Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Indian Standard
Indian Standard
( Renfficd 1997 )
Indian Standard
CODEOFPRACTICEFORDESIGNLOADS
(OTHERTHANEARTHQUAKE)
FORBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES
PART 3 WIND COADS
( Second Revision /
Sixth Reprint NOVEMBER 1998
UDC 624-042-41
@J Copyright 1989
Gr I4 Febfuafy 1989
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
CONTENTS
Page
0. FOREWORD ... .. . ... 3
1. SCOPE ... ... ... 5
2. NOTATIONS .. . .. . .. . 5
3. TERMINOLOGY ... ... 6
4. GENERAL ... .. . 7
5. WIND SPEEDAND PRESSURE .. . .. . 7
5.1 Nature of Wind in Atmosphere .. . ... 7
5.2 Basic Wind Speed ... . .. 8
5.3 Design Wind Speed ( V, ) ... .. . ... 8
5.3.1 Risk Coefficient ( kr Factor ) ... .. . ... 8
53.2 Terrain, Height and Structure Size Factor ( kt Factor ) ... 8
5.3.3 Topography ( kS Factor ) ... . .. .m. 12
5.4 Design Wind Pressure .. . . . . 12
5.5 Off-Shore Wind Velocity .. . .-. . . . 13
6. WIND PRESSURES
ANDFORCESON BUILDXNCSISTRUCTURES 1.. 13
6.1 General ... ... . . .
13
6.2 Pressure Coefficients .. . ... . . .
13
6.2.1 Wind Load on Individual Members ,.. ... . . .
13
6.2.2 External Pressure Coefficients . .. .. . . . .
13
6.2.3 Internal Pressure Coefficients .. . . . . .
27
6.3 Force Coefficients .. . ... . . .
36
6.3.1 Frictional Drag .. . ... . . . 37
6.3.2 Force Coefficients for Clad Buildings ._. .. . ,.. 37
6.3.3 Force Coefficients for Unclad Buildings __. .. . . . 38
7. DYNAMICEP~ECTS ... .. . . . .
47
7.1 General 1.. .. . . . .
47
7.2 Motion Due to Vortex Shedding ... .. . . . .
48
7.2.1 Slender Structures ... . . . . . 48
4. Gust Factor ( GF ) or Gust Effectiveness Factor ( GEF] Method . . . 49
8.1 Application .. . .. . ... 49
8.2 Hourly Mean Wind ... .. . ... 49
8.2.1 Variation of Hourly Me‘an Wind Speed with Height ... 49
8.3 Along Wind Load ... ... l .. 49
APPENDIK A BASICWIND SPEEDAT 10 m HEIGHTFOR SOME IMPORTANT
Crrrxs/TowNs .. . ... ... ... .. . 53
APPENDIX B CHANGESIN TERRAIN CATEGORIES i.. .. . . .. 54
APPENDIX C EFFECT OF A CLIFF OR ESCARPMENTON EQUIVALENT
HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND( k3 FACTOR) ... ... 55
APPENDIX D WIND FORCEON CIRCULARSECTIONS. . . .. . . .. 57
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
Indian Standard
CODEOFPRACTICEFORDESIGNLOADS
(OTHERTHANEARTHQUAKE)
FORBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES
PART 3 WIND LOADS
( Second Revision)
6). FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part 3 ) ( Second sheeted roofs, both curved and sloping were
Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian modified; seismic load provisions were deleted
Standards on 13 November 1987, after the draft ( separate code having been prepared ) and metric
finalized by the Structural Safety Sectional Com- system of weights and measurements was adopted.
mittee had been approved by the Civil Engineer-
ing Division Council. 0.3.1 With the increased adoption of this Code,
a number of comments were received on provi-
0.2 A building has to perform many functions sions on live load values adopted for. different
satisfactorily. Amongst these functions are the occupancies. Simultaneously, live load surveys
utility of the building for the intended use and have been carried out in America and Canada to
occupancy, structural safety, fire safety and com- arrive at realistic live loads based on actual deter-
pliance with hygienic, sanitation, ventilation and mination of loading ( movable and immovable )
daylight standards. The design of the building is in different occupancies. Keeping this in view and
dependent upon the minimum requirements other developments in the field of wind engineer-
prescribed for each of the above functions. The ing, the Structural Safety Sectional Committee
minimum requirements pertaining to the structural decided to prepare the second revision of IS : 875
safety of buildings are being covered in loading in the following five parts:
codes by way of laying down minimum design
loads which have to be assumed for dead loads, Part 1 Dead loads
imposed loads, wind loads and other external
loads, the structure would be required to bear. Part 2 Imposed loads
Strict conformity to loading standards, it is. hoped,
will not only ensure the structural safety of the Part 3 Wind loads
buildings and structures which are being designed
and constructed in the country and thereby Part 4 Snow loads
reduce the hazards to life and property caused by
unsafe structures, but also eliminate the wastage Part 5 Special loads and load combinations
caused by assuming unnecessarily heavy loadings
without proper assessment. Earthquake load is covered in a separate
standard, namely, IS : 1893-1984* which should
be considered along with the above loads.
0.3 This standard was first published in 1957 for
the guidance of civil engineers, designers and
architects associated with the planning and design 0.3.2 This Part ( Part 3 ) deals with wind
of buildings. It included the provisions for the loads to be considered when designing buildings,
basic design loads ( dead loads, live loads, wind structures and components thereof. In this
loads and seismic loads ) to be assumed in the revision, the following important modifications
design of the buildings. In its first revision in have been made from those covered in the 1964
1964, the wind pressure provisions were modified version of IS : 875:
on the basis of studies of wind phenomenon and
its effect on structures, undertaken by the special a) The earlier wind pressure maps ( one
committee in consultation with the Indian Mete- giving winds of shorter duration and an-
orological Department. In addition to this, new other excluding winds of shorter duration )
clauses on wind loads for butterfly type structures *Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures
were included; wind pressure coefficients for (fourlh recision ).
3
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
have been replaced by a single wind map meteorological wind data and response of struc-
giving basic maximum wind speed in m/s tures to wind, felt the paucity of data on which to
( peak gust velocity averaged over a short base wind maps for Indian conditions on statisti-
time interval of about 3 seconds duration ). cal analysis. The Committee, therefore, recomm-
The wind speeds have been worked out ends to all individuals and organizations
for 50 years return period based on the up- responsible for putting-up of tall structures to
to-date wind data of 43 dines pressure ,provide instrumentation in. their existing and
tube ( DPT ) anemograph stations and new structures ( transmission towers, chimneys,
study of other related works available on cooling towers, buildings, etc ) at different eleva-
the subject since 1964. The map and tions ( at least at two levels ) to continuously
related recommendations have been provi- measure and monitor wind data. The instruments
ded in the code with the active coopera- are required to collect data on wind direction,
tion of Indian Meteorological Department wind speed and structural response of the struc-
( IMD ). Isotachs ( lines of equal velocity ) ture due to wind ( with the help of accelerometer,
have not been given as in the opinion of strain gauges, etc ). It is also the opinion of the
the committee, there is still not enough committee that such instrumentation in tall struc-
extensive meteorological data at close tures will not in any way affect or alter the
enough stations in the country to justify functional behaviour of such structures. The data
drawing of isotachs. so collected will be very valuable in evolving more
accurate wind loading of structures.
b) Modification factors to modify the basic
wind velocity to take into account the
effects of terrain, local topography, size of 0.4 The Sectional Committee responsible for the
structure, etc, are included. preparation of this standard has taken into
account the prevailing practice in regard to load-
4 Terrain is now classified into four catego-
ing standards followed in this country by the
ries based on characteristics of the ground
various authorities and has also taken note of the
surface irregularities.
developments in a number of other countries.
d) Force and pressure coefficients have been In the preparation of this code, the following
included for a large range of clad and overseas standards have also been examined:
unclad buildings and for individual struc-
tural elements. a) BSCP 3 : 1973 Code of basic data for
design of buildings: Chapter V Loading,
4 Force coefficients ( drag coefficients ) are Part 2 Wind loads.
given for frames, lattice towers, walls and
hoardings. b) AS 1170, Part 2-1983 SAA Loading code
Part 2 - Wind forces.
f 1 The calculation of force on circular sections
is included incorporating the effects of
Reynolds number and surface roughness. c) NZS 4203-1976 Code of practice for
general structural design loading for
g) The external and internal pressure coeffi- buildings.
cients for gable roofs, lean-to roofs, curved
roofs, canopy roofs ( butterfly type struc- d) ANSI A58.1-1972 American Standard
tures ) and multi-span roofs have been Building code requirements for minimum
rationalised. design loads in buildings and other
structures.
h) Pressure coefficients are given for combined
roofs, roofs with sky light, circular siIos, e) Wind resistant design regulations, A World
cylindrical elevated structures, grandstands, List. Association for Science Documents
etc. Information, Tokyo.
3 Some requirements regarding study of
dynamic effects in flexible slender structures 0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a parti-
are included. cular requirement of this standard is complied
with, the final value, observed or calculated,
W Use of gust energy method to arrive at the
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be
design wind load on the whole structure is
now permitted. rounded off in accordance with IS : 2-1960*. The
number of significant places retained in the
0.3.3 The Committee responsible for the rounded off value should be the same as that of
revision of wind maps while reviewing available the specified value in this standard.
4
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
5
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
pz = design wind pressure at height <; 3.1.5 l$+ffective Frontal Area - The projected
external pressure; area of the structure normal to the direction of
Pe - the wind.
Pi - internal pressure;
R, = reynolds number; 3.1.6 Element of Surface Area - The area of
surface over which the pressure coefficient is taken
s w strouhal number; to be constant.
vb - regional basic wind speed;
3.1.7 Force Coeficient - A non-dimensional
v, = design wind velocity at height 2; coefficient such that the total wind force on a
rz = hourly mean wind speed at height c; bbdy is the product of the force coefficient, the
W 3 lesser horizontal dimension of a dynamic pressure of the incident design wind
building, or a structural member; speed and the reference area over which the force
is required.
w’ - bay width in multi-bay buildings;
X= distance down wind from a change NOTE - When the force is in the direction of the
incident wind, the non-dimensional coefficient will be
in terrain category; called as ‘drag coefficient’. When the force is perpendi-
e s wind angle from a given axis; cular to the d&ection of incident wind, the ndn-dimen-
sional coefficient will be called as ‘lift coeficient’.
a - inclination of the roof to the hori-
zontal; 3.1.8 Ground Roughness - The nature of the
B = effective solidity ratio; earth’s surface as influenced by small scale obstruc-
tions such as trees and buildings ( as distinct
shielding factor or shedding frequency;
9” from topography ) is called ground roughness.
+- solidity ratio;
3.1.9 Gust - A positive or negative departure
t= a height or distance above the
of wind speed from its mean value, lasting for not
ground; and more than, say, 2 minutes over a specified inter-
c- average height of the surface rough- val of time.
ness.
Peak Gust - Peak gust or peak gust speed is
the wind speed associated with the maximum
3. TERMINOLOGY amplitude.
3.1 For the purpose of this code, the following Fetch Length - Fetch length is the distance
definitions shall apply. measured along the wind from a boundary at
which a change in the type of terrain occurs.
3.1.1 Angle of Attack -Angle between the direc- When the changes in terrain types are encounte-
tion of wind and a reference axis of the struc- red ( such as, the boundary of a town or city,
forest, etc ), the wind profile changes in charac-
ture,
ter but such changes are gradual and start at
3.1.2 Breudth - Breadth means horizontal ground level, spreading or penetrating upwards
dimension of the building measured normal to the with increasing fetch length.
direction of wind. Gradient Height- Gradient height is the height
above the mean ground level at which the gradi-
NOTE - Breadth and depth are dimensions measu- ent wind blows as a result of balance among
red in relation to the direction of the wind, whereas
length and width are dimensions related to the
pressure gradient force, coriolis force and centri-
plan. fugal force. For the purpose of this code, the
gradient height is taken as the height above the
3.1.3 Depth - Depth means the horizontal mean ground level, above which the variation of
dimension of the building measured in the direc- wind speed with height need not be considered.
tion of the wind. Mean Ground Level - The mean ground level
is the average horizontal plane of the area enclos-
3.1.4 Developed Height - Developed height is
ed by the boundaries of the structure.
the height of upward penetration of the velocity
profile in a new terrain. At large fetch lengths, Pressure Coeficient - Pressure coefficient is the
such penetration reaches the gradient height, ratio of the difference between the pressure acting
above which the wind speed may be taken to be at a point on a surface and the static pressure of
constant. At lesser fetch lengths, a velocitv profile the incident wind to the design wind pressure,
of a smaller height but similar to that of the fully where the static and design wind pressures are
developed profile of that terrain category has to determined at the height of the point considered
be taken, with the additional provision that the after taking into account the geographical loca-
velocity at the top of this shorter profile equals tion, terrain conditions and shielding effect. The
that of the unpenetrated earlier velocity profile at pressure coeSicient is also equal to [ 1 - ( VD/Pz)2],
that height. where Vv is the actual wind speed at any point
6
-..,, ._..,
___+.
.__.
on the structure at a height corresponding to that thunderstorms, dust storms or vigorous monsoons.
of vz. A feature of the. cyclonic storms over the Indian
area is that they rapidly weaken after crossing
NOTE - Positive sign of the pressure coefficient
indicates pressure acting towards the surface and nega-
the coasts and move as depressions/lows inland.
tive sign indicates pressure acting away from the The influence of a severe storm after striking the
surface. coast does not, in general exceed about 60 kilo-
metres, though sometimes, it may extend even up
Return Period - Return period is the number
to 120 kilometres. Very short duration hurricanes
of years, ‘the reciprocal of which gives the proba-
of very high wind speeds called Kal Baisaki or
bility of e.xtreme wind exceeding a given wind Norwesters occur fairly frequently during summer
speed in any one year.
months over North East India.
Shielding E$ect - Shielding effect or shielding
4.3 The wind speeds recorded at any locality are
refers to the condition where wind has to pass extremely variable and in addition to steady wind
along some structure(s) or structural element(s) at any time, there are effects of gusts which may
located on the upstream wind side, before meet- last for a few seconds. These gusts cause increase
ing the structure or structural element under in air pressure but their effect on stability ofthe
consideration. A factor called ‘shielding factor’
building may not be so important; often, gusts
is used to account for such effects in estimating the affect only part of the building and the increased
force on the’ shielded structures. local pressures may be more than balanced by a
Suction - Suction means pressure less than the momentary reduction in the pressure elsewhere.
atmospheric ( static ) pressure and is taken to act Because of the inertia of the building, short period
away from the surface. gusts may not cause any appreciable increase in
stress in main components of the building
Solidity Ratio - Solidity ratio is equal to the although the walls, roof sheeting and individual
effective area ( projected area of all the individual cladding units ( glass panels ) and their support-
elements ) of a frame normal to the wind direc- ing members such as purlins, sheeting rails and
tion divided by the area enclosed by the boundary glazing bars may be mqre seriously affected.
of the frame normal to the wind direction. Gusts can also be extremely important for design
NOTE - Solidity ratio is to be calculated for indi- of structures with high slenderness ratios.
vidual frames.
4.4 The liability of a building to high wind press-
Y?-eerrain
Category - Terrain category means the ures depends not only upon the geographical
characteristics of the surface irregularities of an location and proximity of other obstructions to
area which arise from natural or constructed air flow but also upon the characteristics of the
features. The categories are numbered in increas- structure itself.
ing order of roughness.
4.5 The effect of wind on the structure as a whole
The variation of the horizon-
Velocity Profile - is determined by the combined action of external
tal component of the atmospheric wind speed at and internal pressures acting upon it. In all cases,
different heights above the mean ground level is the calculated wind loads act normal to the
termed as velocity profile. surface to which they apply.
Tokography - The nature of the earth’s 4.6 The stability calculations as a whole shall be
surface as influenced the hill and valley confi- done considering the combined effect, as well as
gurations. separate effects of imposed loads and wind loads
on vertical surfaces, roofs and other part of the
4. GENERAL building above general roof level.
4.1 Wind is air in motion relative to the surface 4.7 Buildings shall also be designed with due
of the earth. The primary cause of wind is traced attention to the effects of wind on the comfort of
to earth’s rotation and differences in terrestrial people inside and outside the buildings.
radiation. The radiation effects are primarily
responsible for convection either upwards or 5. WIND SPEED AND PRESSURE
downwards. The wind generally blows horizontal
5.1 Nature of Wind in Atmosphere - In
to the ground at high wind speeds. Since vertical
components of atmospheric motion are relatively general, wind speed in the atmospheric boundary
layer increases with height from zero at ground
small, the term ‘wind’ denotes almost exclusively
the horizontal wind, vertical winds are always level to a maximum at a height called the gradi-
ent height. There is usually a slight change in
identified as such. The wind speeds are assessed
direction ( Ekman effect ) but this is ignored in
with the aid of anemometers or anemographs
the code. The variation with height depends
which are installed at meteorological observa-
primarily on the terrain conditions. However, the
tories at heights generally varying from 10 to
30 metres above ground. wind speed at any height never remains constant
and it has been found convenient to resolve its
4.2 Very strong winds ( greater than 80 km/h ) instantaneous magnitude into an average or mean
are generally associated with cyclonic storms, value and a fluctuating component around this
7
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
average vaiue. The average value depends on of obstructions which constitute the ground sur-
the averaging time employed in analysing the face roughness. The terrain category used in the
meteorological data and this averaging time design of a structure may vary depending on the
varies from a few seconds to several minutes. The direction of wind under consideration. Wherever
magnitude of fluctuating component of the wind sufficient meteorological information is available
speed which is called gust, depends on the aver- about the nature of wind direction, the orientation
aging time. In general, smaller the averaging of any building or structure may be suitably
interval, greater is the magnitude of the gust planned.
speed.
Terrain in which a specific structure stands
5.2 Basic Wind Speed - Figure 1 gives basic shall be assessed as being one of the following
wind speed map of India, as applicable to 10 m terrain categories:
height above mean ground level for different zones
of the country. Basic wind speed is based on peak 4 Category 1 - Exposed open terrain with
gust velocity averaged over a short time interval few or no obstructions and in which the
of about 3 seconds and corresponds to mean average height of any object surrounding
heights above ground level in an open terrain the structure is less than 1.5 m.
( Category 2 ). Basic wind speeds presented in
Fig. 1 have been worked out for a 50 year return NOTE - This category includes open sea-coasts
and flat treeless plains.
period. Basic wind speed for some important
cities/towns is also given in Appendix A., b) Category 2 - Open terrain with well scatt-
5.3 Design Wind Speed ( V, ) - The basic
ered obstructions having heights generally
wind speed ( V, ) for any site shall be obtained between I.5 to 10 m.
from Fig. 1 and shall be modified to include the NOTE - This is the criterion for measure-
following effects to get design wind velocity at ment of regional basic wind speeds and includes
any height ( V, j for the chosen structure: airfields, open parklands and undeveloped spar-
sely built-up outskirts of towns and suburbs. Open
a) Risk level; land adjacent to sea coast may also be classified as
Category 2 due to roughness of large sea waves at
b) Terrain roughness, height and size of struc- high winds.
ture; and
Cl CategoTy 3 - Terrain with numerous closely
c) Local topography.
spaced obstructions having the size of
It can be mathematically expressed as follows: building-structures up to 10 m in height
v, = with or without a few isolated tall struc-
vb kl k~ ks
tures.
where NOTE 1 - This category includes well wooded
areas, and shrubs, towns and industrial areas full
V, = design wind speed at any height or partially developed.
z in m/s;
NOTE 2 - It is likely that the next higher
kl =probability factor ( risk coeffi.
category than this will not exist in most design
cient ) ( see 5.3.1 ); situations and that selection of a more severe
ks = terrain, height and structure size category will be deliberate.
factor ( see 5.3.2 ); and
NOTE 3 - Particular attention must be given
ks = topography factor ( see 5.3.3 ). to performance of obstructions in areas affected by
fully developed tropical cyclones.Vegetation which
NOTE - Design wind speep up to IO m height from is likely to be blown down or defoliated cannot be
mean ground level shall be considered constant. relied upon to maintain Category 3 conditions.
Where such situation may exist, either an inter-
5.3.1 Risk Coej’icient ( kI Factor ) - Figure 1 mediate category with velocity multipliers midway
gives basic wind speeds for terrain Category 2 as between the values for Category 2 and 3 given in
Table 2, or Category 2 should be selected having
applicable at 10 m above ground level based on 50 due regard to local conditions.
years mean return period. The suggested life
period to be assumed in design and the corres- d) Category 4 - Terrain with numerous large
ponding kl factors for different class of structures high closely spaced obstructions.
for the purpose of design is given in Table 1. In
the design of all buildings and structures, a NOTE - This category includes large city cen-
regional basic wind speed having a mean return tres, generally with obstructions above 25 m and
well developed industrial complexes.
period of 50 years shall be used except as specifi-
ed in the note of Table 1. 5.3.2.2 Variation of wind speed with height for
di@erent sizes of structures in different terrains ( k,
5.3.2 Terrain, Height and Structure Size Factor factor ) - Table 2 gives multiplying factors ( lir )
( k, Factor ) by which the basic wind speed given in Fig. 1
shall be multiplied to obtain the wind speed at
5.3.2.1 Terrain - Selection of terrain cate- different heights, in each terrain category for
gories shall be made with due regard to the effect different sizes of buildings/structures.
8
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1387
The buildings/structures are classified into the ponents such as claddinp, glazing, roofing,
following three different classes depending upon etc, having maximum dimension’ ( greatest
their size: horizontal or vertical dimension ) between 20
Class A - Structures and/or their components and 50 m.
such as cladding, glaxing, roofing, etc, having c1a.U C - Structures and/or their components
maximum dimension ( greatest horizontal or such as cladding, glazing, roofing, etc, having
vertical dimension ) less than 20 m. maximum dimension ( greatest horizontal or
Class B - Structures and/or their com- vertical dimension ) greater than 50 m.
Temporary sheds, structures such as 5 0.82 0.76 0.73 0’71 0.70 0’67
those used during construction
operations ( for example, form-
work and falsework ), structures
during construction stages and
boundary walls
Buildings and structures presenting 25 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90 0’90 0’89
a low degree of hazard to life and
property in the event of failure,
such as isolated towers in wooded
areas, farm buildings other than
residential buildings
Important buildings and structures 100 1’05 I ‘06 1’0’: 1’07 I ‘08 1.08
such as hospitals communication
buildings / towers, power plant
structures
NOTE - The factor kt is based on statistical concepts which take account of the degree of reliability required
and period of time in years during which these will be exposure to wind, that is, life of the structure. Whatever
wind speed is adopted for design purposes, there is always a probability ( however small ) that it may be exceeded
in a storm of exceptional violence; the greater the period of years over which these will be exposure to the wind,
the greater is the probability. Higher return periods ranging from 100 to 1 000 years ( implying lower risk level ) in
association with greater periods of exposure may have to be selected for exceptionally important structures, such
as, nuclear power reactors and satellite communication towers. Equation given below may be used in such cases
to estimate k, factors for different periods of exposure and chosen probability of exceedance ( risk level ). The
probability level of 0’63 is normally considered sufficient for design of buildings and structures against wind effects
and the values of k, corresponding to this risk level are given above.
XN, P
*-L+*{-+ql-P$J
kl = z----
x5O, 0.63 A + 4B
where
N = mean probable design life of structure in years;
PN - risk level in N consecutive years ( probability that the design wind speed is exceeded at least once in
N successive years ), nominal value = 0’63;
X N,P = extreme wind speed for given values of Nand PN; and
= extreme wind speed for N = 50 years and PN = 0’63.
x5O, 0’63
A and B are coefficients having the following values for different basic wind speed zones:
Zone A B
33 m/s 83’2 9’2
39 m/s 84’0 14’0
44 m/s 88,O 18’0
47 m/s 88.0 20’5
50 m/s 88’8 22’8
55 m/s 90.8 27.3
11
LL. ._ ._ _ _ .-. .-
350 1’37 1’35 1’31 1’36 1’34 1’29 1’32 1’30 1’24 1.31 1.27 1’19
400 1’38 1’36 1.32 1’37 1’35 1’30 1’34 1’31 1.25 1.32 1.28 1’20
459 1’39 1’37 1’33 1’38 1’36 1’31 1’35 1’32 1’26 1.33 1’29 1’21
500 1’40 1.38 1’34 1’39 1’37 1’32 1~36 1’33 1.28 1’34 1.30 1’22
NOTE 1 - Se6 5.3.2.2 for definitions of Class A, Class B and Class C structures.
NOTE 2 - Intermediate values may be obtained by linear interpolation, if desired, It is permissible to assume
constant wind speed between 2 heights for simplicity.
12
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
13
km.“_._. _____.__... _...~._
RATIO RATIO 0 A B D
I
_- - -- --
degrees
a
c
7 0 +0.7 -0.2 -0’5 -0’5 I
I3
A
81 c -0’8
,’
30 -0.5 -0’5 i-0.7 -0’2 I
-i
D
+<+ - .-
C
-I- -
1
I 0 +0.7 -0.25 -0.6 -06
3 e&5 1
g<;<4
-.El A 0
30 -0’5 -0.5 +0.7 -0’1 :
-1.0
--
0
-- -i_ -- -- .-
-iI_Cl
0 +0.7 -0’2 -0’6 -0.6 -l
> -1'1
I<‘<;
w ‘/
cl?-* 0 90 -0’6 -0’6 +0*7 -0’2 5j J
I
’ <hd I!
_j. --
u
I w2
C
D -- -_ _- -_
Cl
l<;C+ b 0 + 0.8 --02 -0.8 -0% 7
- A 0
> - 1’2
90 -0’8 -0.8 +0’8 -02 15 J
D
3
z_< h<6
w C
-- .-
p,+
ti*
1 0
e
0
90
l-o.7
-0’5
-0’4
-0’5
-0’7
+0’8
-0’7
-0’1
-I
J
} - 1.2
( Continued )
14
l!3:875(Part3)-1987
A I3 90
NOTE - h is the height to caves or parapet, 1 is the greater horizontal dimension of a building and w IS the lesser
horizontal dimension of a building.
6.2.2.3 Monoslope roofs of rectangular clad build- to the wind direction. 4 = 0 represents a canopy
ings - The average pressure coefficient and with no obstructions underneath. $ - 1 repre-
pressure concentration coefficient for monoslope sents the canopy fully blocked with contents to
( lean-to ) roofs of rectangular clad buildings the downwind eaves. Values of C, for intermedi-
shall be as given in Table 6. ate solidities may be linearly interpolated between
these two extremes, and apply upwind of the
6.2.2.4 Canoby roofs with $4: Q 1 and position of maximum blockage only. Downwind
( of the position of maximum blockage the coeffi-
cients for 4 = 0 may be used.
I< &<3 - The pressure coefficients are
>
given in Tables 7 and 8 separately for mono- In addition to the pressure forces normal to
pitch and double pitch canopy roofs such as the canopy, there will be horizontal loads on the
open-air parking garages, shelter areas, outdoor canopy due to the wind pressure on any fascia
areas, railway platforms, stadiums and theatres. and to friction over the surface of the canopy.
The coefficients take account of the combined For any wind direction, only the greater of these
effect of the wind exerted on and under the roof two forces need be taken into account. Fascia
for all wind directions; the resultant is to be taken loads should be calculated on the area of the
normal to the canopy. Where the local coefficients surface facing the wind, using a force coefficient
overlap, the greater of the two given values should of l-3. Frictional drag should be calculated using
be taken. However, the effect of partial closures the coefficients given in 6.3.1.
of one side and or both sides, such as those due to
trains, buses and stored materials shall be foreseen NOYE - Tables 9 to 14 may be used to get internal
and external pressure coefficients for pitches and troug-
and taken into account. hed free roofs for some specific cases for which aspect
The solidity ratio 4 is equal to the area of ratios and roof slopes have been specified. However,
while using Tables 9 to 14 any significant departure
obstructions under the canopy divided by the
from it should be investigated carefully. No increase
gross area under the canopy, both areas normal shall be made for local effects except as indicated.
15
TABLE 5 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( cp, ) FOR PITCHED ROOFS OF RECTANGULAR CLAD BUILDINGS
( Clause 6.2.2.2 )
EF GH EG FH
n-
k---W -_1
0 -0‘8 -0’6 -1’0 -0’6 -2’0
-- - .-
y = h or 0’15 W, whichever
is the lesser.
Degree H L H L H&LH&L H L H L Hi Hs Lz Ls He Le
em*
3%
%g %$
.I& o, .L .5!
a -z E;
a%*
<:93 4:
5 -1’0 -0.5 -1.0 -0.9 -1’0 -0’5 -0.9 -1.0 -0’5 -1’0 -2.0 __1’5 -2’0 -1’5 -2’0 -2’0
10 -1’0 -0.5 -1.0 -0.8 -1.0 -0 5 -0.6 -1.0 -0.4 -1.0 -2’0 v-1.5 -2.0 -1.5 -2’0 -2.0
15 -o-,9 -0.5 -1’0 -0’7 - 1.0 1 -0’5 -0.6 -1.0 -0’3 - 1’0 - 1’8 -0’9 -1’8 - 1.4 -2’0 -2’0
20 -0.8 -0.5 -1.0 -0.6 -0.9 ‘-0.5 -0.5 -1.0 -0’2 -1.0 -1.8 -0’8 -1’8 -1.4 -2.0 -2’0
25 -0’7 -0.5 -1’0 -0.6 -0 8. -0.5 -0.3 -0.9 -0.1 -0.9 -1’8 -0.7 -0.9 -0.9 -2.0 -2’0
30 -0’5 -0’5 -1’0 -0.6 -0 8 -0’5 -0.1 -0’6 0 -0’6 -1’8 -0-j -0.5 -0.5 -2.0 -2.0
J
NOTE 2 h is the height to eaves at lower side, I is the greater horizontal dimension of a building and UJ is the
lesser horizontal dimension of a building.
18
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
1
MAXINUY ( LARQEST + VE ) AKD MINIMTJIU( LARGEST - VE ) PRESSURE
Rooy ANGLE SOLIDITY RATIO
COEFFICIENTS
( DECUUUES)
1 BzzzB N -
NOTE - For monopitch canopies the centre of pressure should be taken to act at 0’3 UJ from the windward
edge.
19
KS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
-c,
10
-CP .-Cn I F
-‘I
I
-
Roos Xsa~n 1 SOLIDITY MAXIMOX ( LAB~EST+VE ) AYDMINI~X ( LARGEST - VE ) Pn~aacnn
: DEc;lIEZ% ) 1 RATIO CO~FFI~~~NTS
I / liz%@zl
/
--“Cl +0*7 -i-O% +I’6 / +0’6 +1*7
-15 +0.5 +06 +1.5 + 0’7 +I’4
- 10 $-O-4 +0’6 +I’4 +0’8 +I’1
-5 +0’3 +1*5 i-0.8 +0’8
7-5 +0.3 :x’,’ . + 1’8 +1*3 +0’4
f 10 j Ail values of +0.4 +0*7 +I’8 +1*4 +0*4
! +0*4 +0.9 +1.9 +1’4 +0*4
+15 I 9
i20 +0’6 +1*1 +1*9 +1*5 +0.4
3’ ! +I’2 +1*9 f1’6 -!-0’5
:3; :x:; +I’3 +1*9 +1’6 +0*7
/
I I$=0 -0.7 - -0.9 -1’3 -1’6 -0’6
-20 +=1 -0’9 - 1’2 -1’7 -1’9 -_1’2
Each slope of a duopitch canopy should he able to withstand forces using both the maximum and the mmimurn
oefficients, and the whole canopy should be able to support forces using one slope at the maximum coefficient with the
Ither slope at the minimum coeffictent. For duopitch canopies the cenrre of pressure should be taken to act at the centre
‘Peach slope.
20
YS : 875 ( Pars 3 ) - Y987
TABLE 9 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( TOP AND BOTTOM ) FOR PXTCHED ROOFS, a +e 3tP
( &uw 6.2.2.4 )
-T 1 T
i 1 E 1 Roof sIope a 0 30’
e - 0’ - 450, D, D’, E, E’ :x1:
I length
9 = 90”, D, D’, E, E’ prr !engzh
i b’, thereafter Cp = 0
I__ L;----
G _____: z
J
I c
-- 7
9 , ----I
1 1 End Surfaces
D 1 D E -7
I ) E’ j c j c’ / c; I
G’
-I I
I -05
I
-0.3
/
j
I
1
- .j_
0 0’6 ! -1’0 / !
-0’6 / -0.3 i / I
45O 0.1 ; -0.3
-0.3 1 -0.4 I1 -0*3 / 0.8 /
9o” -0’3 j -C’4 : I 0’3
_-A- j_ I
90”
I-
I Tangentially acting friction: ROOo ip 0’05 pdbd
21
IS I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1387
TABLE 10 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( TOP AND BOTTOM ) FOR PITCHED FREE ROOFS,
a = 300 WITH EFFECTS OF TRAIN OR STORED MA’I’BRIALS
( Clause 6.2.2.4 )
.I-. _G__ L
- --_
I c
&d --I
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS,cp
cl
“/
End Surfaces
D D’ E E’
c c G G’
22
-a.-%“---_-_-_“_... _. _
f
b’=d
b=Sd
PRESSURECOEFFICIENTS, CD
e End Surfaces
D D’ E E’
c C G 1 G
-~. I
--
23
TABU I2 PRESSURE COEFFICIFiNTS (*OP AND BOTTOM ) FOR PITCRBD FBE ROOFS
ir - 10” WITH EFFECTS OF TRAIN OR STORED MATJZItIAL8
( CIaw 6.2.2.4 )
-T
h’=O$th
_A_
i
i
G G’
i
1
I
/
-0’4 0.8 0’3 -0%
1
!
I i
I
I 0” ’ ForJ: I;, top = -15; Cp bottom = 0.9
0” - I!$” / Tangentially acting friction: R,o” .= 0.1 p&j
i
24
1sr875(Part3)-1987
P&EssUnE cOEFFICIEK?K3, cp
D D’ 1 E / E’
, I
/
I !
0” 0’3 -0’7 0’2 -0’9
I
,
4Y 0 -0’2 0’1 j -0’3
/
I
90” -0’1 0.1 -0’1 0‘1
25
ISr875( Part3)-1987
TAtWE 14 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( TOP AND BOTTOM ) FOR TROUGHED FREE ROOFS,
a = IO” WITH EFFECTS OF TRAINS OR STORED MATERIALS
( Clause 6.2.2.4 )
b= 5d
f
Lm
T Roof slope (I = 10”
Effects
materials:
of trains or
Cp = 0
i------i
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS, Cp
e
D D’ E E’
26
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
6.2.2.5 Curved roofs - For curved roofs, the The total resultant load (P) acting on the roof
external pressure coefficients shall be as given in of the structure is given by the following formula:
Table 15. Allowance for local effects shall be
-made in accordance with Table 5. P = 0.785 D’ ( _!q - C,, pa)
6.2.2.6 Pitched and saw-tooth roofs of multi- The resultant of Pfor roofs lies at 0.1 D from
span buildings - For pitched and saw-tooth the centre of the roof on the windword side.
roofs of multi-span buildings, the external average
pressure coefficients and pressure concentration 6.2.2.10 Combined roofs and roofs with a sky
coefficients shall be. as given in Tables 16 and 17 light - The average external pressure coefficients
respectively. provided that all spans shall be equal for combined roofs and roofs with a sky light is
and the height to the eaves shall not exceed the shown in Table 20.
span.
6.2.2.11 Grandstands - The pressure coeffi-
NOTE- Evidence on multi-span buildings is cients on the roof ( top and bottom ) and rear
fragmentary; any departure given in Tables 16 and 17
should be investigated separately. wall of a typical grandstand roof which is open
on three sides is given in Table 21. The pressure
6.2.2.7 Pressure coeficients on overhangs from coefficients are valid for a particular ratio of
roofs - The pressure coefficients on the top over- dimensions as specified in Table 21 but may be
hanging portion of the roofs shall be taken to be used for deviations up to 20 percent. In general,
the same as that of the nearest top portion of the the maximum wind load occurs when the wind is
non-overhanging portion of the roofs. The pressure blowing into the open front of the stand, causing
coefficients for the underside surface of the over- positive pressure under the roof and negative
hanging portions shall be taken as follows and pressure on the roof.
shall be taken as positive if the overhanging
portion is on the windward side: 6.2.2.12 Upper surface of round silos and
tanks - The pressure coefficients on the upper
a) 1.25 if the overhanging slopes,
surface of round silos and tanks standing on
b) 1.00 if the overhanging isShorizontal, and ground shall be as given in Fig. 2.
c) 0.75 if the overhanging slopes upwards.
6.2.2.13 Spheres - The. external pressure
For overhanging portions on sides other than coefficients for spheres shall be as given in
the windward side, the average pressure coeffi- Table 22.
cients on adjoining walls may be used.
6.2.3 Internal Pressure Coejicients - Internal air
6.2.2.8 Cylindrical structures - For the pur- pressure in a building depends upon the degree
pose of calculating the wind pressure distribution of permeability of cladding to the flow of air.
around a cylindrical structure of circular cross- The internal air pressure may be positive or
section, the value of external pressure coefficients negative depending on the direction of flow of
given in Table 18 may be used provided that the air in relation to openings in the buildings.
Reynolds number is greater than 10 000. They
may be used for wind blowing normal to the axis 6.2.3.1 In the case of buildings where the
of cylinders having axis normal to the ground claddings permit the flow of air with openings not
plane ( that is, chimneys and silos ) and cylinders more than about 5 percent of the wall area but
having their axis parallel to the ground plane where there are no large openings, it is necessary
( that is, horizontal tanks ) provided that the to consider the possibility of the internal pressure
clearance between the tank and the ground is not being positive or negative. Two design conditions
less than the diameter of the cylinder. shall be examined, one with an internal pressure
coefficient of +0.2 and another with an internal
h is height of a vertical cylinder or length of a
horizontal cylinder. Where there is a free flow of pressure coefficient of -0.2.
air around both ends, h is to be taken as half the
The internal pressure coefficient is algebrai-
length when calculating h/D ratio.
cally added to the external pressure coefficient
In the calculation of the resultant load on the and the analysis which indicates greater distress of
periphery of the cylinder, the value of C,t shall the member shall be adopted. In most situations
be taken into account. For open ended cylinders, a simple inspection of the sign of external pressure
C,i shall be taken as follows: will at once indicate the proper sign of the inter-
nal pressure coefficient to be taken for design.
a) 0.8 where h/D is not less than 0.3, and
b) 0.5 where h/D is less than 0.3. NOTE - The term normal permeability relates t*
the flow of air commonly aft‘orded by claddings not
6.2.2.9 Roofs and bottoms of cylindrical elevated only through open windows and doors, but also through
the slits round the closed winc’ows 2nd doors and thro-
structures - The external pressure coefficients for
ugh chimneys, ventilators and through the joints bet-
roofs and bottoms of cylindrical elevated structures ween roof coverings, the total open area being less than
shall be as given in Table 19 ( see also Fig. 2 ). 5 percent of area of the walls having the openings.
TABLE 15 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR CURVED ROOFS
( Clause 6.2.2.5 )
-CL_
ISr875(Part3)-19a7
I w’ J_
I-
w’ J_
-l-
w’ _1_
I-
w’ _I_ w’ I w* 1
y=h or 0-1~
ROOF PLAN
WHICHEVER IS LESS
h,= h,=h
I i
SECTION
ROOF WIND FIRST SPAN FIRST OTHER END SPAN LOCAL ~RFPIOUNT
ANR LE ANQLE INT~YIcDIATE INT~R~~EDIATE
SPAN SPAN
c----t
a e --74 -- C d -- m n x 2
degrees degrees
20 -0’7 -0’6 -0’4 -0’3 -0’3 -0’3 -0.3 -0.3 \ -2’0 -1’5
Distance
r---- -- h-P---- __-
Roof Wind hx ha h3
Angle Angle
d;reea 8
degrees
up to 45 90 -0’8 -0’6 -0’2
Frictional drag: When wind angle 0 - O’, horizontal forces due to frictional drag are allowed for in the aboye
values; and
when wind angle 0 = 90°, allow for frictional drag in accordance with 6.3.1.
NOTE - Evidence on these buildings is fragmentary and any departure from the casu given should ba
investigated reparately.
29
L_ .._ . ._.-
ROOF PLAN
Y =hor 0’1 UI which-
ever is the less
hl=hB = h
SECTION
degrees
DISTANCE
c------------ -+.L----_-----~
WIND h ha ha
ANGLE 0
degrees
90 -0.8 -0% -0’2
Frictional drag: When wind angle 0 = O’, horizontal forces due to frictional drag are allowed for in the above
values; and
when wind angle 8 I 90”, allow for frictional drag in accordance with 6.3.1.
NOTE - Evidence on these buildings is fragmentary and any departures from the cases given should be investigated
separately.
30
18:875(P8rt3)-1987
-
POSITION OF PRESSUI~E COEFFICIENT,Cm
PEBIPHERY, 0 -
IX DEQREEB
h/D = 25 h/D = 7
I h/D = 1
31
IS -I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
P
OIREC?TION
Of WIN0
(bl
(cl
a,budc d
32
IS:875(Part5)-1987
a) Combined Roofs
-0.8
VALUE0 OP cpe
see 6.2.2.7
( Confinurd)
33
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
TABLE 20 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS, -Cpe FOR COMBINED ROOFS AND ROOFS
WITH A SKY LIGHT - Contd
WIN0
b; ; b, bl < bs
PORTION 0 b a and b
---
34
IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
KM
135O - 1’1 +0’6 - 1.0 +0*4
777
-_
G 1
I
0H
i-----b4
( Shaded area to scale )
TOP AND BOTTOM OF ROOF
-
1
0 B c D E
-- -.-
180”
i
-0.6 -0’3 -0.6 -0.3 -0’6 -0’6 -0’3
/
45O ‘MR’ - cp ( top ) = -2.0
-
35
T-
I8 : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
tand c 0.2
0.20 <h <30
h
/I I,,, , ,, , , ,,
SECTION
0
_,
, ,,.,
AA
._.
, ,,,
---I
, ,
PLAN
( For Force Coefficient Corresponding to Shell Portion, see Table 23 ).
FIQ. 2 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT ON THE UPPER ROOF SURFACEOF SINQULAR ChtCr;t~~
STANDINGON ‘1:HE GROUND
6.2.3.2 Buildings with medium and large 6.3 Force Coefficients - The value of force
ojenings - Buildings with medium and large coefficients apply to a building or structure as a
openings may also exhibit either positive or whole, and when multiplied by the effective.
negative internal pressure depending upon the frontal area A, of the building or structure and by
direction of wind. Buildings with medium open- design wind pressure, pd gives the total wind load
ings between about 5 to 20 percent of wall area on that particular building or structure.
shall be examined for an internal pressure coeffi-
Fient of +0*5 and later with an internal pres- F - Ci A, ~a
sure coefficient of -0.5, and the analysis which
where F is the force acting in a direction
produces greater distress of the members shall be
specified in the respective tables and Ci is the
adopted. Buildings with large openings, that is, force coeficient for the building.
openings larger than 20 percent of the wall area
shall be examined once with an internal pressure RiOTE 1 - The value of the force coefficient differs
coefficient of $-O-7 and again with an internal for the wind acting on different faces of a building or
pressure coefficient of -0.7, and the analysis structure. In order to determine the critical load, the
which produces greater distress on the members total wind load should be calculated for each wind
direction.
shall be adopted.
Buildings with one open side or opening NOTE 2 - If surface design pressure varies with
exceeding 20 percent of wall area may be assu- height, the surface area of the building/structure mav
be sub-divided so that specified pressures are taken over
med to be subjected to internal positive pressure appropriate areas.
or suciion similar to those for buildings with large
openings. A few examples of buildings with one NOTE3 - In‘tapered buildinq/structures, the force
sided openings are shown in Fig. 3 indicating coefficients shall be applied aiier sub-dividing the
building/structure into suitable number of strips and the
values of internal pressure coefficients with respect load on each strip calculated individually, taking the
to the direction of wind. area of each strip as Ae.
6.2.3.3 In buildings with roofs but no walls,
the roofs wiilbe subjected to pressure from both NOTE 4 - For force coefficients for structures not.
covered above, reference may be made to specialist
inside and outside and the recommendations shall literature on the subject or advise may be sought from
be as given in 6.2.2. specialists in the subject.
36
iS I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
-
1- REMAIIKS
30 -to*5
45 -0’1
60 -0.7
75 --I’1
90 - 1.2
105 - 1’0
120 -0.6
135 -0.2
150 +0*1
165 +0*3
180 +0*4
6.3.1 Frictional Drag - In certain buildings of C,’ - 0.02 for surfaces with corrugations
special shape, a force due to .frictional drag shall across the wind direction, and
be taken into account in addition to those loads
specified in 6.2. For rectangular clad buildings, Cf’ = 0.04 for surfaces with ribs across the
this addition is necessary only where the ratio wind direction.
d d
- or F is greater than 4. The frictional drag For other buildings, the frictional drag has
h
force, F’, in the direction of the wind is given by been indicated, where necessary, in the tables of
the following formulae: pressure coefficients and force coefficients.
Ifh< b,F’=C,‘(d-4h)b@,
s Cr’ ( d - 4h ) 2 hi&, and 6.3.2 Force Corficients for Ciad Buildings
if A > b, F’ - “;‘&-j 4b ) bjd 6.3.2.1 Clad buildings of uniform section -
- 4b ) 2 h&.
The overall force coefficients for rectangular clad
The first term in each case gives the drag on b ur‘ld’mgs of uniform section with Aat roofs in
the roof and the second on the walls. The value uniform flow shall be as given in Fig. 4 and for
of Cr’ has the following values: other clad buildings of uniform section ( without
C,‘ - 0.01 for smooth surfaces without corru- projections, except-where otherwise sho& ) shall
gations or ribs across the wind direction, be as given in Table 23.
37
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
ztransition in the nature of boundary layer OII them. obstructed, the ratio l/b shall be taken as
Although this phenomenon is well known in the infinity for the purpose of determining K_
case of circular cylinders, the same phenomenon
b) Flat-sided members - Force coefficients’ for
exists in the case of many other well-rounded wind normal to the longitudinal axis of
:structures, and this possibility must be checked. flat-sided structural members shall be as
given in Table 26.
6.3.3.2 Individual members
The force coeficients are given for two
a) The coefficients refer to the members of
infinite length. For members of finite length, mutually perpendicular directions relative
to a reference axis on the structural mem-
the coefficients should be multiplied by a
factor K that depends on the ratio I/b ber. They are designated as CI, and Cft,
give the forces normal and transverse,
where 1 is the length of the member and
5 is the width across the direction or wind. respectively to the relerence plane as shown
Table 25 gives the required values of K. in Table 26.
The foliowing special cases must be noted Normal force, F, = C,, pd A’1 b
while estimating K. Transverse force, Ft = Cft pa K 1 b
i) Where any member abuts onto a plate or c) Circular sections - Force coefficients for
wall in such a way that free flow of air members of circular section shall be as
around that end of the member is pre- given in Table 23 ( seealso Appendix D ).
vented, then the ratio of l/b shall be
d) Force coefficients for wires and cables shall
doubled fat the purpose of determining be as given in Table 27 according to the
K; and diamater (D), the design wind speed ( f’ti)
ii) When both ends of a member are so and the surface roughness.
h
-_=a a
b
\\I 701 i I I
t
cf
a/b -
4A Values of Cr versus -I for $ 2 1
‘IS:873(Part3)-1987
_-;
I I
0'7 0-i 0’7 0’8 0’9 I 1’2
Rough or with 1
projections >6 I
j.
Ij- I
I
, !
--- 1,
_I.
, !
I
< 10 I 0’5 I 0’5 I
0’5
!
c-5 j 0.6 i 0.6 0'7
I
I
-I-- / --
> 10 0’2 j- O-2
-1 0.2
.j- -!
I
1-l
i
>8 0’8 u-8 0’9 1’0 1’1 1.3 1’5
I--- --_/___
(4 0’6 ’ 0’6 0’6 0’7 0.8 ) 0’8
r b/d = 1 --_ -- -_
r/b i= l/3
34 0.4 0.4 0’4 0’4 O-5 0’5 0.5
-0
-- --
--
._
-]-
d
t
i b/d - 2 All
values 1.0 ; 1’1
d rib = l/12 0.9 o-9
-n
I
I!
--
( Chlintrcd )
40
IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
. I- _/--.-J-_-____
, I
I I !
/ I
<6 0.7 0’8 0.8 0.9 1’0 I 1’2 1 1’6 1
b/d = 2
r/b - l/4
- - -_ _- .I_ __...+__/-I
-0 va
u
r/a=113 _
710
-
-
0.5
. _--
0.5 1 0.5 0.5 0’5
-i-
0'6 0’6
,-
-~
0 r/a = l/12
All
values
_- --
0.9
_
0.9 0’9
-
1.1 1’2
.-
1’3 1’6
I
_- I -_
__/_ _ _--
-I -I
--
_ -_ _- _ - --
- -- --
up to l/2 I 2 5 10 20 cc
msls
_-----
I I----
’
- D 1’4:z~
All
values
1.2
--
1.2 1.2 1’4 1’6
-cl L----d----J
12-sided
PO1
ygon
_-
<12
512
0’7
0’7
0.7
0’7
0’8
0.7
0’9
0-Y
1’0
0.8
-
-l-
1.1
0’9
I
)__-
I
I
1.3
1’1
-0 Octagon All
values
1.0 1’0 1’1 1’2 1’2
~
1.3
--
1’4
-0 Hexagan
All
values 1’0 1’1 l-2 1.3 1’4
Structures that, because of their size and design wind velocity, are in the supercritical flow regime may need further
1’4 ( 1’5
calculation to ensure that the greatest loads do not occur at some wind speed below the maximum when the flow will be
subcritical,
The coefficients are for buildings without projections, except where otherwise shown.
42
--- ~.____..
18:875(Part3)-1987
@6
0
14l6 2 3 L 5 6 8 106- -2 3 L 5 6 8 107 2 3 L56 81’
Cf
Fro. 5 VARIATION OF WITH R, ( >3 x 10’ ) FOR CIRCULAR SECTIONS
TABLE 24 FORCE COEFFICIENTS FOR LOW WALLS OR HOARDINGS ( < 15m HIGH )
( Clause 6.3.2.3 )
t--bl
I I
Wall
WIDTH
Above Ground
TO HEIGHT RATIO, b/h
Wall on Ground
1 DRAG COEFFICIENT, Cf
10 20 1’3
16 32 1’4
20 40 l-5
40 80 1.75
60 120 1’8
43
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
CIRCULAR OISC
HEMISPHERICAL
BOWL
HEMISPHERICAL
BOWL
HEMISPHERICAL
SOLID
06 FOR V,,O<7
SPHERICAL O-2 FOR ‘IdO’/
SOLID
Circular cylinder, 0’58 0’62 0’68 0.74 0.82 0.87 0’98 1’00
subcritical Row
Circular cylinder, 0.80 0.80 0.82 O-90 0.98 0’99 1’00 1’00
supercritical flow
( DVd 9 6ma/s )
Flat plate perpendi- 0.62 0’66 0.69 0.81 0.87 0’90 o-95 1’00
cular to wind
( DV,j 2 6m2/s )
D I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
46
IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
should be calculated from the mean dis- Force coefficients for lattice towers of
tance between the frames in the direction equilateral-triangle s’ection with circular
of the wind. members all in the same flow ragime may
b) Effective solidity ratio, p: be as given in Table 32.
p = CJ for flat-sided members.
TABLE 31 OVERALL FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR
@ is to be obtained from Fig. 7 for SQUARE TOWERS COMPOSED OF
members of circular cross-sections. ROUNDED MEMBERS
[ Clause 6.3.3.5(d) ]
SOLIDITY FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR
RATIO OF r----------- h-- _____ --~
FRONT FACE Subcritical Flow Supercritical Flow
(Dvd < 6 mr/s) ( DVd 2 6 d/s 1
r-__*_-_y r---h --7
Onto face Onto Onto face Onto
corner corner
(1) (2) (3) (4) ,(5)
0’05 2’4 2.5 1’1 1’2
0’1 2’2 2’3 1’2 1’3
0’2 1’9 2.1 1’3 1’6
0’3 1’7 1’S 1’4 1’6
0’4 1’6 1’9 1.4 1.6
0.5 1’4 1’9 1’4 1’6
0 0.1 O-2 0.3 04 05 06 0 7 0 8
SOLIDITY RATIO.9
TABLE’ 32 OVERALL FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR
FIG..~ EFFECTIVE SOLIDITY RATIO, p EQUILATERAL-TRIANGULAR TOWERS
FOR ROUND SECTION MEMBERS COMPOSED OF ROUNDED MEMBERS
[ Clause 6.3.3.5(e) ]
6.3.3.5 Lattice towers SOLIDITY RATIO FORCE COEFFICIENT FOB
OF FRONT FACE I----- ---- --_-_--_-~
a) Force coefficient for lattice towers of square s+ Subcritical Flow Supercritcial Flow
or equilateral triangle section with flat- (Dvd < 6 m*/s) (Dvd < 6 ms/s)
c__-*-‘_~ r-__A-__y
sided members for wind blowing against any
All wind All wind
face shall be as given in Table 30. directions directions
(1) !2) (3)
TABLE 30 OVERALL FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR 0’05 1’8
TOWERS COMPOSED OF FLAT-SIDED MEMBERS
0.8
0’1 l-7 0.8
SOLIDITY RATIO FORGE COEEFICIENT BOR 0.2 1’6 1’1
cm-_-_-.“-- s-s-7
0’3 1’5 1’1
4 Square Towers Equilateral Tri-
angular Towers 0’4 1.5 1’1
(2) 0’5 1’4 1’2
(1) (3)
0.1 3’8 3.1
0’2 3.3 2’7
6.3.3.6 Tower a@rtenanccs - The wind
0.3
loading on tower appurtenances, such as ladders,
2.8 2.3
conduits, lights, elevators, etc, shall be calculated
0.4 2’3 1’9
using appropriate net pressure coefficients for
0’5 2’1 1’5 these elements. Allowance may be made for
shielding effect from other elements.
b) For square lattice towers with flat-sided 7. DYNAMIC EFFECTS
members the maximum load, which occurs
when the wind blows into a corner shall be 7.1 General - Flexible slender structures and
taken as 1.2 times the load for the wind structural elements shall be investigated to ascer-
blowing against a face. tain the importance of wind induized oscillations
or excitations along and across the direction of
4 For equilateral-triangle lattice towers with
wind.
flat-sided members, the load may be assu-
m ed to be constant for any inclination of In general, the following guidelines may be
wind to a face. ‘used for examining the problems of wind induced
Force coefficients for lattice towers of oscillations:
4
square section with circular members, all in a) Buildings and closed structures with a
the same flow regime, may be as given in height to minimum lateral dimension ratio
Table 31. of more than about 5.0. and
47
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
b) Buildings and closed structures whose tions with a type of motion which is a combina-
tion of the individual modes of motion. Such
natural frequency in the first mode -is less energy transfer takes place when the natural
than 1-O Hz. frequencies of modes, taken individually, are
Any building or structure which does not close to each other ( ratio. being typically less
than 2’0 ). Flutter can set in at wind speeds
satisfy either of the above two criteria shall be
much less than those required for exciting the
examined for dynamic effects of wind. individual modes of motion. Long span
NOTE 1 - The fundamental time period (I) may suspension bridge decks or any member of a
either be established by experimental observations on structure with large values of d/t ( where d is
similar buildings or calculated by any rational method the depth of a structure or structural member
of analysis. In the absence of such data, T may be parallel to wind stream and t is the least lateral
determined as follows for multi-storeyed buildings: dimension of a member ) are prone to low speed
flutter. Wind tunnel testing is required to.
4 For moment .resisting frames without bracing or
determine critical flutter speeds and the likely
shear walls for resisting the lateral loads
structural response. Other types of flutter are
z-=0*1 n single degree of freedom stall flutter, torsional
where flutter, etc.
n = number of storeys including basement sto- Cl Ovafiing- This walled structures with open ends
reys; and at one or both ends such as oil storage tanks,
b) For all others and natural draught cooling towers in which the
ratio of the diameter of minimum lateral dimen-
== 0’09 H
sion to the wall thickness is of the order of !OO
d/d or more, are prone to ovalling oscillations.
where These oscillations are characterized by periodic
H - total height of the main structure of the radial deformation of the hollow structure.
building in metres, and NATE 7 -Buildings and structures that may be
d = maximum base dimension of building in subjected to serious wind excited oscillations require
metrcs in a direction parallel to the applied careful investigation. It is to be noted that wind induc-
wind force. ed oscillations may occur at wind speeds lower than the
static design wind speed for the location.
NOTE 2 - If preliminary studies indicate that
wind-induced oscillations are likely to be rignificant, NOTE8 - Analytical methods for the response of
investigations should be persuade with the aid of analy- dynamic structures to wind loading can be found in the
tical methods or, if necessary, by means oi wind tunnel following publications:
tests on models. i) Engineering Science Data, Wind Engineering
NOTE3 - CrossLwind motions may by due to Sub-Series ( 4 volumes ), London, ESDU Inter-
lateral gustiness of the wind, unsteady wake flow (for national.
example, vortex shedding ), negative aerodynamic ii) ‘Wind Engineering in the Eighties’, Construc-
damping or to a combination of these effects. These tion Industry Research and Information Associ-
cross-wind motions, can become critical in the design of ation, 1981, London.
tall buildings/structures. iii) ‘Wind Effects on Structures’ by E. Simiu and
NOTE 4 - Motions in the direction of wind (known R.H. Scanlan, New York, John Wiley and
also as buffeting) are caused by fluctuating wind force Sons, 1978.
associated with gusts. The excitations depend on gust iv) Supplement to the National Building Code of
energy available at the resonant frequency. Canada. 1980. NRCC, No. 17724, Ottawa, Nati-
NOTE 5 - The wake shed from an upstream body onal Research Council of Canada, 1980.
may intensify motions in the direction of the wind, and v) Wind forces on structures by Peter Sachs. Per-
may also affect crosswind motions. gamon press.
NOTE6 -The designer must be aware of the vi) Flow induced vibration by Robert D. Clevins,
following three forms of wind induced motion which Van Nostrand Reinfold Co.
are characterized by increasing amplitude of oscillation
with the increase of wind speed. vii) Appropriate Indian Standards ( see 1.1.3 ).
NOTE 9 - In assessing wind loads due to such dy-
a) Galloping - Galloping is transverse oscillations
of some structures due to the development of namic phenomenon as galloping, flutter and ovalling, if
aerodynamic forces which are in phase with the the required information is not available either in the
motion. It is characterized by the progressively references of Note 8 or other literature, specialist advise
increasing amplitude of transverse vibration shall be sought, including experiments on models in
with increase of wind speed. The cross-section wind tunnels.
which are particularly prone to this type of
excitation include the following:
7.2 Motion Due to Vortex Shedding
i) All structures with non-circular cross-sections, 7.2.1 For a structure, the
Slender Structures -
such as triangular, square, polygons, as well shedding frequency, 3 shall be determined by the
as angles, crosses, and T-sections, following formula:
ii) Twisted cables and cables with ice encrusta-
tions.
b) Flutter - Flutter is unstable oscillatory motion
of a structure due to coupling between aerody-
namic force and elastic deformation of the where
structure. Perhaps the’ most common form is S = Strouhal number,
oscillatory motion due to combined bending
and torsion. Although oscillatory motions in v#j = design wind velocity, and
each degree of frebdom may be damped, insta- b = breadth of a structure or structural
bility can set in due to energy transfer from one
mode of oscillation to another, and the structure
members in the horizontal plane
is seen to execute sustained or divergent oscilla- normal to the wind direction.
48
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
a) Circular Structures - For structures circular 8.2.1 Variation of Hourb Mean Wind Speed with
in cross-section: Height - The variation of hourly mean wind
S = 0.20 for bV’, not greater than 7, speed with height shall cbe calculated as follows:
and Vz = Vb h ha ks
= 0.25 for bV, greater than 7. where
b) Rectangular Structures - For structures of P, = hourly mean wind speed in m/s,
rectangular cross-section: at height e;
S = O-15 for all values of b V,. vb = regional basic wind speed in m/s
NOTE 1 - Significant cross wind motions may be (see Fig. 1 );
produced by vortex shedding if the natural frequency kl = probability factor ( see 5.3.1 );
of the structure or structural element is equal to the
frequency of the vortex shedding within the range of & = terrain and height factor ( see
expected wind velocities. In such cases, further analysis Table 33 ); and
should be carried out on the basis of references given in
Note 8 of 7.1. A-s- topography factor ( see 5.3.3 ).
NOTE 2 - Unlined welded steel chimney stacks
and similar structures are prone to excitation by vortex TABLE 33 HOURLY MEAN WIND SPEED FACTOR
shedding. Xs IN DIFFERENT TERRAINS FOR
NOTE 3 - Intensification of the effects of periodic DIFFERENT HEIGHTS
vortex shedding has been reported in cases where two ( Cluuses 8.2 and 8.2.1 )
or more similar structures are located in close proxi-
mity. for example, at less than 20 b apart, where b is HEIQ~T T~RRA.IN
the dimension of the structure normal to the wind. m r--------- - ----- ---7
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
NOTE 4 - The formulae given in 7.2.1(a) and (b)
are valid for infinitely long cylindrical structures. The (1) (4 (3) (4) (5)
value of Sdecreases slowly as the ratio of length to up to 10 0’78 0’67 0’50 0’24
maximum transverse width decreases; the reduction
being up to about half the value, if the structure is only 15 0.82 O-72 0’55 0.24
three times higher than its width. Vortex shedding 20 0’85 0’75 0’59 0’24
need not be considered if the ratio of length to maxi- 0’88 0’79 0’64 0’34
30
mum transverse width is less than 2’0.
50 0.93 0’85 0’70 0’45
8. GUST FACTOR ( GF ) OR GUST EFFEC- 100 0’99 0.92 0.79 0.57
TIVENESS FACTOR ( GEF ) METHOD 150 1’03 0’96 0.81 0’64
200 1.06 1’00 0.88 0.68
8.1 Application - Only the method of calculat-
250 l-08 1.02 0.91 0.72
ing load along wind or drag load by using gust
factor method is given in the code since methods 300 1’09 1.04 0’93 o-74
for calculating load across-wind or other compon- 350 1’11 1’06 0’95 0’77
ents are not fully matured for all types of struc- 400 1’12 1.07 0’97 0’79
tures. However, it is permissible for a designer to 450 1.13 1’08 0.98 081
use gust factor method to calculate all compon- 500 1’14 1’09 o-99 0.82
ents of load on a structure using any available
theory. However, such a theory must take into
account the random nature of atmospheric wind 8.3 Along Wind Load - Along wind load on a
speed. structure on a strip area ( A, ) at any height (2)
is given by:
NOTE - It may be noted that investigations for
various types of wind induced oscillations outlined in 7 F z- - Ci A, j& G
are in no way related to tRe use of gust factor method
given in 8 although the study of 7 is needed for using where
gust factor method. F, = along wind load on the structure at
8.2 Hourly Mean Wind - Use of the existing any height z corresponding to strip area
theories of gust factor method require a knowl- &
edge of maximum wind speeds averaged over one Ct = force coefficient for the building,
hour at a particular location. Hourly mean wind
A e = effective frontal area considered for the
speeds at different heights in different terrains is
structure at height c,
given in Table 33.
Pz = design pressure at height z due to hourly
NOTE - It must also be recognized that the ratio mean wind obtained as 0.6 vzs ( N/ma ),
of hourly mean wind [ HMW ) to peak speed given in
Table 33 may not be obtainable in India since extreme
wind occurs mainly due to cyclones and thunderstorms,
G , and is
unlike in UK and Canada where the mechanism is
given by:
fully developed pressure system. However Table 33
may be followed at present for the estimation of the
hourly mean wind speed till more reliable values G= 1 +gfr B (l+b)” + ‘$1
become available.
49
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987 .
BUILDING HEIGHT,m
0.8
0.6
0.2
W
$ 0.15
0
c 0 .!
LI
Q
lL
gJ 0.05
“, O.OL
= 0.03
‘; 0.02
2
0.01
fo L(h:/vh
In figures 8 to 11,
TABLE 34 SUGGESTED VALUES OF DAMPING
COEFFICIENT
( Clause 8.3 )
N ATUBE 0~ STRIJCTURE DAMPING
where COEFFICIENT, @
52
IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
APPENDIX A
( Clause 5.2 )
City/Town Basic Wind S’eed ( m/s ) City/Town Basic Wind Speed ( m/s )
Agra 47 Jhansi 47
Ahmadabad 39 Jodhpur 47
Ajmer 47 Kanpur 47
Almora 47 Kohima 44
Amritsar 47 Kurnool 39
Asansol 47 Lakshadweep 39
Aurangabad 39 Lucknow 47
Bahraich 47 Ludhiana 47
Bangalore 33 Madras 50
Barauni 47 Madurai 39
Bareilly 47 Mandi 39
Bhatinda 47 Mangalore 39
Bhilai 39 Moradabad 47
Bhopal 39 Mysore 33
Bhubaneshwar 50 Nagpur 44
Bhuj 50 Nainital 47
Bikaner 47 Nasik 39
Bokaro 47 Nellore 50
Bombay 44 Panjim 39
Calcutta 50 Patiala 47
Calicut 39 Patna 47
Chandigarh 47 Pondicherry 50
Coimbatore 39 Port Blair 44
Cuttack 50 Pune 39
Darbhanga 55 Raipur 39
Darjeeling 47 Rajkot 39
Dehra Dun 47 Ranchi 39
Roorkee 39
Delhi 47
R ourkela 39
Durgapur 47
Simla 39
Gangtok 47
Srinagar 39
Gauhati 50
Surat 44
Gaya 39
Tiruchchirrappalli 47
Gorakhpur 47 Trivandrum 39
Hyderabad 44 Udaipur 47
Imphal 47 Vadodara 44
Jabalpur 47 Varanasi 47
Jaipur 47 Vi jaywada 50
Ja.mshedpur 47 Visakhapatnam 50
53
IS a 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
APPENDIX B
[ Clau.se5.3.2.4(b)(ii) ]
CHANGES IN TERRAIN CATEGORIES
WIND
DIRECTION
CATEGORY 2
12A Determination of Velocity Profile Near a Change in Terrain Category ( less rough to more rough )
WIND
DIRECTION
/
/
128 Determination
CATEGORY
of Velocity
L
I-- x2 -*
CATEGdRY
54
ISt875(Part3)-1387
12C Determination of Design Profile Involving More Than One Change in Terrain Category
FIG. 12 VELOCITYPROFILEIN THE VICINITYOF A CHANGE IN TERRAIN CATEGORY
APPENDIX C
( Clause5.3.3.1 )
C-l. The influence of the topographic feature is < - effective height of the feature, and
considered to extend l-5 L, upwind add 2.5 Le 6 = upwind slope in the wind direction.
downwind of the summit of crest of the feature If the zone downwind from the crest of the
where L, is the effective horizontal length of the feature is relatively flat ( 8 < 3” ) for a distance
hill depending on slope as indicated below ( SCG exceeding L,, then the feature should be treated
Fig. 13 ): as an escarpment. If not, then the feature should
be treated as a hill or ridge. Examples of typical
features are given in Fig. 13.
NOTE 1 - No difference is made, in evaluating k,
between a three dimensional hill and two dimensional
ridge.
NOTE 2 -In undulating terrain, it is often not
possible to decide whether the local topography to the
site is significant in therms of wind flow. In such cases,
where the average value of the terrain upwind of the site for
a distance of 5 km should be taken as the base level
L = actual length of the upwind slope in from wind to assess the height, z, and the upwind slope
the wind direction, 8, of the feature.
55
C-2. TOPOGRAPHY FACTOR, ks level and the distance, X, from the summit or
crest rektive to the effective length, LB.
The topography factor kB is given by the
following:
C-2.1 The factor, s, should be determined from:
ks - I+ es
where C has the following values: a) Figure 14 for cliffs and escarpments, and
CREST
WIND
WIND CREST
CREST CREST __
UPWIND x DOWNWIND 21
Le Le
CREST CREST
APPENDIX D
[ Clauses6.3.2.2, 6.3.3.2(c) and 6.3.3 3(b) ]
D-1. The wind force on any object is given by: wind speeds likely to be encountered. However,
for objects of circular cross-section, it varies con-
F = Ct &AI siderably.
where
ci e force coefficient, For a circular section, the force coefficient
A, P effective area of the object normal to depends upon the way in which the wind flows
the wind direction, and around it and’is dependent upon the velocity and
kinematic’viscosity of the wind and diameter of
Pa p: design pressure of the wind. the section. The force coefficient is usually quoted
For most shapes, the force coefficient remains against a non-dimensional parameter, called the
approximately constant over the whole range of Reynolds number, which takes account of the
57
IS I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
DVa
Reynolds number, R, = -
‘I
where
D = diameter of the member,
FIG. 17 WAKE IN SURERCRITICALFLOW
Vd - design wind speed, and
y - kinematic viscosity of the air which As a result, the force coefficient shows a rapid
is 146 X lO_sms s at 15°C and standard drop at a critical value of Reynolds number,
atmospheric pressure. followed by a gradual rise as Reynolds number is
increased still further.
Since in most natural environments likely to
be found in India, the kinematic viscosity of the The variation of Cr with parameter DVd is
air is fairly constant, it is convenient to use shown in Fig. 5 for infinitely long circular cylin-
D Vd as the parameter instead of Reynolds num- ders having various values of relative surface
bers and this has been done in this code. roughness ( t/D ) when subjected to wind having
an intensity and scale of turbulence typical of
The dependence of a circular section’s force built-up urban areas. The curve for a smooth
coefficient or Reynolds number is due to the cylinder ( t/D ) = 1 x 10-s in a steady air-
change in the wake developed behind the body. stream, as found in a low-turbulence wind tunnel,
is shown for comparison.
At a low Reynolds number, the wake is as
shown in Fig. 16 and the force coefficient is typi-
It can be seen that the main effect of free-
cally 1.2. As Reynolds number is increased, the
stream turbulence is to decrease the critical value
wake gradually changes to that shown in Fig. 17,
of the parameter D V a. For subcritical flows, tur-
that is, the wake width d, decreases and the
bulence can produce a considerable reduction
separation point, S, moves from front to the back
in Cr below the steady air-stream values. For
of tbe body.
supercritical flows, this effect becomes significantly
smaller.
If the surface of the cylinder is deliberately
roughened such as by incorporating flutes, rivett-
ed construction, etc. then the data given in Fig. 5
for appropriate value of t/D > 0 shall be used.
NOTE - In case of uncertainty regarding the value
of c to be used for small roughnesses, c/D shall be
FIG. 16 WAKE IN SUBCRITICAL FLOW ta4en a5 0’001.
58
.,
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Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
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of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’
CONTENTS
Page
j 3
5
5
( Second Revision ) 8
8
( Page 15, Tabk 4, first column ) - Substitute 12
‘It ‘h 12
- 26’ for - P CD’
13
( Page 40, Tablz 23, first rfolumn, first row ) - Substitute ‘See also 13
Appendix D’ for ‘See alsoAppendix C’.
13
( Page 47, Table 32, coZ2 ) - Substitute 13
‘DVd 2 6 m2/s7 for ‘Dvd 4 6 ~1~1s’. 13
13
27
36
(CED37)
37
37
38
47
47
48
48
49
49
49
19
*9
53
Printed at Dee Kay Printers, New Delhi-110015, India.
54
j5
57
AMENDMENT NO. 2 MARCH 2002
TO
IS S75 ( PART 3 ) :1987 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE) FOR
BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
PART 3 WIND LOADS
(Second Revision )
( Tables 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14, first column) — Substitute the following
matter in the Iast row for the specific values of 6 given therein:
‘for all values of (3‘
[ Page 27, clause 6.2.2.7(a)] — Insert at the end ‘downwards’.
[ Page 27, clause 6.2.2.8(a)] — Substitute ‘-O.8’~or ‘0.8’.
[ Page 27, clause 6.2.2.8(b)] — Substitute ‘-O.5’~or ‘0.5’.
( Page 27, clause 6.2.2.9) — Substitute ‘P= 0.785 D2 (Cpi - CpC)pd’ for the
existing formula.
( Page 32, Table 19) — Substitute ‘P= 0.785 D2 (WI - C@pd for the existing
formula.
( Page 46, Table 27, third row) — Substitute CDVd <6 m2Ls’ fQrthe existing.
( Page 46, Table 28,CO12, second row) — Substitute ‘1.8’ for ‘1.0’.
( Page 46, clause 6.3.3.3, formula, last line) — Substitute
[ Page 47, clause 7.l(a), third line] — Substitute ‘or’ for ‘and’.
1
...
WIND 5—
2 .,+$)
A
r &
‘f’/ —x ,->
L
5km
w
-W LWW IND + w DOWNWIND
13A GeneralNotetlons
( CED 57 )