﻴ ِﻬﻤﺎ ﻣِﻦ ﻭ ﺭ ِ
ﺨِ ﻳ
ﺧﺼﻤﻪ" ،ﻭ"ﻋﺎﺩ ﻳﻨﺎﻓﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ" ،ﻭ"ﺻﺎﺭ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺪﻡ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ" ،ﻭ"ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺣﺶ ﻣﻨﻪ" ﻭ"ﺃﻗﺒﻞ ﻳ ﹶﻜﻠﱢ ﻤ ﻪ
ﺪﻭ ٍﺀ" ،ﻭ" ﻇﻞ ﳛﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﻪ" ،ﻭ"ﺃﻧﺸﺄ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ"،
ﻭ"ﺑﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻧﺲ ﺑﻪ"
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THE ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺪ :ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ:
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
ﺐ
ﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼ ِﻡ ﺍﳌﻮ ﺟ ِ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺿﺎِﺑﻄﹸﻪ :ﻓﺄ ﹾﻥ ﻳﺄ ﹶ
ﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﻣﺎ( ﻭ)ﻻ( ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺘﲔ ﺑﻌ ﺪ )ﹶﻗ ﺪ(؛ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎِﻟ ِ
ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻡ ﻭﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﹰﺓ .ﳓﻮ
ﻚ ﻓِﻲ
) ﺳ ِﻤ ﻊ( ﰲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ" :ﹶﻗ ﺪ ﺳ ِﻤ ﻊ ﺍﻟﱠﻠ ﻪ ﹶﻗ ﻮ ﹶﻝ ﺍﱠﻟﺘِﻲ ﺗﺠﺎ ِﺩﻟﹸ
ﺯ ﻭ ِﺟﻬﺎ) "...ﺍﺎﺩﻟﺔ(1/
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ﺽ
ﻚ ِﻟ ﹾﻠﻤﻼِﺋ ﹶﻜ ِﺔ ِﺇﻧﻲ ﺟﺎ ِﻋ ﹲﻞ ﻓِﻲ ﺍ َﻷ ﺭ ِ * " ﻭِﺇ ﹾﺫ ﻗﹶﺎ ﹶﻝ ﺭﺑ
ﻔ ﹰﺔ" ) .ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ(30/ ﺧﻠِﻴ ﹶ
ﻋ ﹾﻠﻤﺎ") .ﻳﻮﺳﻒ(22/
* " ﻭﹶﻟﻤﺎ ﺑﹶﻠ ﹶﻎ ﹶﺃ ﺷﺪ ﻩ ﺁﺗﻴﻨﺎ ﻩ ﺣ ﹾﻜﻤﺎ ﻭ ِ
ﺖ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﱵ * ﻓﺄﺑﻴﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻟﻘﺎﻙ
ﻚ ﻣ ﹾﺬ ﻧﺴﻴ
* "ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻧﺴﻴﺘ
ﻣﻨﺬ ﻫﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ"
***
ﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎ ﹸﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﺪ ﹸ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﺎ
ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﱢ ﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣ ٍﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ
ﺏ :ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌ ﹸﻞ ﻂ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎ ِ
ﻣﻀﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐﲑﻩِ ،ﻭﺿﺎِﺑ ﹸ
ﺙ ﻉ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﹰﺎ ﺑﻘﻴ ٍﺪ ﳛﺪ ﺩ ﻩ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺤﺪ ﹸ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ
ﺼﻴ ِﻎ ﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺐِ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺒ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺒﻴ ِﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﱢ ﻢ .ﹶﻛ ِ
ﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﱢﻠ ِﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻤﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺒﺎ ِﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎ ﹶﻃِﺒ
ﺖ ﺖ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ،ﻭﺃﻧ ِ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ؛ ﳓﻮ ﺃﻧ
ﺗﻜﺘﺒﲔ ،ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻌﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺃﻧﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻬﺪﻭﻥ ،ﻭﺃﻧﺘﻦ ﺗﺼﺪﻗﻦ ،
ﺻﻴﻎﹸ ﺍﻷﻣﺮِ ،ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻧﺎ ﺃﻧﺼﺤﻜﻢ ،ﻭﳓﻦ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ .ﺃﻣﺎ ِ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ .
***
THE FTURE CONDITIONAL ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺪ:
TENSES
ﺖ ﺍﻟﱠﻠﺌِﻴ ﻢ
ﺖ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻛ ﺮ ﻣ
ﺖ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻜ ِﺮ ﱘ ﻣﹶﻠ ﹾﻜﺘﻪ * ﻭِﺇ ﹾﻥ ﹶﺃﻧ َ
ﺖ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻛ ﺮ ﻣ
ِﺇﺫﹶﺍ ﹶﺃﻧ
ﲤﺮﺩﺍ.
ﺃﻱ ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺗ ﹾﻜ ِﺮ ِﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺮ ﱘ ﺗ ﻤِﻠ ﹾﻜﻪ ،ﻭﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺗ ﹾﻜ ِﺮ ِﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﺌﻴ ﻢ ﻳﺘ ﻤ ﺮ ﺩ.
ﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ، ﺴﻦ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻈ ﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻻ ﻳ ﹶﻔﺮ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻨﺒﻴ ﻪ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺤ ِ
ﻓﻴﻮﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻡ
ﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ ،ﻭﻣﻌﹼﻠ ﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻗﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﺘﺮ ﹲ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ.
ﺼ ﺮ ﹸﻛ ﻢ
ﺼﺮﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﱠ ﻪ ﻳﻨ
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃِ" :ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺗﻨ
ﻢ " )ﳏﻤﺪ(7/
ﺖ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻗﺪﺍ ﻣ ﹸﻜ
ﻭﻳﹶﺜﺒ
***
ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﹶﻟ ﻦ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ" :ﹶﻟ ﻦ
ﻥ " )ﺁﻝ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ(92/
ﺤﺒﻮ ﹶ
ﺗﻨﺎﻟﹸﻮﺍ ﺍﹾﻟِﺒ ﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻨ ِﻔﻘﹸﻮﺍ ِﻣﻤﺎ ﺗ ِ
***
ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﻣﺎ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻟِـ (..ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ":
ﻢ ) "...ﺍﻷﻧﻔﺎﻝ(33/
ﺖ ﻓِﻴ ِﻬ
ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﱠﻠ ﻪ ِﻟﻴ ﻌ ﱢﺬﺑﻬ ﻢ ﻭﹶﺃﻧ