Physics June 2009 MS

Mark Scheme Summer 2009
GCE
GCE Physics (8540/9540)
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Summer 2009
Publications Code UA021601
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Edexcel Ltd 2009
Contents
Unit PHY1 Mark Scheme 1
Unit PHY3 (Topics) Mark Scheme 21
Unit PHY3 (Practicals) Mark Scheme 31
Unit PHY5 (Practicals) Mark Scheme 72
Mark scheme notes
Underlying principle
The mark scheme will clearly indicate the concept that is being rewarded, backed up by
examples. It is not a set of model answers.
For example:
(iii) Horizontal force of hinge on table top
66.3 (N) or 66 (N) and correct indication of direction [no ue] 9 1

[Some examples of direction: acting from right (to left) / to the left /
West / opposite direction to horizontal. May show direction by arrow. Do
not accept a minus sign in front of number as direction.]
This has a clear statement of the principle for awarding the mark, supported by some examples
illustrating acceptable boundaries.
1. Mark scheme format

1.1 You will not see ‘wtte’ (words to that effect). Alternative correct wording should be
credited in every answer unless the ms has specified specific words that must be
present. Such words will be indicated by underlining e.g. ‘resonance’
1.2 Bold lower case will be used for emphasis.
1.3 Round brackets ( ) indicate words that are not essential e.g. “(hence) distance is
increased”.
1.4 Square brackets [ ] indicate advice to examiners or examples e.g. [Do not accept
gravity] [ecf].
2. Unit error penalties

2.1 A separate mark is not usually given for a unit but a missing or incorrect unit will
normally cause the final calculation mark to be lost.
2.2 Incorrect use of case e.g. ‘Watt’ or ‘w’ will not be penalised.
2.3 There will be no unit penalty applied in ‘show that’ questions or in any other question
where the units to be used have been given.
2.4 The same missing or incorrect unit will not be penalised more than once within one
question but may be penalised again in another question.
2.5 Occasionally, it may be decided not to penalise a missing or incorrect unit e.g. the
candidate may be calculating the gradient of a graph, resulting in a unit that is not one
that should be known and is complex.
2.6 The mark scheme will indicate if no unit error penalty is to be applied by means of [no
ue].
3. Significant figures
3.1 Use of an inappropriate number of significant figures in the theory papers will normally
only be penalised in ‘show that’ questions where use of too few significant figures has
resulted in the candidate not demonstrating the validity of the given answer.
3.2 Use of an inappropriate number of significant figures will normally be penalised in the
practical examinations or coursework.
3.3 Using g = 10 m s−2 will not be penalised.
4. Calculations
4.1 Bald (i.e. no working shown) correct answers score full marks unless in a ‘show that’
question.
4.2 If a ‘show that’ question is worth 2 marks then both marks will be available for a
reverse working; if it is worth 3 marks then only 2 will be available.
4.3 use of the formula means that the candidate demonstrates substitution of physically
correct values, although there may be conversion errors e.g. power of 10 error.
4.4 recall of the correct formula will be awarded when the formula is seen or implied by
substitution.
4.5 The mark scheme will show a correctly worked answer for illustration only.
4.6 Example of mark scheme for a calculation:
‘Show that’ calculation of weight
Use of L × W × H 9
Substitution into density equation with a volume and density 9
Correct answer [49.4 (N)] to at least 3 sig fig. [No ue] 9

[Allow 50.4(N) for answer if 10 N/kg used for g.]
[If 5040 g rounded to 5000 g or 5 kg, do not give 3rd mark; if conversion
to kg is omitted and then answer fudged, do not give 3rd mark] 3
[Bald answer scores 0, reverse calculation 2/3]
Example of answer:
80 cm × 50 cm × 1.8 cm = 7200 cm3
7200 cm3 × 0.70 g cm-3 = 5040 g
5040 × 10-3 kg × 9.81 N/kg
= 49.4 N
5. Quality of Written Communication

5.1 Indicated by QoWC in mark scheme, placed as first mark.
5.2 Usually it is part of a max mark.
5.3 In SHAP marks for this are allocated in coursework only but this does not negate the
need for candidates to express themselves clearly, using appropriate physics terms.
Likewise in the Edexcel A papers.
6. Graphs
6.1 A mark given for axes requires both axes to be labelled with quantities and units, and
drawn the correct way round.
6.2 Sometimes a separate mark will be given for units or for each axis if the units are
complex. This will be indicated on the mark scheme.
6.3 A mark given for choosing a scale requires that the chosen scale allows all points to be
plotted, spreads plotted points over more than half of each axis and is not an awkward
scale e.g. multiples of 3, 7 etc.
6.4 Points should be plotted to within 1 mm.
• Check the two points furthest from the best line. If both OK award mark.
• If either is 2 mm out do not award mark.
• If both are 1 mm out do not award mark.
• If either is 1 mm out then check another two and award mark if both of these OK,
otherwise no mark.
6.5 For a line mark there must be a thin continuous line which is the best-fit line for the
candidate’s results.
6731 Unit Test PHY1
• Question • Answer • Mark

• Number
• 1 (a) • How physical quantities change •
•
Increase Decrease Stays the same
9
9
9
9
9
9
•
• 6 ticks right
9999
• 5 ticks right
999
• 4 ticks right
99
• 3 ticks right
9
•
• • Total • 8
-1-
• Number
• 2. (a) • Define principle of conservation of linear momentum •
• •
• The total/net/sum momentum of a (closed) system does not •
change or total/net/sum momentum before a collision equals the •
total/net/sum momentum after a collision •
(1) [‘Total/net/sum’ at least once. Accept ∑ but not ‘all’] • (2)
• provided no resultant/net/unbalanced force acts [Accept ‘no
external force’. Accept ∑ for total but not ‘all’.] (1)
•
• (b)(i) • A’s momentum •
• •
• Equation for momentum seen or used •
(1) •
• Answer [ 144 kg m s-1. Apply ue. Allow -144 kg m s-1 and N s.] •
(1) • (2)
•
• Eg momentum = 48 kg x 3.0 m s-1
• = 144 kg m s-1
•
• (ii) • State B’s momentum •
• •
• Minus [Accept ‘in opposite direction’.] •
(1) •
• 144 kg m s-1 [Ecf answer from bi] •
(1) •
• [Could get both marks for 144 kg m s-1/N s if answer in bi is •
negative] •
• •
• Explain with reference to principle of conservation of linear •
momentum •
• • (4)
• (Since total) momentum before (separation) is zero the (total)
momentum after (separation) must also be zero or pA + pB = 0 .
(1)
• (For total momentum after separation to be zero) the momenta
(of A and B) must be equal (in magnitude) and opposite in
direction or (A and B) have opposite momentum [Accept
‘momentum of (A) is positive and (B) is negative] or (hence) pA = -
pB (1)
•
• • Total • 8
-2-
• Number
• 3. (a) (i) • The height of bounce •
• •
• Attempt to measure area of a triangle between graph and time •
axis. •
(1) • (2)
• Answer [0.45 m, ue. Ignore negative sign] •
(1)
•
0.3 s x 3 m s -1
• Eg Area under graph =
2
• = 0.45 m
•
• Or
• Use of correct equation(s) of motion (1)
• [If the equation involves ‘g’ they must use 10 m s-2. Accept use of
s = ½gt2.]
• Answer [0.45 m. ue]
• Eg
u+v
• s = ut + ½gt2 s= t
2
•
-1 -2 2 2 3 m s -1 + 0
• = 3 m s x 0.3 s + ½ -10 m s x 0.3 s = x 0.3
2
s
• = 0.45 m = 0.45 m
•
-3-
• (ii) • The average speed •
• •
• Attempt to measure the total area of both triangles formed •
between graph and time axis or 2.25 m seen or use of correct •
motion equations[allow g used in a(i)] (1) •
• Answer [2.5 m s-1, ue. Ecf answer from a( i )] • (2)
(1) •
•
0.6 s x 6 m s -1
• Eg Total area = 0.45 m + (= 2.25 m)
2
2.25 m
• Average speed = = 2.5 m s-1
0.9 s
•
• (b) (i) • Describe velocity change •
• •
• Reduced magnitude and opposite direction • (1)
(1) •
• [Accept (velocity changes by) (-)9 m s-1/ (+)6 m s-1 to -3 m s-1 /
from 6 m s-1 in one direction to 3 m s-1 in the opposite direction /
(velocity) decreases to zero then increases in the opposite
direction.]
•
• (ii) • Why velocity change as shown could not happen •
• •
• The change in velocity is instantaneous / has taken zero •
time[accept ‘no time’] or the ball would remain in contact with •
the ground for a time (1) •
• This would mean infinite acceleration / force (which is impossible) • (2)
or ball would (take time to) compress or the graph should not be •
vertical should have a (negative) gradient[accept description that
means this] where the change in velocity happens. (1)
• [ Accept reverse statements where appropriate for either mark]
•
•
• • Total • 7
-4-
• Number
• 4(a)(i) • Resultant force •
• • (2)
• Use of F = ma •
(1)
• Answer [132 N, ue.]
(1)
•
• Eg F = 110 kg x 1.2 m s-2 = 132 N
•
•
• (ii) • Resistive force • (1)
• •
• Answer [68 N, ue. Ecf answer from a(i).]
(1)
•
• Eg 200 N – 132 N = 68 N
•
• (b) • Force B applies to A •
• •
• 100 N [If they do not write 100 N on the response line, but •
mention it in their explanation – give the mark] •
(1) •
• •
• Explain •
• Either •
• Box B is also accelerated 1.2 m s-2 (and same resistive force acts) •
(1) •
• (Since) box B is half the mass of A+B the force applied by A to B •
must be half the value of the force applied to A (+ B) •
(1) •
• By Newton’s 3rd law an equal but opposite force is applied by B to •
A. (1) •
• [Give this mark for a bald statement of N3 in terms of body A and •
body B (even if the explanation is wrong or there is no •
explanation)]
•
•
•
•
•
• Or
•
• Correct substitution into F = ma / 66 N[unbalanced force on box B]
•
(1)
•
• Addition of 34 N[to get force of A on B] (1)
•
• [Allow this mark even if 68 N is used for friction]
•
• By Newton’s 3rd law an equal but opposite force is applied by B to
•
A (1)
• (4)
• [Apply this as above]
• [Note they can get these three marks for an answer of 132 N]
•
• Eg F = 55 kg x 1.2 m s-2 = 66 N [unbalanced force on box B]
• Total force applied by A to B = 66 N + 34 N = 100N
-5-
• Hence by Newton’s 3rd law force from B to A is the same
•
• Or
• Correct substitution into F = ma/ 66 N [unbalanced force on
box A] (1)
• Equates forces acting on box A (1)
• [Allow this mark even if 68 N is used for friction ]
• Equates both expressions to obtain force of B on A (1)
• [ They could get these three marks for 66 N]
•
• Eg
• F = 55 kg x 1.2 m s-1 = 66 N
• 200 N – 34 N – force of B on A = 66 N
• Force of B on A = 100 N
• • Total • 7

• Number
• 5(a) • Weight of pole •
• • (2)
• Use of w = mg
(1)
• Answer [ 2.9(4) N. Accept 3 N. Ue]
(1)
•
•
Eg w = 300 (x 10-3) kg x 9.81 N kg-1
• = 2.94 N
•
• (b) • Distance of centre of gravity from end of handle •
• Use of principle of moments [Allow one wrong distance] •
(1) •
• Distance from pivot [238 mm (allow 240 mm) or 233 mm (allow •
230 mm)if 3 N used. Ecf candidates value for weight from b(i)] •
(1) •
• Answer [273 mm or 268 mm. also 275 mm or 265 mm respectfully. •
Ecf, ue] (1) •
• • (3)
• Eg 20 N x 35 (x 10-3m) = 2.94 N x L •
• L = 238 x 10-3 m
• Distance from end = 238 x 10-3 m + 35 x 10-3 m
• = 273 x 10-3 m
•
• (c) • Why force needs to be adjusted •
• •
• QWOC •
(1) •
• The centre of gravity[allow centre of mass or weight] will move •
further from pivot / to the right (1) •
• [Allow ‘c of g moves further from end of handle’] •
• (therefore) the moment of the weight / the clockwise moment / •
the right hand side moment [accept ‘the moment on this side’ •
where it is clear what they mean] will increase or shown by a
-6-
calculation / formula(1) • (5)
• (To maintain balance) the anticlockwise moment / the moment of •
the force applied / the LHS moment[accept ‘moment on the other
side’] must increase [This must be stated not implied eg if a
candidate shows cm has increased and states acm = cm this in
itself would not get this mark.]
• or justifies through calculation / formula why the force increases
(1)
• the force applied at the end of the stick must increase or shown in
a calculation or formula (1)
•
• • Total • 7

• Number
• 6(a) • Velocity of stone •
• • (2)
• Use of appropriate equation(s) of motion •
(1)
• Answer [11.8(m s-1) or 12 (m s-1) if g = 10 m s-2 is used.]
(1)
• [Even though this is a ‘show that’ accept 12 m s-1 when g = 10 m s-
2
is used]
• Eg v = u + at = 0 + 9.81 m s-2 x 1.2 s
• = 11.77(m s-1) (11.76 m s-1 when g = 9.8 m s-2)
• (b)(i) • Change in kinetic energy • (3)
• •
1
• Attempt to subtract two mv2 values
2
(1)
• [Allow this mark even if one is incorrect]
• Use of 0.6 kg for mass [in any equation] (1)
2 -2
• Answer [(34.0 J – 36 .0 J). Ue accept kg m s . Ecf candidate’s
value for velocity from (a). Ignore negative in answer]
(1)
•
• Eg ∆EK = 0.5 x 0.6 kg x [(11.8 m s-1)2 – (5 m s-1)2]
• = 34.27 J
• (ii) • Average resultant force • (2)
• Either •
• ∆EK set equal to work done
(1)
• Answer [(21.2 N - 22.5 N). Ue. Ecf candidate’s value for bi.]
(1)
•
• Eg F x 1.6 m = 34.27 J
• F = 21.42 N
•
• Or
• Use of v2 = u2 + 2as or two appropriate equations of motion and F
-7-
mv - mu
= ma or F= (1)
t
• Answer [(-)(21.3 N - 22.5 N). Ue. Ecf candidate’s value for bi.]
(1)
• [allow both marks even if v and u are mixed up ie they will get a
positive value for acceleration]
− 11.8 2 m 2 s -2 + 5.0 m 2 s -2
• Eg a = = (-) 35.7 m s-2
2 x 1.6 m
• F = 0.6 kg x (-) 35.7 m s-2 = (-)21.4 N
• (c) • Explain observation • (2)
• •
• Upward / resistive / viscous / drag friction force (due to water)
equals weight of / downward force (due to stone) or Unbalanced
/ resultant force is therefore zero. (1)
• Hence acceleration is zero (1)
•
• • Total • 9
-8-
• Number
• 7 (a) • What happens when an atom is ionised •
• [Throughout this question; Do not accept particle of air; Do •
accept recognisable symbols for alpha and beta] •
• Alpha particle collides with (air) atom / molecule [or atom with •
alpha] (1) • Max(2)
• As a result an electron is ejected / attracted out (of an •
atom/molecule). [accept ‘loses an electron’ even ‘electrons’]
(1)
• leaving behind a positive ion (and a negative electron)
(1)
• [ Accept ‘atom/molecule with a (net) positive charge’]
•
• (b) • Calculate range of alpha particle •
• Either •
• Determines number of ionisations throughout range / 1.9 x 105/ •
shows correct calculation •
(1) •
• Divides the above value by 5 x 103 •
(1) •
• Answer [38 mm. Ue.] •
(1) •
• •
o 9 x 10 -13 J •
• Eg N of ionisations = (= 1.9 x 105)
4.7 x 10 J-18 •
•
1.9 x 10 5
• Range = mm •
5 x 10 3 •
• = 38(.3) mm •
• Or •
• Determines energy required for ionisations per mm ie 23.5 x 10-15 J •
/ shows correct calculation •
(1)
•
• Divides the above value into 9 x 10-13 J
•
(1)
• (3)
• Answer [38 mm. Ue.]
(1)
•
• Eg Energy per mm = 4.7 x 10-18 J x 5 x 103 ( = 23.5 x 10-15 J)
9 x 10 -13 J
• Range =
23.5 x 10 -15 J
• = 38(.3) mm
•
•
-9-
• (c) • Effect on range of alpha particle •
• •
• The range is increased •
(1) •
• Number of atoms ionised per mm / per unit length would be less • (2)
or number of atoms per mm / unit length would be less or •
(average)distance between atoms would be greater[Accept atoms
would be more spread out] or number of collisions per mm / per
unit length would be less or alpha particles are less likely to hit
atoms / molecules (1)
•
• (d) • Explain observation •
• •
• (Beta particles) have a smaller (magnitude of) charge (and are •
therefore less effective in removing electrons from atoms) •
(1) •
• (Beta particles) travel (much) faster (since they have a much •
smaller mass and yet similar kinetic energy) or spends less time •
per mm / per unit length (1) • (Max 2)
• (As a result) they encounter / ionise a (much) smaller number of
atoms per mm / per unit length or beta particles are less likely
to hit atoms/molecules or beta particles lose less (kinetic) energy
per mm / per unit length (1)
•
• • Total • 9
- 10 -
Question Answer Mark
Number
8. (a) Define half-life
Average time required (1)
For the count rate / activity / intensity to halve or the number of
(unstable) atoms/nuclei/ nuclides to halve. (1)
[Do not accept mass / particles / atom / (radio)isotope / count / (2)
sample / nuclide]
(b) (i) Determine half-life

Working that indicates that a 75% reduction indicates a time interval of
2 half–lives. (1)
Answer[ 24 days. Ue] (1) (2)
(b) (ii) Explain apparent contradiction

[Do not accept particle for atom or nucleus]
Idea that it is impossible to predict when/ which (single) nucleus/atom
will decay (1)
Idea that (with) a sample of radioactive material (where)there are a
(very) large number of nuclei / atoms decaying at any instant
mathematical laws (of probability)/ A =λN apply `/ prediction is
possible / the rate of decay can be predicted [accept the number of (2)
atoms / nuclei decaying can be predicted] / they have a known half life
/ exponentially decay (1)
Total 6
- 11 -
- 12 -
6732 Unit Test PHY2

• Number
• 1(a) • Ammeter resistance •
• Current passes through ammeter or ammeter in series in circuit •
(1) •
• •
• •
• p.d. across ammeter needs to be zero, negligible or very small •
• OR •
• Ammeter doesn’t use any power [allow no power loss across • 2
ammeter]
• OR
• If it had resistance, it would reduce the current it is meant to be
measuring (1)
•
• [do not credit ‘zero resistance so will not affect the current’
• ‘so max amount of current will flow through it’]
•
• 1(b) • Voltmeter resistance •
• Voltmeter in parallel across component or it provides alternative •
path •
• for the current •
(1) •
• •
• •
• Current in voltmeter needs to be zero, negligible or very small •
• OR •
• voltmeter doesn’t use any power or doesn’t reduce the p.d. it is • 2
measuring.
• OR
• If its resistance was lower, it would reduce the p.d. it is meant to
be measuring (1)
•
• [do not credit ‘ infinite so current keeps flowing in the circuit’
• ‘most of the current goes through the rest of the
circuit’
•
• • Total for question • 4
- 13 -
• Number
• 2(a) • Explanation of shape of graph •
• qowc • 1
(1) •
• •
• Max Three from •
• Initially the temperature is low OR wire not yet hot OR filament •
heats up when turned on •
(1) •
• Current/electron flow causes heating •
(1) • Max 3
• Resistance of filament increases as temperature increases/wire •
gets hotter OR increased ion movement slows the electrons down
(1)
• (after 0.3 s, current constant) when temperature/resistance is
constant/maximum (1)
•
•
• 2(b) • It breaks because the current is large/ maximum current • 1
(1)
•
• 2(c) • Use of sensor •
• The changes occur very quickly OR in a short time OR you can’t •
take readings fast enough •
(1) • 2
•
• Sample rate of more 50 s-1 and less than 1000 s-1
(1)
• (every 0.001s to 0.02 s )
•
- 14 -
• Number
• 3(a)(i) • Current calculation •
• Use of P=VI (1) •
• I = 52 A (1) •
• •
• Example of answer •
• I = 2500/48 •
• I = 52.08 A • 2
•
• (use of 12 V gives I = 208 A scores 1/2)
• 3(ii) • Charge calculation •
• Use of Q = It (1) •
5
• Q = 5.6 × 10 C (1) ecf their current •
• •
• Q = 52 × 3 × 3600 •
• Q = 562680 • 2
•
• 3(iii) • Energy calculation •
• Use of E = Pt OR E = V×Q OR E=VIt (1) •
• Energy = 2.7 × 107 J (1) ecf their •
charge •
• •
• E = 2500 ×3×3600 = 27000000 J •
• OR • 2
• E = 48 × 5626800 = 27008640 J
•
• 3(b) • Power needed is 30 kW (which is much greater than 4.0 kW ) •
• OR calculation to show 40 kJ (which is much less than 300 kJ) •
(1) •
• Acceleration uses a lot of energy/power • 3
(1)
• Range of car would be less
(1)
•
- 15 -
• Number
• 4(a) • Circuit diagram •
• Labelled wire, battery and variable resistor in series OR correct •
potentiometer circuit •
(1) • 2
• Ammeter in series and voltmeter in parallel
(1)
•
• 4(b) • Readings to be taken •
• Current and potential difference •
(1) •
• Length of wire with a (metre) ruler •
(1) • 3
• Diameter of wire with micrometer screw gauge or
• digital callipers / micrometer
(1)
•
• [do not accept just callipers or thickness or area]
•
• 4(c) • Use of readings •
• Use of R=V/I and ρ =RA/l •
(1) •
• A= πr2 OR A = π(d/2)2 •
(1) •
• Repetition of calculation using different lengths OR graphical •
method (1) •
• •
• Precautions •
• Any two from: •
• Reading of diameter at various places / different orientations •
• Contact errors •
• Zero errors on meters •
• Wire straight when measuring length •
• Wire not heating up/remains at constant temperature • 5
Max 2
•
• [credit for marking points for 4(b) might be found in answer to 4(c)
and vv.]
- 16 -
• Number
• 5(a) • Symbol definition •
• n: number of charge carriers per unit volume OR number of charge •
carriers m -3 OR charge carrier density. •
(1) •
• Q: charge on the charge carrier •
(1) • 2
•
• (ecf use of electron in n and Q can score mark for Q as charge on
electron)
• 5(b) nW •
• =1 •
nZ
•
• Reason: wires same material OR both wires made of copper •
(1)
•
IW •
• =1
IZ •
• Reason: wires in series •
(1) •
vW •
• =2 •
vZ
• 3
• Reason: Av = constant OR A inversely proportional to v OR v =
I/nQA
• OR halving A gives twice v
(1)
- 17 -
• Number
• 6(a) • Meaning of absolute zero temperature •
• Temperature at which volume (or pressure) of a gas is zero •
• OR •
• Temperature at which kinetic energy/vibrations of •
molecules/atoms of •
• a gas is zero / minimum •
(1) • 2
• (do not credit KE and PE zero)
• Measured in kelvin / K
(1)
• 6(b)(i) • Pressure calculation •
• Use of p/T = constant either Kelvin or Celsuis •
(1) •
• Conversion to Kelvin •
(1) • 3
• p = 1.37 × 105 Pa
(1)
• (accept 1.4 × 105 Pa)
• 6(b)(ii) • Graph A •
• Straight line with positive gradient •
(1) • 2
• Joining (0, 1.00) to (100, 1.37) (ecf their value of p)
(1)
• (allow 1.36 to 1.40)
• 6(b)(iii) • Graph B •
• Straight line through (100. 2.73) (allow 2.70 to 2.80) •
(1) • 2
• Passing through (0, 2.00)
(1)
•
- 18 -
• Number
• 7(a) • Units of pV •
• Unit of pressure = Nm -2 / kg m-1 s-2 and unit of volume = m 3 •
(1) •
2
• Unit of energy = Nm / kg m s-2 •
(1) •
• •
• OR • 2
• unit of n = mol
(1)
• unit of R = J K-1 mol -1
and unit of T = K
(1)
•
• 7(b) • Gas pressure using kinetic theory •
• Any four •
• Molecules have KE /are moving •
(1) •
• Molecules collide with the walls (of the container) •
(1) •
• Molecules exert a force •
(1) • 4
• Molecules undergo a change of direction/momentum
(1)
• Pressure = force/area
(1)
• There is a large number of molecules (hence constant pressure in
the gas). (1)
•
- 19 -
• Number
• 8(a) • Energy supplied to lead block •
• Use of E = VIt (1) •
• E = 315 (J) allow 310 or 320 (J) (1) •
• •
• E = 0.5 × 21 × 30 = 315 J •
• 2
• 8(b) • Specific heat capacity of lead •
• Use of E = mc∆θ (1) •
-1 -1 -1
• c = 129 J kg K ( accept C ) (1) •
• (Full credit if 500 g used and units in J g-1 K-1) •
• •
• ( use of 300 J gives c = 122 J kg -1 K -1) •
• •
• Example of answer • 2
•
c = 315J / (0.5kg × 4.9K) = 128.5 J kg -1 K -1
•
• 8(c) • Application of ∆U = ∆W + ∆Q •
• ∆W = 315/300 J •
(1) •
• Statement about work done on OR energy supplied to the •
block/system/lead (1) •
• ( do not credit work done on body) •
• •
• ∆Q = 0 •
(1) •
• Block is thermally insulated from surroundings OR receives no • 6
thermal energy from surrounds nor gives any out
(1)
•
• must be equal to their ∆W + ∆Q ( ∆U = 315/300 J)
(1)
• To balance the equation OR because ∆Q = 0, all the energy supplied
becomes internal energy.
(1)
•
• [ it is not enough to say because of conservation of energy]
- 20 -
- 21 -
6733 Unit Test PHY3 (Topics)
Topic A – Astrophysics

Number
1 (a) Star Properties
• White dwarf: < 1.4 M~ (1)
• Red Giant (1)
• Neutron (star) [accept pulsar] (1)
• Black hole: > 2.5 M~ (1)

(4)
(b) Efficiency advantages
(i) • more sensitive (more photons detected) (1)
• detect fainter stars (1)
• detects more distant stars (1) (Any 2)
• quicker image collection [accept reversed points] (1)

Emulsion advantage
• Resolution / pixel size may be smaller / pixilates if magnified(1) (1)
(ii) CCD linearity of response
• Quality of written communication (1)
• All detected wavelengths / frequecies responded to equally (1)
• Image brightness corresponds to actual measured intensity (1) (3)
(c) Nuclear fusion calculation

•
E = m c2 and any ∆m (1)
(i)
• ∆m substitution [(6.02136 – 5.98023) x 10-10 J OR 4.57 x 10-29
(kg)] (1)
• 4.11 x 10-12 (J) (1)

(3)
2
E=mc
= (4 x 1.6726 – 6.6447) x 10-27 kg x (3 x 108 m s-1 )2
= 4.11 x 10-12 J
(c) Solar luminosity calculation

• Divide by four [must be shown] (1)
(ii) • 4.11 x 10-12 J x ¼ x 3.8 x 1038 = 3.9 x 1026 J [accept W or J s-1] (2)
(1)
- 22 -
(c) Intensity - Luminosity calculation
• I = L / 4 π D2 (1)
(iii)
• Correct substitution [e.c.f.] (1)
• 1.5 x 1011 m [e.c.f. to 3.0 x 1011 m] (1)
D = (L / 4 π I)½ (3)
= (3.9 x 1026 W / 4 π (1370 W m-2)½
= 1.5 x 1011 m
(c) Wien’s Law calculation
• Use of Wien’s law with T = 6100 K [or 6073 K] (1)
(iv)
• 4.8 x 10-7 m [accept 477 nm but beware 500nm] (1)
(2)
λmax = 2.90 x 10-3 m K / 6100 K
= 4.8 x 10-7 m
(c) Planck energy distribution curve

• Correct shape curve [steeply rising, not at origin, less steep
(v) concave fall] (1)
• Peak at 480 nm [e.c.f.] (1)

(2)
(d) Main Sequence definition
• Fusing in core [accept burning] (1)
• Hydrogen to helium [not ‘atoms’] (1)

(2)
(e) Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
• X clearly on 100 line and between 5000 K and 7000 K (1) (1)
(i)
• Diagonal falling line [or region] passing through X (1)
(ii)
• Steepens at both ends (1) (2)
(iii) • Upper right of X indicated and labelled (1) (1)
(iv) White Dwarf radius
• L = σT4 4 π r2 (1)
• L in range 3.9 x 1023 – 3.9 x 1025 (W) (1)
• T in range 10 000 – 20 000 (K) (1)

(4)
6
• Hence answer in range 2 – 70 x 10 m (1)
L = 4 π σ T4 r 2
3.9 x 1026 W x 10-2 = 4 π x 5.67 x 10-8 W m-2 K4 x (20 000 K)4 x r 2
r = 6 x 106 m
Total 32
- 23 -
Topic B - Solid Materials

Number
2 Polymer classifications
(a) • Perspex (1)
• Nylon or Polythene [accept PVC, polystyrene] (1)
• (Rigid) Thermoset (1) (3)
(b) Glass properties
• Brittle (1)
• Stiff (1) (2)
(-1 per error if more than two properties circled)
(c) Extension calculation
(i) • Use of π r2 (1)
• σ = F / A and ε = ∆l / l [or E = F l / A ∆l] (1)
• Substitution in E = σ / ε [or subst in E = F l / A ∆l] (1)
• 3.1 x 10-4 m / 0.31 mm (1) (4)
E = F l / A ∆l = F l / π r2 ∆l
∆l = (460 N x 0.60 m) / (π (2.0 x 10-3 m)2 x 7.0 1010)
= 3.14 x 10-4 m
(c) Energy density calculation
(ii) • Use of (½) stress x strain or ½ F ∆l or π r2 l (1)

• Substitution in ½ stress x strain or Substitution in E / V [ignore
10n] (1)
• 9.6 x 10n [e.c.f., ignore 10n] (1)
• 9600 J m-3 [accept 9500 or 9150 J m-3] (1)
E.D. = E / V = ½ F ∆l / π r2 l
= (½ x 460 N x 3.14 x 10-4 m) / (π (2.0 x 10-3 m)2 x 0.60 m) (4)
= 9600 J m-3
(c) Mild steel comparison
(iii) • E = F l / A ∆l OR {E α 1 / ∆l AND F, l, A constant} OR greater E

means stiffer OR calculation to 0.11 mm (1)
• Hence greater Young modulus means lower extension (1) (2)
- 24 -
(d) Pre-stressed reinforced concrete beam
• Quality of written communication (1)
• Steel / iron AND rod / cable / wire [at least one in diagram] (1) (1)
• Loaded / stressed AND force arrows shown in diagram (1)
• Concrete cast / poured over (not cement) (1)
• And allowed to set / solidify AND remove tension (1)

(Any 3)
• Steel in Tension AND Concrete in Compression (1)
[cable returns to original length - max 4/5] (1)
(e) Composite material definition
(i) • Made of more than one material (1)
• To gain the (beneficial) properties of each material (1) (2)
Laminate and Particle Composite

(ii)
• Laminate = plywood AND Chipboard = particle composite (1)
• Laminate – diagram showing layers (1)
• Laminate – cross-grains / glued together [label or description]

(1)
(4)
• Particle composite – diagram with labelled “particles” (1)
(f) Hardening Processes
(i) • W.H. = beaten (repeatedly) [not just “worked”, accept

hammered] (1)
(2)
• Q.H. = heated and then cooled rapidly [or immerse in oil or
water] (1)
(ii) [max 8 if statements swapped or Q.H./W.H not mentioned]
(1)
• Hardness and Brittleness only (1)
(g) Stress-strain graph

• Strain = (2.5 x 108 / 2.0 x 1011) or correct gradient calculation
(1)
• Straight line to 1.25 x 10-3 and 2.5 x 108 Pa (1)
• Plastic flow shown to strain of 3.0 x 10-3 (1) (3)
Total 32
- 25 -
Topic C - Nuclear and Particle Physics

Number
3 (a) Particle classification
(i) • Electron, muon, tau-particle, any neutrino (1)
• Proton, neutron, etc. (1)
• Lepton (1)
• Exchange particle [accept gauge boson or intermediate vector

boson] (1) (4)
(ii) Fundamental particles
Fundamental – cannot be split into smaller particles AND

• Composite – composed of smaller particles / can be sub-divided (1)
(1)
(iii) Charm, strange, top, bottom (quarks), muon, tau-particle
• Any five correct (1)
• Any six correct [symbols only scores maximum 8] (1) (2)
(iv) • Same mass /both are leptons (1)
• Opposite charge / +1 and -1 charge (1)
• Annihilate to produce gamma (ray(s) / photon(s)) (1)

(3)
(b) Sigma decay conservation laws and quark charges
(i) • B: (+1) = (+1) + (0) … (permitted) (1)
• Q: (+1) = (+1) + (0) … (permitted) [zeros must be shown, accept (2)

(1)] (1)
(ii) • Q (uus) = +1 = (+⅔) + (+⅔) + qs AND qs = -⅓ (1)
(1)
(iii) Fundamental interactions
• Gravitational, weak, strong, electromagnetic [this order applies

below] (1)
• Mass, all particles, quarks, charged particles – any three correct

(1)
• Mass, all particles, quarks, charged particles – all four correct
(1)
• All four possible [ignore gravitational force] OR weak only (due
to flavour change) (1)
(4)
- 26 -
Naming Particles
(iv) • Any of W+, W–, Z0 (1) (1)
(v) • X = proton [or ∆+] (1) (1)
(c) Nuclear density
• use of ρ = m ÷ V (1)
(i)
• Substitution: 4π/3 x (5.84 x 10-15 m)3 x 2.29 x 1017 kg m-3 (1)
• 1.91 x 10-25 kg (1) (3)
(ii) Nucleon number
• 1.91 x 10-25 ÷ 1.66 x 10-27 (e.c.f.) (1) (1)
[OR multiply by 6.02 x 1023 OR r = r0 A1/3 route)
(d) Beta minus decay equation

_
(i) 1 1 0
0 n 1 p + −1 β + ν
1
• 0 n (1)
1 0 (2)
• 1 p AND −1 β (1)
Beta energy spectrum
(ii) • Correct shape [rise to peak, fall to concave maximum on x-axis,

accept correction for nuclear attraction through origin] (1)
• Number of beta (minus) / particles (1)
• Kinetic energy (of beta particles) (1)

(3)
Antineutrino explanation
(iii) • Quality of written communication (1)
• Constant energy change per decay expected / conservation of

energy (1)
• All beta should have same (kinetic) energy / beta have a range
of energy (1)
• Missing energy carried away by undetected particle (1) (4)
Total 32
www.xtremepapers.net- 27 -
Topic D - Medical Physics
Number
4(a) Uses of different sources
• (X-ray) imaging / diagnosis / radiography (1)
• Ultrasound [ignore kHz, MHz, do not accept keV, MeV] (1)
• MeV X-rays [accept megavoltage X-rays, Cobalt-60, I-131, high

energy gamma rays] (1)
• (Radiation) therapy / destruction of tissue (1)

(4)
4(b) Technetium decay and symbol
(i) 99 99 0 (1)
• 42 Mo 43 m Tc + −1 β/e (1)
(ii) • Metastable (1)
99 (2)
• Decays by gamma emission (to 43 Tc ) (1)
(iii) (1)
• (0,) 1, 2, 3 days / (0,) 24, 48, 72 hours (1)
Elution graph and process
(iv) • Vertical line corresponds to an elution of the cell (1)
• Removes radioactive material / Tc from the cell (hence lowers (2)

activity) (1)
(v) • Quality of written communication (1)
• Flush [or similar description] with saline solution (1)
• Tc dissolves and is removed (1)
• Insoluble Mo remains in cell (1) (4)
4(c) Anti-scatter grid
(i) • Lead (1)

(1)
(ii) • Rays start from source and are straight lines to patient (1)
• Any ray passing directly between grid, to film [AND no

‘reflection’ from grid] (1)
(3)
• Any ray being scattered within body and then absorbed by grid
(1)
- 28 -
4(d) Acoustic impedance
(i) • (specific) acoustic impedance (1)
• of two materials / media (1) (2)
(ii) • [ρ] = kg m-3 or [c] = m s-1 (1)
• kg m-3 x m s-1 (1) (2)
(iii) Reflection coefficient calculation
• Correct substitution: [(1.70 - 1.38) / (1.70 + 1.38)]2 (1)
• 1.1 x 10-2 / 1.1% [no unit, accept 0.0108, 0.01] (1) (2)
(iv) Transmitted percentage
• 1 – α / 100% - α% (1)
• 98.9% [accept 99%, 98.92%, e.c.f.] (1) (2)
(v) • [range 1 – 2] x 106 kg m-2 s-1 (1) (1)
(e) X-ray image energy and explanation
(i) • 65 keV [or 1.04 x 10-14 J] (1) (1)
(ii) • White = bone, grey (darker) = tissue (1)
• White (bone) = no X-rays reach film (to darken it) / Grey

(tissue) = some X-rays reach film (1)
• Absorption (strongly) dependent on proton number / Z (3) (1)
• Hence greater attenuation for bone (20) than tissue (9) (1) (4)
Total 32
www.xtremepapers.net- 29 -
- 30 -
6733/02 Practical Test PHY3
Group 1
- 31 -
Group 2
- 43 -
- 52 -
- 53 -
- 54 -
6734 Unit Test PHY4

Number
1. Appropriate conditions
(a) Velocity/speed (of wave) is constant / medium does not change

(1)
[NOT velocity/speed of light/sound/any named wave OR medium must be a
vacuum]
(b)
(Meet) exactly/completely/directly out of phase / in antiphase / with a

phase difference of π [or any (2n+1)π] or 180° / with a path difference
of ½λ [or any (n+½)λ] / crest of one meets trough of the other
(1)
[ignore reference to amplitude and any unlabelled diagrams]
(c)
Energy level separation/difference equals photon energy/hf

(1)
E1 – E2 = hf provided E linked to energy level
(d) Energy difference between ground and an excited state equals photon (4)
energy/hf
Electron/It has a greater momentum (than neutron)

(1)
[NOT greater speed
NOT ‘greater speed or momentum’
BUT allow ‘greater speed and momentum’]
Total 4
- 55 -
Number
2. (a) (i) Formula and direction
F = mv2/r AND towards centre (of circular path) (1)

(1)
[NOT just inwards]
(ii) Rewriting the formula
Substitution of v = rω into the correct equation to achieve required equation (1)

(1)
[allow reverse show that back to correct equation using ω = v/r]
OR stating F = ma with a = rω2
(b) (i) Condition for forcemeter to read resultant force
No friction / no other horizontal force / board horizontal /

forcemeter pulled horizontally/radially/parallel to trolley (1)
(1)
(ii) Calculation of force
Use of T = 28/5 OR f = 5/28 (1)
Use of ω = 2π/T OR ω = 2πf OR v = 2πr/T OR v = 2πrf

(1)
(3)
Correct answer for F: 1.8 N
(1)
e.g. T = 28/5 = 5.6 s

ω = 2π/(5.6 s) = 1.12 rad s-1
F = 0.95 kg x 1.50 m x (1.12 rad s-1)2 = 1.79 N
[Note: 1.60 N means that ω not squared

1.89 N means that mass has been omitted ... both score 1st 2 marks]
- 56 -
Number
2 (b) (iii) Experiment description
Any FIVE from:
1. QOWC (1)
2. Keep r (and m) constant (1)
3. (Measure) F and (n)T (NOT f) for various rotation speeds

(1)
4. ω = 2π/T (1)
5. Plot suitable graph e.g. F versus ω2 / F versus 1/T2

(1)
OR suitable calculation e.g. F/ω2 / FT2
6. Hence graph is a straight line through origin

(1) (5max)
OR hence calculation gives a constant value
7. Hence states that F is directly proportional to ω2

(1)
OR states correct expression for gradient/constant
e.g. F versus ω2 gives mr
F versus 1/T2 gives 4π2mr
[Notes:points 5, 6 and 7 can be scored from a suitably labelled sketch graph ...
origin assumed
points 6 and 7 can only be awarded if point 5 scored]
Total 11
- 57 -
Number
3. (a) Points of maximum kinetic energy
X marked at both zero crossings (1) (1)

[Note: if Xs placed to one side then needs to be a clear indication that they
are referring to the zero-crossing points]
(b) Proof of formula
States or uses E = ½mv2

(1)
Substitute either vmax = 2πfx0 AND f = 1/T OR vmax = 2πx0/T to achieve (2)
required equation
(1)
[allow v = 2πfx OR v = 2πx/T]
(c) Determination of kinetic energy ratio
EITHER
Attempt at substituting T = 2π√(M/k) in formula from part (b) for E
OR uses T = 2π√(M/k) to show that TB = √2×TA (1)
Hence shows that E = ½kxo2 OR states that E is independent of M

OR substitutes for TB into EB = 2TA2EA/TB2
(1)
(3)
Hence ratio = 1 (1)
OR
Initial potential energy is the same, because same spring and amplitude
(1)
Hence maximum kinetic energy is the same since energy conserved

(1)
Hence ratio = 1 (1)
Total 6
- 58 -
Number
4(a) Conditions for formula to be valid
Any TWO from:
Point source (1)
Source emits equally/uniformly/evenly in all directions

(1)
No absorption [NOT just blocked] (1) (2max)
[Note: can score 2 marks for a single condition if two of the above points
included]
(b) Explanation of formula
Diagram showing sphere/circle with a labelled radius r around a source

(1)
(Surface) area of sphere is 4πr2

(1)
(3)
Intensity is power per unit area / Intensity = power/area / I = P/A
OR Intensity is rate of flow of energy per unit area
(1)
[NOT power per area]
[Note: no credit for simply explaining the effect of an inverse square

law]
(c) (i) Calculation of intensity
Use of Pythagoras (1)
Use of I = P/4πr2 to get P [= 150 (W)] OR use of IQ/IP = (rP/rQ)2 (1)
Correct answer: 0.71 W m-2 (1) (3)
e.g. Distance to Q = √((2.10 m)2 + (3.50 m)2)

= 4.08 m
IQ = 2.7 W m-2 x (2.10 m / 4.08 m)2
= 0.715 W m-2
(ii) Why illumination will be more uniform
Light is reflected from walls/ceiling/another object in room (1)

(1)
[NOT from outside]
Total 9
- 59 -
Number
5(a) How diffraction leads to formation of pattern
Wave(front)s diffract from each slit and overlap

(1)
[scored either from text or from their diagram ... look for diffraction and
overlap only]
Superposition (or interference) occurs where waves overlap/meet

(1) (3)
[scored from text, including expanded labels on diagram]
Extra detail from text only: (1)

slits act as coherent sources
maxima/bright fringes arise from constructive interference
minima/dark fringes arise from destructive interference
(b) Increasing the fringe width
EITHER
i) Increase slits-to-screen distance (1)
ii) Fringes will be dimmer/less bright/less intense (2)

(1)
[ignore blurred/less clear/harder to observe]
OR
i) Decrease slit separation (1)
[NOT size]
ii) Slit separation will be harder to measure (precisely)

(1)
OR
i) an incorrect change e.g. reduce slit width 2
(0)
ii) correct disadvantage for their change e.g. fringes less bright 9
(1)
(c) Problem of measuring fringe width
Hard to measure from/locate centre of fringe

(1)
(2)
Measure across several fringes and divide by the number (1)
[NOT ‘measure several and find the average’ as this could mean several
individual widths]
- 60 -
(d) Fringe pattern for narrower slits
Fringe spacing unchanged ... check peaks still 1 cm apart by eye

(1)
Maximum intensity reduced ... check height of central maximum < 4 cm

(1)
(3)
Intensity falls off more gradually away from centre ... check height of
their
outer maximum ≥ ⅓ of their central maximum by eye
(1)
Total 10
- 61 -
Number
6(a) How the current arises
Radiation/light/photons ejects/releases (photo)electrons

(1)
[NOT just photoelectric emission]
(2)
Electrons cross/flow/travel/move to the anode
(1)
[NOT accelerated to anode / attracted to anode / repelled by cathode]
(b) Calculation of photon energy
Use of E = hf (1)
Correct answer: 5.0 x 10-19 (J) [Minimum 2 sig fig] [no u.e.] (2)
(1)
e.g.
E = 6.63 x 10-34 J s x 7.5 x 1014 Hz
= 4.97 x 10-19 (J)
(c) Calculation of stopping potential
Use of eVs = Ephoton – φ OR eVs = hf – φ (1)
Correct answer 0.79 (V) [2 sig fig minimum] [no u.e.] (2)
(1)
[Notes: 0.81 (V) if 5 x 10-19 J used for photon energy
allow e.c.f. from part (b) for their photon energy value]
e.g.
Vs = (4.97 x 10-19 J – 3.7 x 10-19 J)/(1.6 x 10-19 C)
= 0.794 (V)
(d) Graph of current against reverse p.d.
Current decreases from point on I-axis

(1)
[allow any shape of decrease BUT NOT major constant or increasing sections]
Current falls to zero at 0.79 V ... ±1 small square

(1)
[allow e.c.f. from part (c) for their stopping potential]
(3)
Current remains at zero after that point ... assume zero if nothing else shown
(1)
[accept current going negative from that point if, and only if, they refer
to the
non-ideal behaviour of (some) real photocells]
Total 9
- 62 -
Number
7(a) Explanation of polarization and how it is used to represent the bit
i) (a transverse wave with) vibrations/oscillations/electric field/magnetic

field
confined to one plane
(1)
[ignore unlabelled diagrams ... labels must include direction of vibration] (2)
ii) vibrations in one plane/direction represent 0

vibrations in another plane/direction represent 1
(1)
[Accept any specific example
e.g. vertical vibrations represent 0, horizontal vibrations represent 1]
(b)(i) Type of radiation
Infrared / IR / ir (1) (1)
(b)(ii) Calculation of power
Use of E = hc/λ OR Use of f = c/λ and E = hf

(1)
Use of P = their E x 3 x 104 (1)

(3)
Correct answer: 3.8 x 10-15 W or J s–1
(1)
e.g. E = 6.63 x 10-34 J s x 3.00 x 108 m s-1 / (1.55 x 10-6 m)

= 1.28 x 10-19 J
P = 1.28 x 10-19 J x 3 x 104 s-1
= 3.85 x 10-15 W
Total 6
- 63 -
Number
8 (a) How recession velocities are measured
Compare light from galaxy with light from laboratory source/a source on Earth
(1)
(Calculate v using) v/c = ∆λ/λ where ∆λ is identified as the change in

wavelength/redshift (1)
[allow in terms of frequency]
[Note: just stating equation insufficient for mark]
(3)
Extra detail: (1)
Absorption spectrum from star
Spectral lines compared
Comparison between light from same element
(b) Arrows representing velocities
B: Arrow to right, length 2 cm [±1 small square]

(1)
(2)
C: Arrow of correct length and direction (1)
[Its components should be 1 cm to right, 1.5 cm up the page ... ±1 small
square in each direction]
Total 5
Total for paper 60
- 64 -
6735/01 Unit Test PHY5

1 (a) Homogeneity [of this relationship; 0/2 for any other, e.g. g=GM/r2]
Correct units given (or reached) for all 4 of g, G, r and ρ (1)
[Units of G may be quoted in base units here; g units N kg-1 or m s-2. Units do
not need to be explicitly related to quantities; accept units without correlation
and in any order.]
(2)
Convincing demonstration of homogeneity (consequent mark). (1)
[Most candidates will reduce RHS units to N kg-1 or m s-2 without further
explanation. Accept.]
(b) Value of ρ
Substitution of g = 9.8(1) and r = 6.4 × 10n (1)

[accept g = 10, → 5600]
Correct answer = 5500 (kg m-3) (No U.E.) (1) (2)

Example of answer:
3g
ρ=
4 πGr
3 × 9.81 N kg −1
=
4 π × 6.67 × 10 −11 N m 2 kg −2 × 6.4 × 10 6 m
= 5489 kg m −3
- 65 -
(c) (i) g at sphere surface
Substitution of r = 0.15 and ρ = 11300 (1)

(or use of g = GM/r2 with r2 = 0.152 and M = 160kg)
Correct answer = 4.7(4) × 10-7 (min 2 s.f.) (N kg -1) (1) (2)

[No U.E., bald correct answer, scores 2]
Example of answer:
4 πGrρ
g=
3
4 × π × 6.67 × 10 −11 N m 2 kg −2 × 0.15 m × 11300 kg m -3
=
3
−7 −1
= 4.74 × 10 N kg
(c) (ii) Force of attraction [Conclusion ‘Student A’ automatically scores 0/2]
Force/(Weight) is 1560N -1600N (1)

[Explicit statement of force value in this range]
Reason:
‘Newton’s third law’; referred to or applied [equality, if not ‘opposite’ direction]

OR
Detailed reference to, or use of, F = GMm/r2, with M = ME and r = RE (1) (2)
Total 8
- 66 -
Number
2 (a) (i) Inverse square law
Statement of principle; disallow if ‘exponential’ used anywhere:
As separation [not ‘radius’] doubles/ is doubled/increases by factor n,

force decreases to a quarter/ 1/n2 of its previous value, or similar reverse
argument. OR F α 1/r2 / F = k / r2 / F x r2 = k [Not F = 1/r2] (1)
Correct numerical work, using values, taken from both A and B (ignore ^10-13):
(From A to B) r doubles / rB:rA = 2:1 [factor 2 thus implicit], while force falls
from 3.6 → 0.9 (not ‘from ~4 → ~1’). 0.9/3.6 = ¼ [factor ¼ (or 4 or 1/22)
identified] [accept reverse argument B to A, with appropriate factors]
OR calculate value of k as 3.6 (x 10-26) at A and B. (1) (2)

Coulomb’s law
(ii)
Q1Q2 kQ1Q2
F= OR F = quoted [symbols need not be defined.
4 πε o r 2 r2
Accept Qq, and d or x instead of r unexplained; any other letter must be
defined]
OR equivalent word equation (with ref. to k or 4πεo) [r not ‘radius’]
OR statement that force is directly proportional to product of charges and

inversely proportional to the square of their separation [not radius] (1) (1)
(iii)
Force value
Q1Q2
Use of F = , etc. (ecf a(ii) for first mark only, r = 4.7 × 10-14 m) (1)
4 πε 0 r 2
[Allow r instead of r2. For the product ‘Q1Q2’, accept values arising from use of
e2, Z1Z2, A1A2, N1N2, Ze, Ae, etc.]
All values correctly substituted in correct equation (1)
Correct answer = 16 N (1)

(3)
Example of answer:
kQ1Q2
F=
r2
8.99 × 10 9 N m 2 C -2 × (78 × 1.6 × 10 -19 C) × (2 × 1.6 × 10 -19 C)
=
(4.7 × 10 -14 m) 2
= 16.3 N
N.B. Allow full credit for use of F α 1/r2 principle leading to correct answer, i.e.
taking reference force and separation values from graph, then using ratios:
e.g. 4.7 x 10-14 / rref = k (1)
www.xtremepapers.net - 67 -
F / Fref = 1 / k2 (1)
F = k2 x Fref = 16(.3) N (1)
(b) Repulsive force
Same sign charge/both positive/ same polarity/like charges repel (1) (1)
[Not ‘both charges are the same’; not ‘both atoms are positive’.]
(c) Kinetic energy
Use of or reference to area ‘of’ or ‘under’ graph [even triangular]

OR
Use of any valid ‘force × distance’ using values attempted from graph
[force value may be e.g. an average, extreme, median or difference] (1)
Value within broad range 1.6 - 2.3 × 10-13 (J) (1)

[Do not penalise omission of unit for this 2nd mark]
Accurate answer in range 1.8 - 2.1 × 10-13 J (U.E.) (1) (3)
[N.B. Use of FArA – FBrB = 1.8 × 10-13 J scores zero]
[Some candidates will attempt an integration route. Credit this as an

alternative method for first mark, with same range criteria for subsequent
marks]
Total 10
- 68 -
Number
3 (a) (i) Charging
Ticks* for: To the left, moving right [3rd row] (1)
and To the right, moving left [6th row] (1)
(2)
[Lose one mark for each additional tick, to minimum zero. Inverse logic (just 2
ticks in rows 1 and 4 only) loses first mark but gets second, ecf]
[*Accept unambiguous alternatives]
Minimum Emf
(ii)
Use of 6 and 2.5 in V=Q/C or its re-arrangement (1)
[Beware confusion of Q with C]
2.4 (V) across capacitor (1)
→ 2.4V (ecf their value, unless 0) + 0.2V = 2.6V (1)

[2.4V as final answer scores 2] (3)
Number of turns
(iii)
See 3/1.25 (×10n) in the relevant re-arranged equation (1)
[credit valid entry into equation in original form from data list]
240 [No unit. Apply U.E if one given] (1)

(2)
Example of answer:
N∆Φ ε
ε = ( −) → N = ( −)
∆t ∆Φ
∆t
3.0 V
∴N = = 240
1.25 × 10 -2 Wb s -1
(b) Energy used

Use of W = 1 2 CV 2 or W ∝ V2 [e..g. see 5J] (1)
Correct answer ¾ / 0.75 / 75% / etc. [Accept 15/20] (1)

[Answer of ¼ or equivalent scores 1 only] (2)
Example of answer:
Wi = = 2 × 2.5 F × ( 4.0 V ) = 20 J
2 2
2 CVi
1 1
Wf = = 2 × 2.5 F × ( 2.0 V ) =5J

1 2 1 2
2 CV f
∴ ∆W = 20 J - 5 J = 15 J
Fraction = 15 20 = 3 4
Total 9
www.xtremepapers.net - 69 -
Number
4(a)(i) Rule
(Fleming’s) Left Hand OR (Fleming’s) Motor (Rule) [accept FLHR] (1) (1)
(ii) Polarity
X marked ‘–’ and / or Y marked ‘+’ [accept anywhere on rail] (1) (1)
[accept alternative but not contradictory labelling of P ‘–‘ and / or Q ‘+’ ]
(b) Strength of field
Use of F = BIl . (Ignore 10x. Require l = 6 (cm) and F = 9 (mN)) (1)
See conversions; mN to N (unless answer in mT) and cm to m (1)

[Independent mark; l = 4cm → 45mT or l = 10cm → 18mT score this mark
only to gain 1/3]
Correct answer 3.0 × 10-2 T / 30mT (1) (3)

[Accept alternative correct units, e.g. Wb m-2, N m-1 A-1, kg A-1 s-2]
(c) Graph
Straight line through origin to 9.0mN at 6.0cm (1)
Horizontal line at 9mN, starting at exactly 6.0cm, running to 10cm (can

overshoot) (1) (2)
[Max 1 mark if line from origin runs beyond 6.0cm, 9.0mN ]
[Line sections must be ruler-straight, accurate to +/- half square at origin

and given co-ordinates. If one of (6.0, 9.0) co-ordinates of ‘knee’ is wrong
but behaviour otherwise correct, score 1 mark. If small curved region at
transition between sections; score 1 mark]
Total 7
- 70 -
Number
5(a)(i) Single charge
Point to left of A, level with AB, labelled negative (1) (1)

[Allow negative charge placed at A; accept simply ‘–‘ shown
horizontally to left of A]
(ii) Field shown as radial in form* with correct direction, minimum 4 lines,
at least one arrow shown (ecf part (i); any position, either polarity) (1) (1)
(*ignore non-uniformity introduced to allow for presence of electron)
(b) (i) Path from C
Path shown fully to +Q, no spiral.
Path does not meet or cross given field lines (gauge by eye,
ignore last few mm) (1)
Path remains equi-distant from field lines either side throughout its
journey (gauge by eye, ignore last few mm where it can meet a
field line, but not cross it) (1)
[If a path is shown starting from -Q, it must be marked with an arrow to the
left, and can score max 1.]
[If electron is shown rebounding from +Q, max 1 ] [both errors, score 0].
OR
Path shown as anticlockwise curve or spiral, or becoming orbit about +Q.
Path has ‘slingshot’ or even slight anti-clockwise curve past +Q, spiral in
towards +Q, or becomes orbit around +Q (1)
Path drifts towards and across outer field line (but not inner),
having initially moved along a path equi-distant from both. (1) (2)
[If a path is shown starting from -Q, it can score max 1.]
(b)(ii) Path from D
Speed increases [throughout] (1)
Acceleration decreases then increases (both needed) (1) (2)

[Do not accept ‘slows down then speeds up’. ‘Decelerate’ is wrong]
Total 6
Total for paper 40
- 71 -
Group 1
- 72 -
- 89 -
Unit PHY6 – 6736/01

1
• •
• (a) • equation 1: start with A = 209 (1 •
•
• use of 01 n (1) on the left •
•
• equation 2: end with Z = 84 (1) •
• •
• use of 0
e / 0
β (1) on the right •
−1 −1
• • (4)
• • •
• (b) • graph goes through (0,100) and (135 ± 5, 50± 2 ) (1) •
• •
• graph goes through (276,25) (1) •
• •
• smooth concave curve not reaching the t axis (1) • (3)
•
• • •
• c)(i) • attempt to raise 0.5 / ½ to the power of 365÷138 / 2.645 (1) •
• •
• Ö 0.16 / 0.160 (no mark) •
• •
• so A = 16 GBq (after one year) (1) • (2)
•
• • •
• (c)(ii) • substituting λ = ln2/t½ at any stage (1) •
• •
• ln½ = −ln2 or ln(A0/A) = −ln(A/A0) explicitly (1) • (2)
•
• • •
• (d) • mention of cloud or bubble chamber / GM tube / spark chamber •
(1) •
• •
• Relevant absorbing medium named (1) •
• •
• compare length of α-tracks / compare thickness of absorbers to •
stop αs / distance when detection stops (1) • (3)
•
• • •
• (e) • use of λt½ = ln2 with t½ in seconds (1) •
• •
• Ö λ = 5.81 × 10−8 s−1 (no mark) •
• •
• use of A = λN e.c.f. (1) •
• •
• Ö A = 1.66 × 1014 Bq / s−1 (no mark) •
• •
•
attempt to convert 5.41 MeV to J / correct use of 1.6 × 10−19 J •
- 104 -
eV−1 (1) •
• • (4)
• power = 144 / 143.9 (W) (1)
•
• • •
• • •
• (f) • suitable: highly radioactive / high temperature / lightweight •
source/ •
• α-source so all energy absorbed (1) •
• •
• produces high (initial) power per unit mass / volume •
(1) •
• •
• limited: shortish half life (1) •
• •
• power life limited (to a year at most) (1) •
• • (4)
• •
• (g)(i) • four cell symbols in series with three groups of cells in parallel (1) • (1)
•
• • •
• (g)(ii) • (allow e.c.f. from incorrect arrangements) •
• •
• correct sum of N in series as 0.30 Ω × N (1) •
•
• correct sum of M in parallel as 0.30 Ω ÷ M (1) •
•
• (proper arrangement Ö 0.4 Ω) • (2)
•
• • •
• (g)(iii) • lower resistance / larger current / still works if a t’couple fails (1) • (1)
•
• • •
• (h)(i) • qowc (1) •
• •
• Thermocouples have a hot source and a cold sink (1) •
• •
• thermal / heat energy flows from hot to cold junction (1) •
• •
• mention of electrical work / electrical energy produced (1) • (4)
•
• • •
• (h)(ii) • use of kelvin temperatures (here 353 K and 253 K) (1) •
• •
• Ö efficiency = 0.28 / 28% (1) • (2)
•
• • •
• • 32
Total
- 105 -
2
• • •
• (a) • qowc (1) •
• •
• mention of ionising properties (of charged particles) (1) •
• •
• drops / bubbles (form on ions) (1) •
• •
• that can be illuminated / photographed (1) •
• •
• showing up the track of the charged particle (no mark) •
• •
• reference to saturated vapour or reduction in temperature / •
superheated liquid or reduction in pressure (1) • (5)
•
• • •
• (b)(i) • particle is moving from bottom to top of photograph / chamber (1) •
• •
• curvature of path changes (after passing through lead plate) (1) •
•
• (2)
• • •
• (b)(ii) • using LHR / Fleming (with magnetic field down into plane of photo) •
(1) •
• • (2)
• Ö charge is positive, full e.c.f. from b(i) (1)
•
• • •
• (b)(iii) • use of mυ2/r = Beυ (1) •
• •
• Ö momentum / mυ / p = Ber (accept if quoted) (1) •
• •
• substitution of 1.2 × 10−20 N s and 1.5 T and 0.050 m (1) •
• •
• Ö e = 1.6 × 10−19 C (no mark) • (3)
•
• • •
•
• (c) either T ≡ N A−1 m−1 (from F = BIL) / N C−1 m−1 s (from F = Bqv) •
(1) •
• •
• V ≡ J C−1 (1) •
• •
•
J ≡ N m / A ≡ C s−1 (1) •
• •
• or use of E = N∆Φ/∆t or VH = BLv (no mark) •
• •
• E / VH has unit V (1) •
• • (3)
• A / L has unit m2 / m (1)
- 106 -
•
• ∆t / v has unit s / ms-1 (1)
•
• • Total • 15
- 107 -
• • •
3
• • •
• (a)(i) • Recognition that at 16 N as x = 40 cm / 0.40 m (1) •
• •
• use of ½Fx or using spring constant ½F2/k or ½kx2 e.c.f. (1) •
• • (3)
• Ö 3.2 J (1)
•
•
• •
• (a)(ii) • values e.g. : x/m 0.10 0.20 0.30 •
• ( F/N 4 8 12 ) •
• E/J 0.2 0.8 1.8 •
• •
• at least one correct (non-zero) (not 16 N, 3.2 J) pair of values (1) •
• (1)
• • •
• (a)(iii) • axes of x and E labelled (1) •
• •
• with plotted values roughly correct (1) • (3)
•
• curve with increasing gradient / (1)
•
• • •
• (b) • mention of potential difference / voltage (1) •
• •
• applied across / to a capacitor (1) •
• •
• electrons / charges are moved / displaced (1) •
• •
• the capacitor is charged (1) • max (3)
•
• • •
• (c) • (each) spring extends by the same amount / (each) capacitor has •
the same charge (implied by proof of total k = 3k and total C = C/3 •
(1) •
• •
• x is analogous to Q / F is analogous to V •
• (implied by F = kx analogous to V = Q/C) (1) •
• •
• S diagram: springs share F / C diagram: capacitors share V • (4)
•
• (may be labelling on diagrams showing newtons and / or volts) (1)
•
• Both S and C store energy (not charge for C)
• (could be implied by equations for energy stored) (1)
•
• • •
• (d) • discharge of a capacitor through a resistor / mention of R (e.g. RC) •
- 108 -
(1) •
• • (2)
• analogous to radioactive decay / the decay of a radioactive source
(1)
•
• • Total • 16
- 109 -
4
• •
•
• an orbit that keeps a satellite above the same place / an orbit with a
• (a)(i) •
time period of 24 hours (1)
•
•
•
• refer to the equator, e.g. on the equator / above the equator (1)
• (2)
•
•
• (a)(ii) use of mυ2/r = GmmE/r2 (1) •
• •
• Ö υ2 = GmE/r (no mark) •
• • (1)
• (a)(iii) • use of υ = 2πr/T OR v=ωr and ω = 2π/T (1) •
• •
• substitute for υ in υ2 = GmE/r (1) •
• •
• Ö r3 = GmET2 ÷ 4π2 (accept any rearrangement.) (1) •
• • (3)
• • use of c = fλ (no mark) •
• (b)(i) • •
• λ = 0.0146 m / 14.6 mm (1) • (1)
• • •
• (b)(ii) • use of d = rθ with θ in radians / d = rsinθ with θ in degrees / •
• ½d = rsin½θ with θ in degrees (1) •
• •
• Ö d = 1000 km (all methods yield 1005 km) (1) • (2)
•
• (c) • reference to ripple tank / microwave apparatus / sound (1) •
• •
• use of a slit / double slit from 5 mm to 50 mm wide (1) •
• •
• diffraction is demonstrated by the spreading of waves (1) •
• •
• detection of waves in the ‘shadow’ zone (1) •
• •
• (all could be gained from a decent labelled diagram) •
• • (4)
• (d) • reason 1: solar cells / panels are not 100 % efficient (1) •
• •
• not all the energy becomes electrical (1) •
• •
• reason 2: solar panels do not always face / are not ⊥ to Sun’s rays •
(1) •
• •
• useful area less than 2.5m2 (1) •
• •
• reason 3: solar panels may receive no sunlight (1) •
• •
• when the satellite is in the Earth’s shadow (1) • (4)
•
• reason 4: less than 1.4kW m-2 is absorbed (1)
- 110 -
•
• some is reflected (1)
• • Total • 17
- 111 -
- 112 -
Further copies of this publication are available from
Edexcel Publications, Adamsway, Mansfield, Notts, NG18 4FN
Telephone 01623 467467
Fax 01623 450481
Email publications@linneydirect.com
Order Code UA020379 Summer 2008
For more information on Edexcel qualifications, please visit www.edexcel.org.uk/qualifications
Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales no.4496750

Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London, WC1V 7BH
- 113 -

Physics June 2009 MS

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Mark Scheme Summer 2009

GCE Physics (8540/9540)

Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750

Unit PHY1 Mark Scheme 1

Unit PHY2 Mark Scheme 12

Unit PHY3 (Topics) Mark Scheme 21

Unit PHY3 (Practicals) Mark Scheme 31

Unit PHY4 Mark Scheme 55

Unit PHY5 Mark Scheme 65

Unit PHY5 (Practicals) Mark Scheme 72

Unit PHY6 Mark Scheme 104

(iii) Horizontal force of hinge on table top

66.3 (N) or 66 (N) and correct indication of direction [no ue] 9 1

1. Mark scheme format

2. Unit error penalties

‘Show that’ calculation of weight

Substitution into density equation with a volume and density 9

Correct answer [49.4 (N)] to at least 3 sig fig. [No ue] 9

80 cm × 50 cm × 1.8 cm = 7200 cm3

7200 cm3 × 0.70 g cm-3 = 5040 g

5040 × 10-3 kg × 9.81 N/kg

5. Quality of Written Communication

• Question • Answer • Mark

• Question • Answer • Mark

• Question • Answer • Mark

(b) (i) Determine half-life

(b) (ii) Explain apparent contradiction

• Question • Answer • Mark

Question Answer Mark

• Red Giant (1)

• Neutron (star) [accept pulsar] (1)

• Black hole: > 2.5 M~ (1)

(i) • more sensitive (more photons detected) (1)

• detect fainter stars (1)

• detects more distant stars (1) (Any 2)

• quicker image collection [accept reversed points] (1)

(ii) CCD linearity of response

• Quality of written communication (1)

• All detected wavelengths / frequecies responded to equally (1)

• Image brightness corresponds to actual measured intensity (1) (3)

(c) Nuclear fusion calculation

• 4.11 x 10-12 (J) (1)

(c) Solar luminosity calculation

• 1.5 x 1011 m [e.c.f. to 3.0 x 1011 m] (1)

(c) Planck energy distribution curve

• Peak at 480 nm [e.c.f.] (1)

• Hydrogen to helium [not ‘atoms’] (1)

(iii) • Upper right of X indicated and labelled (1) (1)

(iv) White Dwarf radius

• T in range 10 000 – 20 000 (K) (1)

Question Answer Mark

(a) • Perspex (1)

• Nylon or Polythene [accept PVC, polystyrene] (1)

• (Rigid) Thermoset (1) (3)

(b) Glass properties

• Stiff (1) (2)

(-1 per error if more than two properties circled)

(c) Extension calculation

(i) • Use of π r2 (1)

• σ = F / A and ε = ∆l / l [or E = F l / A ∆l] (1)

• Substitution in E = σ / ε [or subst in E = F l / A ∆l] (1)

• 3.1 x 10-4 m / 0.31 mm (1) (4)

(c) Energy density calculation

(ii) • Use of (½) stress x strain or ½ F ∆l or π r2 l (1)